本文首先針對國內金融機構跨業經營進行分析，其次以國內金融機構間的合併案為樣本，探討合併溢價之情形及影響合併溢價之因素。同時選取主併者及被併者的財務變數、市場變數及公司治理變數，來探討其對合併溢價之影響。 　　實證結果發現ROA高的主併者，愈會付出較高的溢價來進行收購；而ROA高的被併者，也會得到較高的溢價。另風險性高的主併者在進行購併時，所願意付出的合併溢價則較低。同時本文亦發現，對於業務相關性高的金融機構，主併者願意付出較高的價格來進行合併。 　　此外市場的環境，對於合併價格的決定亦有很大的影響，本文發現被併者的市場集中度與合併溢價成正向關係。而公司治理變數則顯示，被併者的董監事及經理人持股比率與合併溢價呈負向關係。至於不同型態之金融機構，合併溢價是否有顯著差異，實證結果則無此發現。

The diploma thesis deals with the topic of discounts and premiums in the valuation theory. More specifically, it covers the area of entity-level discounts. First part of the thesis is devoted to general theoretical analysis of the topic. Next chapter is dedicated to key person discount and portfolio discount, including empirical evidence, relevant factors of influence, their quantification and several case studies. Final part of the thesis describes possibilities of utilization of these two types of discounts in Czech practice.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Sept. 21, 2009). Additional advisors: Michael Crowe, Cynthia Crowley, Virginia G. Wadley, David E. Vance. Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-34).

This thesis deals with analysis of developments in insurance penetration in Central European countries. Initially is devoted to the comparison of world and European insurance market by insurance penetration indicators. The following section is related to the development of insurance penetration in selected Central and Eastern European countries. The thesis is then finished by an analysis of insurance markets of the Visegrad Four.

The task of the thesis is to determine the effects of legislative changes in the area of life insurance in force since 21 December 2012. Legislative change concerns approach to calculating premiums for life insurance. According to the new provisions of the previous procedure considered sexually discriminatory and gender effect had to be removed. The thesis is focused on examining the impact of the new approach to actuarial calculations. First introduces the reader to the general features of life insurance premium calculation for the derivation of individual life insurance products and determining the amount of the reserve. The practical examples show how to change premiums and reserves for men and women at different ages. Regression analysis is then examined whether the age of the insured may have an impact on the amount of the reserve. This thesis presents the possible consequences in access regardless of sex as insurance premiums, and especially on the reserve, which is the main component of capital insurance.

The federal crop insurance program provides crop insurance for millions of acres and many commodities every year. The Risk Management Agency of the USDA is responsible for determining the premium rates for these covered commodities. Currently, the quality of soil is not considered when determining baseline yields and expected premium rates. This study utilizes the moment-based maximum entropy method to assess the effect of incorporating soil in the rate making methodology. Several moments of upland cotton yield in Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas are conditioned on weather, irrigation, and soil control variables. Ultimately, I find evidence of mispriced premium rates for counties in all three states for both irrigated and non-irrigated upland cotton yield.

