This study uses corporate takeovers as a setting to examine how tax uncertainty affects managers' real investment decisions. Specifically, I investigate whether uncertainty about target firms' income taxes influences takeover premiums. Drawing on theories from finance, I predict that tax uncertainty leads to increased divergence of opinion among target shareholders about target value, which in turn leads to higher takeover premiums. I also predict a positive direct association between measures of target tax uncertainty and takeover premiums because investments with tax uncertainty provide flexibility in reporting book income that bidding managers value. Consistent with both predictions, I find a positive association between divergence of target shareholder opinion about taxes and takeover premiums as well as a positive association between target tax uncertainty and takeover premiums. The association between tax uncertainty and premiums is more positive when the acquiring firm faces greater capital market pressures. Finally, all positive associations persist in recent years despite newly required financial statement disclosures of tax uncertainty. / text

Mergers

The purpose of this research is to examine whether accounting methods for business combinations (purchase and pooling-of-interests accounting) have a different effect on firms' market value of equity in the combination year and thereafter. In particular, after the accounting method is no longer disclosed in the financial statements, does it have an impact on market value of equity of the combined firms because the accounting figures are different? A five-year period subsequent to a particular business combination is used because public companies are not required to disclose the details of the combination for more than three years after the effective date of the combination. This research, thus, tests whether market participants still take into consideration the accounting method of past business combinations when this information is no longer disclosed in the financial statements. In addition to the testing of the impact of the accounting methods, the value-relevance of goodwill amortization is investigated. The sample consisted of 100 U.S. business combination transactions during the period 1985–1995 (77 pooling firms and 23 purchase firms). The results do not indicate that market participants price pooling firms and purchase firms differently at the time of business combinations. The results, in addition, do not confirm that when the details of a particular business combinations do not appear in the financial statements, pooling firms' accounting figures have a more positive effect on security prices than those of purchase firms. It seems that market participant are able, even in the long term, to account for the accounting difference between purchase and pooling-of-interests. Also, goodwill amortization does not appear to be value relevant. / Ph. D.

<p>Bakgrund: Ett flertal länder runt om i världen har under de senaste åren drabbats av företagsskandaler, den kanske mest omtalade är Enronskandalen i USA. Även en allt högre grad av globalisering har lett till mer integrerade kapitalmarknader och därigenom ett större behov av mer enhetliga redovisningsstandarder. IASB publicerade i mars 2004 IFRS 3, Rörelseförvärv, vilken implementerades för koncerner noterade på börsen i Sverige från och med 1 januari 2005. IFRS 3 reglerar bland annat vilka upplysningar som ska lämnas i årsredovisningen om rörelseförvärv.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning bolagen inom segmentet Large Cap på Stockholmsbörsen efterlever upplysningskraven avseende rörelseförvärv genomförda under 2006 i enlighet med IFRS 3 punkt 67 och 68.</p><p>Teori: Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är främst teorin om informationsasymmetrin men även intressentteorin och den institutionella teorin har legat till grund för uppsatsen.</p><p>Metod: En granskning av bolagens årsredovisningar har genomförts och resultaten presenteras i ett flertal diagram där de har klassificerats efter i vilken grad de följer upplysningskraven.</p><p>Slutsats: Vid granskningen av bolagens årsredovisningar kan enligt författarna konstateras att företagen i tämligen hög grad följer samtliga upplysningskrav i enlighet med IFRS 3 punkt 67 och 68. I de första delarna av punkt 67 som berör namn, beskrivning, tidpunkt, andel rösträtt, och anskaffningsvärde har företagen till hög grad följt kraven om upplysning. När det gäller resterande delar såsom förvärvskostnad, verkligt värde, redovisat värde, faktorer till uppkommen goodwill samt resultatpåverkan på koncernen har inte företagen i lika hög grad lämnat komplett information.</p>

