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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Effects of the Fuel-Air Mixing on Combustion Instabilities and NOx Emissions in Lean Premixed Combustion

Estefanos, Wessam 02 June 2016 (has links)
No description available.
62

Simulation aux grandes échelles des écoulements réactifs non prémélangés / Two phase flow combustion and Large Eddy Simulations (LES)

Albouze, Guillaume 12 May 2009 (has links)
La Simulation aux Grandes échelles (LES) est de plus en plus présentée comme un outil à part entière dans le développement des chambres de combustion des turbomachines. Dans ce contexte, les écoulements réactifs considérés sont complexes et, dans un souci de validation, la LES doit montrer ses capacités sur des configurations modèles. Le but de cette thèse est de démontrer le potentiel de la LES pour la prédiction des écoulements vrillés réactifs non prémélangés de chambres de combustion modèles. - La LES est tout d'abord appliquée sur une configuration turbulente avec une hypothèse de prémélange parfait, afin d'étudier l'influence de la modélisation de la cinétique chimique, des modèles de combustion turbulente et de leur paramètres internes. Dans ces conditions, chacun de ces modèles montre ses avantages et désavantages. - L'hypothèse de prémélange parfait est ensuite retirée et l'étude réalisée permet d'évaluer l'influence de la prise en compte du mélange air/carburant dans un injecteur vrillé, des pertes thermiques et des conditions limites acoustiques. - Enfin, une chambre de combustion non prémélangée est simulée afin de démontrer les capacités du modèle de flamme épaissie sur ce type de flamme, pour lequel il n'a pas été initialement développé. Les résultats obtenus sont encourageants et démontrent, entre autres, la bonne représentation du positionnement de la flamme. / Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is considered as the next generation tool for the development of turbomachinery combustion chambers. In this specific context, reactive flows are of very complex nature and, as a validation goal, LES needs to prove its capabilities on academic configurations. This dissertation aims at demonstrating LES capabilities for the simulation of non-premixed reactive flows that can be found in swirled academic combustion chambers. - LES is first applied to a turbulent reacting configuration with a perfect premixing assumption. Chemical kinetics, turbulent combustion models and their internal parameters are studied. For this flow condition, each model shows his advantages and disadvantages. - Then, the perfect premixed hypothesis is removed, allowing the evaluation of mixing, thermal losses and acoustic boundary conditions for this swirled injector. - Finally, a non premixed combustion chamber is simulated with the dynamically thickened flame model, which was not developped for this kind of reactive flow. However, results are encouraging and demonstrate that the flame localisation is well represented by LES.
63

Estudo numérico de chamas turbulentas não pré-misturadas através de modelos baseados no conceito de flamelets