Este trabalho buscou entender o prêmio de exportação da soja em grão no porto de Paranaguá, seu mecanismo de formação, padrão sazonal, as principais variáveis responsáveis pelas oscilações diárias e mensais, bem como determinar qual contrato futuro da bolsa de Chicago e prêmio (preços FOB) estão mais relacionados com os preços internos. Para tanto, foram levantadas através da literatura e entrevistas as variáveis potencialmente significativas para explicar as variações do prêmio de exportação da soja em grão. Adicionalmente foram calculadas séries de preços FOB, que foram posteriormente relacionadas com os preços da soja no mercado interno. Através de testes de causalidade foram definidas as principais variáveis explicativas do prêmio. Estas variáveis foram relacionadas ao prêmio através de regressões lineares, utilizando-se dados diários e mensais. O mesmo procedimento foi utilizado para definir a série de preço de exportação mais relacionada com o preço doméstico da soja. Para cada série foi realizado o teste de raiz unitária, objetivando-se verificar a estacionariedade das séries. As variáveis que apresentaram relação causal com o prêmio da soja em grão são: o prêmio do grão defasado, o prêmio do óleo, o prêmio do farelo e o percentual exportado através do porto de Paranaguá para a Europa e Ásia. Estas variáveis apresentaram-se positivamente relacionadas com o prêmio, isto é, uma elevação nas variáveis explicativas tende a elevar a variável dependente (prêmio do grão). Por outro lado, o preço interno do farelo, chuva no porto, estoques no Brasil, na Argentina e nos Estados Unidos são negativamente relacionados ao prêmio, isto é, a elevação dessas variáveis tende a reduzir o prêmio. Os fretes internacionais, tendo como proxy o preço internacional do petróleo, a taxa de câmbio e as cotações da bolsa de Chicago não apresentaram relação causal com o prêmio de exportação da soja em grão. Os resultados mostram também que a relação entre as séries de preços de exportação (FOB) e o preço interno da soja é unicausal, com sentido do preço de exportação para o preço interno. Os preços FOB referenciados nos contratos para o primeiro vencimento da bolsa de Chicago apresentaram a maior elasticidade de transmissão de preços, sendo estes os preços de exportação mais bem relacionados com o preço interno da soja. / This research analyzed the formation process of the Brazilian soybeans export premiums at Paranaguá port, Paraná, including its seasonal behavior and effects of the main related variables. This study determined which future contract in the Chicago Board of Trade and export premium (which results in the price received by exporters - Free on Board Price) is closest to domestic prices. The analysis was accomplished with daily data from 1996 to 2002 and monthly data from 1993 to 2002. Variables potentially relevant were raised through literature review and interviews with exporters, importers and brokers. The effects of these variables were submitted to causality tests, being related to export premiums through linear regression models, using daily and monthly data. The same procedure was used to determine the FOB price most related to internal ones. In order to verify whether the variables are stationary, the series were submitted to Unit Root Tests. The variables that presented causal relationship with the export premium are: soybeans premiums lags, soy-oil premiums, soy-meal premiums and the percentage of exports to Europe and Asia through Paranaguá Port. These variables are positively related to the soybeans premiums, that is, an increase in these independent variables led the premium to rise. Soy-meal domestic price, rain intensity in Paranaguá port, inventories in Brazil, Argentina and United States are all negatively related to the soybeans premiums. On the other hand, international petroleum prices (as a proxy to international freights), exchange rate and CBOT prices did not present causal relationships with soybeans premiums. Results show that export (FOB) prices cause domestics prices. FOB prices referred to first contracts at CBOT showed the largest elasticity of price transmission and, therefore, the strongest relationship with soybeans Brazilian prices.

<p>Prevencija u osiguranju motornih vozila postaje permanentan proces, koji se usavršava i nadograđuje. Povećan rizik prevara u osiguranju zahteva automatizaciju procesa osiguranja i procene šteta na motornim vozilima, kao i modelovanje samog procesa uz određen nivo razmene podataka. Funkcionisanje celokupnog sistema zavisi od definisanja elemenata koji dovode do povećanog rizika prevara u osiguranju motornih vozila. Uspostavljanje procesa automatizacije će takve rizike umanjiti i ublažiti a ujedno povećati i obim osiguranja. Na bazi dobijenih podataka će biti omogućeno filtriranje i blagovremena automatska selekcija a sistem primenjiv u osiguranju.</p> / <p>Prevention in motor insurance becomes a permanent process, which is<br />improved and upgraded. Increased risk of fraud in insurance claims process<br />automation and security assessments of damage to motor vehicles, as well<br />as the modeling of the process with a certain level of data exchange. The<br />functioning of the entire system depends on the definition of the elements<br />that lead to an increased risk of fraud in motor insurance. Establishment of<br />process automation will reduce such risks and also increase insurance<br />coverage. Based on the obtained data will be able to filter and timely<br />automatic selection and the system will be able to be effective in insurance.</p>