<p>Samarbetet mellan IASB och FASB med att ta fram en enhetlig redovisningsstandard för företagsförvärv har pågått några år. Den andra fasen av samarbetet har resulterat i förslaget Business Combinations fas II. I denna undersökning tas fasta på de mest omdiskuterade förändringarna som förslaget medför jämfört med nuvarande IFRS 3 Business Combinations. Studien belyser förändringarnas påverkan på balans- och resultatrapporten och huruvida de finansiella rapporterna kommer att ge bättre information till intressenterna tack vare förslaget. En av de mest diskuterade förändringarna i förslaget är tillämpningen av full goodwillredovisning, som blir resultatet av att ett striktare enhetsperspektiv anläggs. Redovisningsinformationen påverkas även av att den totala förändringen av ansats har gått från en anskaffningsvärdebaserad till en verkligt värdebaserad. Utifrån de effekter som identifieras utvärderas om förslaget bör antas i sin helhet.</p> / <p>The joint project between IASB and FASB to assess homogenous financial accounting standards has been in progress for a couple of years. The second phase of the collaboration has resulted in the Proposed Amendments to IFRS 3 Business Combinations. This thesis focuses on the most controversial changes with the proposition, compared to the present IFRS 3 Business Combinations. The study enlightens the effects that the changes have on the balance sheet and in the income statement. Further, if the financial reports shows better information to the interested parties as a consequence of the proposition. One of the most controversial changes in the proposition is the application of full goodwill method, which is the result of a stricter application of an entity theory. The accounting information is also influenced by the complete change of valuation from measuring cost to fair value measurement. The effects of the proposition are identified, and thereafter a statement is made whether the proposition should be accepted or not.</p>

Bakgrund: Ett flertal länder runt om i världen har under de senaste åren drabbats av företagsskandaler, den kanske mest omtalade är Enronskandalen i USA. Även en allt högre grad av globalisering har lett till mer integrerade kapitalmarknader och därigenom ett större behov av mer enhetliga redovisningsstandarder. IASB publicerade i mars 2004 IFRS 3, Rörelseförvärv, vilken implementerades för koncerner noterade på börsen i Sverige från och med 1 januari 2005. IFRS 3 reglerar bland annat vilka upplysningar som ska lämnas i årsredovisningen om rörelseförvärv. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning bolagen inom segmentet Large Cap på Stockholmsbörsen efterlever upplysningskraven avseende rörelseförvärv genomförda under 2006 i enlighet med IFRS 3 punkt 67 och 68. Teori: Den teoretiska utgångspunkten är främst teorin om informationsasymmetrin men även intressentteorin och den institutionella teorin har legat till grund för uppsatsen. Metod: En granskning av bolagens årsredovisningar har genomförts och resultaten presenteras i ett flertal diagram där de har klassificerats efter i vilken grad de följer upplysningskraven. Slutsats: Vid granskningen av bolagens årsredovisningar kan enligt författarna konstateras att företagen i tämligen hög grad följer samtliga upplysningskrav i enlighet med IFRS 3 punkt 67 och 68. I de första delarna av punkt 67 som berör namn, beskrivning, tidpunkt, andel rösträtt, och anskaffningsvärde har företagen till hög grad följt kraven om upplysning. När det gäller resterande delar såsom förvärvskostnad, verkligt värde, redovisat värde, faktorer till uppkommen goodwill samt resultatpåverkan på koncernen har inte företagen i lika hög grad lämnat komplett information.

Samarbetet mellan IASB och FASB med att ta fram en enhetlig redovisningsstandard för företagsförvärv har pågått några år. Den andra fasen av samarbetet har resulterat i förslaget Business Combinations fas II. I denna undersökning tas fasta på de mest omdiskuterade förändringarna som förslaget medför jämfört med nuvarande IFRS 3 Business Combinations. Studien belyser förändringarnas påverkan på balans- och resultatrapporten och huruvida de finansiella rapporterna kommer att ge bättre information till intressenterna tack vare förslaget. En av de mest diskuterade förändringarna i förslaget är tillämpningen av full goodwillredovisning, som blir resultatet av att ett striktare enhetsperspektiv anläggs. Redovisningsinformationen påverkas även av att den totala förändringen av ansats har gått från en anskaffningsvärdebaserad till en verkligt värdebaserad. Utifrån de effekter som identifieras utvärderas om förslaget bör antas i sin helhet. / The joint project between IASB and FASB to assess homogenous financial accounting standards has been in progress for a couple of years. The second phase of the collaboration has resulted in the Proposed Amendments to IFRS 3 Business Combinations. This thesis focuses on the most controversial changes with the proposition, compared to the present IFRS 3 Business Combinations. The study enlightens the effects that the changes have on the balance sheet and in the income statement. Further, if the financial reports shows better information to the interested parties as a consequence of the proposition. One of the most controversial changes in the proposition is the application of full goodwill method, which is the result of a stricter application of an entity theory. The accounting information is also influenced by the complete change of valuation from measuring cost to fair value measurement. The effects of the proposition are identified, and thereafter a statement is made whether the proposition should be accepted or not.