Deon, Diego Luis January 2016 (has links)
A simulação numérica de chamas turbulentas é ainda hoje um desafio para as práticas de mecânica dos fluidos computacional. Compreendendo que as abordagens numéricas mais completas e realísticas atualmente disponíveis podem ser computacionalmente proibitivas, diversos modelos vêm sendo desenvolvidos com o objetivo de reproduzir os fenômenos envolvidos na combustão de uma forma simplificada, mas ainda fisicamente consistente. Este trabalho é, portanto, dedicado à comparação de diferentes modelos de fechamento para a turbulência baseados nas equações de Navier-Stokes em médias de Reynolds e de modelos para simplificação da cinética química baseados no conceito de flamelets, com e sem a modelagem da radiação térmica, esta última através do modelo de soma-ponderada-de-gasescinzas. Para tanto, na primeira parte do presente trabalho são comparados seis modelos de turbulência na solução de um jato turbulento de propano, não reativo e isotérmico, circundado por uma corrente paralela de ar, quanto a sua eficiência na predição dos valores médios da velocidade longitudinal e transversal, fração mássica de propano e massa específica da mistura. Os modelos são o k- Padrão (empregado na sua versão original e com mais duas modificações nas suas constantes conforme propostas encontradas na literatura), o k- Realizable, o k- Padrão e o k- Shear-Stress Transport. Um dos modelos de melhor desempenho é então usado na simulação de uma chama turbulenta não pré-misturada de metano/hidrogênio/nitrogênio circundada por um escoamento coaxial de ar de baixa velocidade, no qual são então comparados os modelos para redução da cinética química baseados no conceito de flamelets, o Steady Laminar Diffusion Flamelet (SLDF) e o Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM), tendo os seus resultados comparados aos dados experimentais para os valores médios da velocidade longitudinal, fração de mistura, temperatura e frações mássicas das espécies químicas. Dentre os modelos de turbulência avaliados, é observado que as duas versões ajustadas do k- Padrão e o k- Padrão se mostraram com melhor concordância em relação às medições experimentais do que os demais. No presente estudo é também avaliada a consistência dos dados experimentais reportados e uma discrepância é identificada neste jato, mas que, conforme verificado, não compromete a comparação dos modelos aqui proposta. Na solução do escoamento reativo, o modelo SLDF se mostrou com resultados bastante próximos aos resultados experimentais (exceto para o NO), sendo aprimorados ainda mais com a inclusão da modelagem da radiação térmica, sobretudo para regiões mais distantes do bico injetor do combustível, após o pico de temperatura da chama. O modelo FGM, contudo, apresentou resultados muito aquém dos esperados, sobretudo para as frações mássicas das espécies químicas, mesmo utilizando malhas com nível de refinamento muito maior e com o teste de diversas combinações de espécies para a variável de progresso da reação, e no qual a inclusão da radiação na modelagem também não trouxe benefícios perceptíveis. Todas as simulações numéricas foram realizadas empregando o código comercial ANSYS Fluent, versão 15.0.0. / The numerical simulation of turbulent flames is still a challenge for today's computational fluid dynamics practices. Understanding that the most complete and realistic numerical approaches available today may be computationally prohibitive, several models have been developed in order to reproduce the phenomena involved in combustion in a simplified, but still physically consistent, way. Therefore, this work is dedicated to compare different models for turbulence closure based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and models for simplification of the chemical kinetics based on the flamelet concept, with and without thermal radiation modeling through the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model. Thus, in the first part of the current work six turbulence models are employed to solve a turbulent nonreactive isothermal flow, a propane jet surrounded by a parallel stream of air. The models are compared through their effectiveness in predicting the mean values of longitudinal and transversal velocities, propane mass fraction and mixture density. The models are the Standard k- (employed in its original version and with two modifications according to proposals found in the literature), the Realizable k- , the Standard k- and the Shear-Stress Transport k- . One of the best performing models is then used to simulate a turbulent nonpremixed flame of methane/hydrogen/nitrogen surrounded by a low-velocity air coflow, in which are compared the models to reduce the chemical kinetics based on the flamelets concept, the Steady Laminar Diffusion Flamelet (SLDF) and the Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM), being the numerical results compared to the experimental data for the mean values of longitudinal velocity, mixture fraction, temperature and species mass fractions. Among the six turbulence models evaluated, it is observed that the two adjusted versions of the Standard k- and the Standard k- showed better agreement with the experimental measurements than the other models. In the current study it is also evaluated the consistency of the reported experimental data and a discrepancy is identified, which, as verified, does not compromise the models comparison here proposed. In the solution of the reactive flow, the SLDF model showed results very close to the experimental results (except for NO), being further enhanced with the inclusion of the thermal radiation modeling, especially for regions far from fuel nozzle, after the peak of temperature of the flame. The FGM model, however, showed results far below the expected, especially for the mass fractions of chemical species, even using meshes with much higher refinement level and testing of various species combinations for the reaction progress variable. The inclusion of the radiation modeling did not brought noticeable benefits. All the numerical simulations were performed employing the ANSYS Fluent version 15.0.0 commercial code.
64

Flame structure and thermo-acoustic coupling for the low swirl burner for elevated pressure and syngas conditions

Emadi, Majid 01 December 2012 (has links)
Reduction of the pollutant emissions is a challenge for the gas turbine industry. A solution to this problem is to employ the low swirl burner which can operate at lower equivalence ratios than a conventional swirl burner. However, flames in the lean regime of combustion are susceptible to flow perturbations and combustion instability. Combustion instability is the coupling between unsteady heat release and combustor acoustic modes where one amplifies the other in a feedback loop. The other method for significantly reducing NOx and CO2 is increasing fuel reactivity, typically done through the addition of hydrogen. This helps to improve the flammability limit and also reduces the pollutants in products by decreasing thermal NOx and reducing CO2 by displacing carbon. In this work, the flammability limits of a low swirl burner at various operating conditions, is studied and the effect of pressure, bulk velocity, burner shape and percent of hydrogen (added to the fuel) is investigated. Also, the flame structure for these test conditions is measured using OH planar laser induced fluorescence and assessed. Also, the OH PLIF data is used to calculate Rayleigh index maps and to construct averaged OH PLIF intensity fields at different acoustic excitation frequencies (45-155, and 195Hz). Based on the Rayleigh index maps, two different modes of coupling between the heat release and the pressure fluctuation were observed: the first mode, which occurs at 44Hz and 55Hz, shows coupling to the flame base (due to the bulk velocity) while the second mode shows coupling to the sides of the flame. In the first mode, the flame becomes wider and the flame base moves with the acoustic frequency. In the second mode, imposed pressure oscillations induce vortex shedding in the flame shear layer. These vortices distort the flame front and generate locally compact and sparse flame areas. The local flame structure resulting from these two distinct modes was markedly different.
65