轉換公司債係指在一定條件下，能將該公司所發行的公司債，轉換為該公 司股票的金融債券，亦即轉換公司債兼具公司債和股票的雙重特性，因此 有必要對此一金融工具的評價方式進行了解。本研究之目的在於探討轉換 公司債之溢價理論，以及影響轉換公司債溢價之因素，並將其應用於臺灣 之轉換公司債，來分析其溢價行為，再建立轉換函數模型來估計與預測溢 價。本研究主要在於探討各個影響溢價因素對於溢價之影響，藉由整理 Brigham，Poensgen，Walter & Que，Weil、Segall & Green，Cretien ， Duvel，Mumey，West & Largay 等學者之溢價理論，再衡量臺灣之轉 換公司債市場，而選取股價變動性變數、轉換權利期間變數、未來所得差 異變數、價格底限變數以及交易成本差異變數五個變數，為迴歸模式中的 自變數，而溢價則為因變數。本研究之資料分析程序為：一、對於所選取 的五個自變數和一個因變數，分別建立單元迴歸，且進行逐步迴歸。二、 對於自變數和因變數建立複迴歸模型，利用刪除變數方法來解決線性重合 。三、將所得到無線性重合的自變數群和因變數，建立複迴歸模型，對其 進行t 檢定、 F檢定、自我相關檢定及殘差常態性檢定，若誤差項存在自 我相關，則建立時間數列方法中之轉換函數模型。四、利用轉換函數模型 將投入變數與產出變數，以一個動態體系相連結，經由轉換函數模型之認 定、估計、診斷性檢查之後，建立出一個最適模型，來對於溢價進行估計 與預測。本研究之研究對象為聲寶一及歌林一兩家轉換公司債，研究期間 為民國八十一年二月二十四日至民國八十三年五月一日，共114 週，而研 究結論為：一、聲寶一轉換公司債在對於溢價之單元迴歸中，轉換期間、 未來所得差異及價格底限三個變數，對溢價有顯著影響。通過線性重合檢 定的複迴歸模型中，只有股價變動性及未來所得差異，對於溢價的係數顯 著，且係數符號為正值。在轉換函數模型方面，投入變數（未來所得差異 變數）是以(1,0,0) 的形式影響溢價，且證明出轉換函數模型的預測力較 單變量模型佳。二、歌林一轉換公司債在對於溢價之單元迴歸中，股價變 動性、轉換期間、未來所得差異、價格底限及交易成本差異，這五個變數 ，對溢價均有顯著影響。通過線性重合檢定的複迴歸模型中，只有價格底 限變數，對於溢價的係數顯著，且係數符號為負值。。在轉換函數模型方 面，投入變數（價格底限變數）是以(0,2,0) 的形式影響溢價，且證明出 轉換函數模型的預測力較單變量模型佳。

abstract: In two independent and thematically connected chapters, I investigate consumers' willingness to pay a price premium in response to product development that entails prosocial attributes (PATs), those that allude to the reduction of negative externalities to benefit society, and to an innovative participatory pricing design called 'Pay-What-You-Want' (PWYW) pricing, a mechanism that relinquishes the determination of payments in exchange for private goods to the consumers themselves partly relying on their prosocial preferences to drive positive payments. First, I propose a novel statistical approach built on the choice based contingent valuation technique to estimate incremental willingness to pay (IWTP) for PATs that accounts for consumer heterogeneity, dependence in the decision making processes, and incentive compatibility. I validate the approach by estimating IWTP for a variety of PATs and contrast the theoretical and managerial benefits of using the proposed approach over extant techniques used in the literature for this purpose. Second, I propose a general and flexible statistical modeling framework for estimating PWYW payments that exceed zero. It relies on the joint estimation of three types of consumer decision processes namely, the consumer propensity to default to an explicit price recommendation, the propensity to pay a least legitimate price, and the payment of a freely-chosen non-zero payment. Of particular interest is the model's ability to account for a wide variety of design constraints such as the setting of price bounds, explicit price recommendations, and the provision of a menu of discrete prices to choose from. I validate the approach by estimating PWYW payments for a variety of products such as music licenses, snacks, and sports tickets. I specifically examine and report the differential impact of three managerially controllable variables namely, 'payment anonymity', 'information on payment recipients' and 'information of product value/quality'. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2016