In this thesis I deal with the substance of the corporate mergers and its accounting treatment in relation to the Czech commercial arrangement. I compare the accounting view of mergers in the past with the solution after amendment of Act No. 125/2008 Coll., on the transformations of commercial companies and cooperatives, by Act No. 355/2011 Coll., which entered into force on 1 January 2012. I also want to point out some problems, that the new commercial arrangement of mergers brings. Finally, I deal with tax solving of mergers under current tax system in the CR, particularly the impact to the area of income tax.

Graduation theses deal with solution of cross-border mergers from the legal, accounting and marginally tax point of view. Solution of cross-border mergers from the above mentioned three points of view are analyzed firstly on the European Union level, then on the level of the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The subject of the graduation theses is accounting solution of the cross-border mergers according to Czech trade-law legislation and comparison of their reflection in the Czech and Slovak legislation. The graduation theses contain also an analysis of the cross-border mergers from the accounting point of view according to International Financial Reporting Standards.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-06-16T19:50:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Skibinski Assumpção_.pdf: 703153 bytes, checksum: 05da14511a3fc89c057d8f67e2455465 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-16T19:50:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Debora Skibinski Assumpção_.pdf: 703153 bytes, checksum: 05da14511a3fc89c057d8f67e2455465 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-19 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo objetiva analisar como foram tratadas, no âmbito societário e fiscal, as reorganizações societárias conhecidas por drop down. Bastante comuns nos Estados Unidos, essas operações se caracterizam pelo aumento de capital que uma empresa produz em outra, ao transferir bens, direitos e/ou obrigações em troca de participação societária com controle acionário. Ademais, se assemelha à cisão em alguns aspectos, mas sem a redução do capital social ou a extinção da empresa cindida, o que induz alguns teóricos nacionais a denominarem como cisão branca. A essência do drop down - e consequentemente, a estratégia utilizada pelas empresas que optam por esse modelo de reestruturação societária - focaliza no core business, ou seja, concentra-se na atividade principal. A metodologia de pesquisa adotada para a construção desta dissertação, portanto, se estruturou em bases documentais, na qual constassem temas ligados à reestruturação ou à reorganização societária por intermédio da combinação de negócios que envolvessem as operações de drop down. Assim, o estudo pôde contribuir para a divulgação de novas formas de reorganizações societárias e sinalizar ao profissional contábil as formas de registros da operação e, posteriormente, auxiliar na divulgação das demonstrações contábeis. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, mesmo não sendo muito conhecida no país, a operação de drop down vem ocorrendo como meio de reestruturação societária em empresas brasileiras. Também por meio da análise dos resultados, concluiu-se que, para as Companhias investigadas e/ou avaliadas pelos órgãos estaduais e do mercado de valores, a operação não foi objeto de questionamento por parte deles, haja vista que tão somente mensuraram como foram tratadas contábil e fiscalmente nas organizações selecionadas. Nas análises das empresas que não evidenciaram processos de avaliação pelos órgãos estaduais e pelo mercado de valores, identificou-se o foco no core business - a saber, a concentração de esforços nas atividades principais e a associação das empresas com as atividades afins. Igualmente, se observou se elas atentaram para as devidas contabilizações previstas nos pronunciamentos contábeis e nos registros contábeis da operação pretendida. / This study aims to analyze how corporate reorganizations known as drop down were treated in the corporate and fiscal scope. Quite common in the United States, these operations are characterized by the capital increase a company produces in another one, transferring assets, rights and/or obligations in exchange for share participation with share control. Moreover, in some aspects resembles a divestiture but without the reduction of equity capital or the termination of the divided company, which induces some national theorists call it white divestiture. The essence of drop down - and consequently the strategy used by companies that choose this corporate restructuring model - focuses on the core business, ie, focuses on the main business. The methodology adopted for the construction of this work, therefore, was built in document databases in which see covered in topics related to restructuring or reorganization through the business combination involving the drop down operations. Thus, the study could contribute to the spread of new forms of corporate restructuring and indicate to accounting professionals ways to record operations and, subsequently, assist in the disclosure of financial statements. The results revealed that, although not very known in the country, the drop-down operation has taken place as a means of corporate restructuring in Brazilian companies. Also by analyzing the results, it was concluded that, for companies investigated and/or evaluated by state agencies and the stock market, the operation was not a subject of questioning from them, given that only measured as they have been dealt accounting and fiscally in selected organizations. In the analyzes of companies which had no assessment procedures by state agencies and securities market, it was identified the focus on core business - namely, the concentration of efforts on core activities and the association of companies with similar activities. Likewise, it was observed if they attempted to the appropriate accountings provided in financial statements and accounting records of the intended operation.