[en] CONTRIBUTION TO THE LARGE EDDY SIMULATION OF A TURBULENT PREMIXED FLAME STABILIZED IN A HIGH SPEED FLOW / [pt] CONTRIBUIÇÃO À SIMULAÇÃO DAS GRANDES ESCALAS DE UMA CHAMA TURBULENTA PRÉ‐MISTURADA ESTABILIZADA EM UM ESCOAMENTO A ALTA VELOCIDADE

FERNANDO OLIVEIRA DE ANDRADE 18 October 2017 (has links)
[pt] Uma metodologia híbrida envolvendo simulação de grandes escalas e função densidade probabilidade transportada (LES-PDF) é desenvolvida para realizar simulações de escoamentos turbulentos reativos a baixo número de Mach. Equações de transporte de massa, da quantidade de movimento e de um escalar são resolvidas em conjunto com uma equação de estado no contexto do método LES. A modelagem da turbulência é realizada pelo modelo clássico de Smagorinsky e a taxa de produção química é representada pela lei de Arrhenius, para reação de combustão única, global e irreversível. As equações de transporte são discretizadas no espaço e no tempo mediante o uso de esquemas de segunda ordem, sobre malhas cartesianas uniformes, no âmbito do método dos volumes finitos. Os efeitos da turbulência sobre a combustão na escala sub-filtro são determinados por uma abordagem lagrangeana da PDF, a qual faz uso da técnica de Monte Carlo: equações diferenciais estocásticas (SDE), equivalentes a equação de Fokker-Plank, são utilizadas para a variável de progresso da reação química. LES e PDF evoluem simultaneamente, trocando informações a cada passo de integração no tempo, de modo que o campo de velocidade filtrado, a freqüência turbulenta e o coeficiente de difusão são fornecidos por LES, enquanto o modelo PDF retorna a taxa de reação química filtrada. Devido ao elevado número de partículas empregado no modelo PDF, a paralelização do programa lagrangeano é realizada, com base na estratégia de decomposição de domínios, implementada no programa euleriano. O modelo final é usado para simular uma configuração experimental que consiste de uma chama de metano e ar, estabilizada entre escoamentos paralelos de gases queimados e gases frescos em um canal de seção transversal quadrada constante. Uma comparação detalhada entre os resultados obtidos e os dados experimentais é realizada. / [en] A hybrid Large Eddy Simulation / transported Probability Density Function (LES-PDF) computational model is developed to perform the numerical simulation of variable-density low Mach number turbulent reactive flows. Transport equations for mass, momentum, and scalars are solved together with an equation of state within the LES framework. Turbulence is modeled using the classical Smagorinsky closure whereas chemical reaction is first addressed thanks to a global single-step chemistry scheme. The governing equations are discretized using second order accuracy spatial and temporal approximations applied to uniform Cartesian meshes within a finite volume framework. The effects of subgrid scale (SGS) turbulence on the combustion processes are accounted for by means of a Lagrangian transported PDF model which is coupled with the LES solver. The PDF model relies on the use of a Monte Carlo technique: Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE), equivalent to the Fokker- Planck equations are considered for the progress variable. LES and PDF models are solved simultaneously, exchanging information at each integration time step, the velocity field, turbulence frequency and diffusion coefficient being provided by LES, whereas the PDF model returns the filtered chemical reaction rate. Parallelization of the Lagrangian solver has been performed based on the domain decomposition strategy, the same strategy being already implemented for the eulerian LES solver. The resulting computational model is used to perform the simulation of an experimental test case consisting of a CH4-air flame established between two streams of fresh and burnt pilot gases in a constant area square cross section channel. The accuracy of the numerical solutions provided by the hybrid LESPDF approach is assessed by detailed comparisons with experimental data.
66

Estudo numérico de chamas turbulentas não pré-misturadas através de modelos baseados no conceito de flamelets

Deon, Diego Luis January 2016 (has links)
A simulação numérica de chamas turbulentas é ainda hoje um desafio para as práticas de mecânica dos fluidos computacional. Compreendendo que as abordagens numéricas mais completas e realísticas atualmente disponíveis podem ser computacionalmente proibitivas, diversos modelos vêm sendo desenvolvidos com o objetivo de reproduzir os fenômenos envolvidos na combustão de uma forma simplificada, mas ainda fisicamente consistente. Este trabalho é, portanto, dedicado à comparação de diferentes modelos de fechamento para a turbulência baseados nas equações de Navier-Stokes em médias de Reynolds e de modelos para simplificação da cinética química baseados no conceito de flamelets, com e sem a modelagem da radiação térmica, esta última através do modelo de soma-ponderada-de-gasescinzas. Para tanto, na primeira parte do presente trabalho são comparados seis modelos de turbulência na solução de um jato turbulento de propano, não reativo e isotérmico, circundado por uma corrente paralela de ar, quanto a sua eficiência na predição dos valores médios da velocidade longitudinal e transversal, fração mássica de propano e massa específica da mistura. Os modelos são o k- Padrão (empregado na sua versão original e com mais duas modificações nas suas constantes conforme propostas encontradas na literatura), o k- Realizable, o k- Padrão e o k- Shear-Stress Transport. Um dos modelos de melhor desempenho é então usado na simulação de uma chama turbulenta não pré-misturada de metano/hidrogênio/nitrogênio circundada por um escoamento coaxial de ar de baixa velocidade, no qual são então comparados os modelos para redução da cinética química baseados no conceito de flamelets, o Steady Laminar Diffusion Flamelet (SLDF) e o Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM), tendo os seus resultados comparados aos dados experimentais para os valores médios da velocidade longitudinal, fração de mistura, temperatura e frações mássicas das espécies químicas. Dentre os modelos de turbulência avaliados, é observado que as duas versões ajustadas do k- Padrão e o k- Padrão se mostraram com melhor concordância em relação às medições experimentais do que os demais. No presente estudo é também avaliada a consistência dos dados experimentais reportados e uma discrepância é identificada neste jato, mas que, conforme verificado, não compromete a comparação dos modelos aqui proposta. Na solução do escoamento reativo, o modelo SLDF se mostrou com resultados bastante próximos aos resultados experimentais (exceto para o NO), sendo aprimorados ainda mais com a inclusão da modelagem da radiação térmica, sobretudo para regiões mais distantes do bico injetor do combustível, após o pico de temperatura da chama. O modelo FGM, contudo, apresentou resultados muito aquém dos esperados, sobretudo para as frações mássicas das espécies químicas, mesmo utilizando malhas com nível de refinamento muito maior e com o teste de diversas combinações de espécies para a variável de progresso da reação, e no qual a inclusão da radiação na modelagem também não trouxe benefícios perceptíveis. Todas as simulações numéricas foram realizadas empregando o código comercial ANSYS Fluent, versão 15.0.0. / The numerical simulation of turbulent flames is still a challenge for today's computational fluid dynamics practices. Understanding that the most complete and realistic numerical approaches available today may be computationally prohibitive, several models have been developed in order to reproduce the phenomena involved in combustion in a simplified, but still physically consistent, way. Therefore, this work is dedicated to compare different models for turbulence closure based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and models for simplification of the chemical kinetics based on the flamelet concept, with and without thermal radiation modeling through the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model. Thus, in the first part of the current work six turbulence models are employed to solve a turbulent nonreactive isothermal flow, a propane jet surrounded by a parallel stream of air. The models are compared through their effectiveness in predicting the mean values of longitudinal and transversal velocities, propane mass fraction and mixture density. The models are the Standard k- (employed in its original version and with two modifications according to proposals found in the literature), the Realizable k- , the Standard k- and the Shear-Stress Transport k- . One of the best performing models is then used to simulate a turbulent nonpremixed flame of methane/hydrogen/nitrogen surrounded by a low-velocity air coflow, in which are compared the models to reduce the chemical kinetics based on the flamelets concept, the Steady Laminar Diffusion Flamelet (SLDF) and the Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM), being the numerical results compared to the experimental data for the mean values of longitudinal velocity, mixture fraction, temperature and species mass fractions. Among the six turbulence models evaluated, it is observed that the two adjusted versions of the Standard k- and the Standard k- showed better agreement with the experimental measurements than the other models. In the current study it is also evaluated the consistency of the reported experimental data and a discrepancy is identified, which, as verified, does not compromise the models comparison here proposed. In the solution of the reactive flow, the SLDF model showed results very close to the experimental results (except for NO), being further enhanced with the inclusion of the thermal radiation modeling, especially for regions far from fuel nozzle, after the peak of temperature of the flame. The FGM model, however, showed results far below the expected, especially for the mass fractions of chemical species, even using meshes with much higher refinement level and testing of various species combinations for the reaction progress variable. The inclusion of the radiation modeling did not brought noticeable benefits. All the numerical simulations were performed employing the ANSYS Fluent version 15.0.0 commercial code.
67

Estudo numérico de chamas turbulentas não pré-misturadas através de modelos baseados no conceito de flamelets

Deon, Diego Luis January 2016 (has links)
A simulação numérica de chamas turbulentas é ainda hoje um desafio para as práticas de mecânica dos fluidos computacional. Compreendendo que as abordagens numéricas mais completas e realísticas atualmente disponíveis podem ser computacionalmente proibitivas, diversos modelos vêm sendo desenvolvidos com o objetivo de reproduzir os fenômenos envolvidos na combustão de uma forma simplificada, mas ainda fisicamente consistente. Este trabalho é, portanto, dedicado à comparação de diferentes modelos de fechamento para a turbulência baseados nas equações de Navier-Stokes em médias de Reynolds e de modelos para simplificação da cinética química baseados no conceito de flamelets, com e sem a modelagem da radiação térmica, esta última através do modelo de soma-ponderada-de-gasescinzas. Para tanto, na primeira parte do presente trabalho são comparados seis modelos de turbulência na solução de um jato turbulento de propano, não reativo e isotérmico, circundado por uma corrente paralela de ar, quanto a sua eficiência na predição dos valores médios da velocidade longitudinal e transversal, fração mássica de propano e massa específica da mistura. Os modelos são o k- Padrão (empregado na sua versão original e com mais duas modificações nas suas constantes conforme propostas encontradas na literatura), o k- Realizable, o k- Padrão e o k- Shear-Stress Transport. Um dos modelos de melhor desempenho é então usado na simulação de uma chama turbulenta não pré-misturada de metano/hidrogênio/nitrogênio circundada por um escoamento coaxial de ar de baixa velocidade, no qual são então comparados os modelos para redução da cinética química baseados no conceito de flamelets, o Steady Laminar Diffusion Flamelet (SLDF) e o Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM), tendo os seus resultados comparados aos dados experimentais para os valores médios da velocidade longitudinal, fração de mistura, temperatura e frações mássicas das espécies químicas. Dentre os modelos de turbulência avaliados, é observado que as duas versões ajustadas do k- Padrão e o k- Padrão se mostraram com melhor concordância em relação às medições experimentais do que os demais. No presente estudo é também avaliada a consistência dos dados experimentais reportados e uma discrepância é identificada neste jato, mas que, conforme verificado, não compromete a comparação dos modelos aqui proposta. Na solução do escoamento reativo, o modelo SLDF se mostrou com resultados bastante próximos aos resultados experimentais (exceto para o NO), sendo aprimorados ainda mais com a inclusão da modelagem da radiação térmica, sobretudo para regiões mais distantes do bico injetor do combustível, após o pico de temperatura da chama. O modelo FGM, contudo, apresentou resultados muito aquém dos esperados, sobretudo para as frações mássicas das espécies químicas, mesmo utilizando malhas com nível de refinamento muito maior e com o teste de diversas combinações de espécies para a variável de progresso da reação, e no qual a inclusão da radiação na modelagem também não trouxe benefícios perceptíveis. Todas as simulações numéricas foram realizadas empregando o código comercial ANSYS Fluent, versão 15.0.0. / The numerical simulation of turbulent flames is still a challenge for today's computational fluid dynamics practices. Understanding that the most complete and realistic numerical approaches available today may be computationally prohibitive, several models have been developed in order to reproduce the phenomena involved in combustion in a simplified, but still physically consistent, way. Therefore, this work is dedicated to compare different models for turbulence closure based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and models for simplification of the chemical kinetics based on the flamelet concept, with and without thermal radiation modeling through the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model. Thus, in the first part of the current work six turbulence models are employed to solve a turbulent nonreactive isothermal flow, a propane jet surrounded by a parallel stream of air. The models are compared through their effectiveness in predicting the mean values of longitudinal and transversal velocities, propane mass fraction and mixture density. The models are the Standard k- (employed in its original version and with two modifications according to proposals found in the literature), the Realizable k- , the Standard k- and the Shear-Stress Transport k- . One of the best performing models is then used to simulate a turbulent nonpremixed flame of methane/hydrogen/nitrogen surrounded by a low-velocity air coflow, in which are compared the models to reduce the chemical kinetics based on the flamelets concept, the Steady Laminar Diffusion Flamelet (SLDF) and the Flamelet-Generated Manifold (FGM), being the numerical results compared to the experimental data for the mean values of longitudinal velocity, mixture fraction, temperature and species mass fractions. Among the six turbulence models evaluated, it is observed that the two adjusted versions of the Standard k- and the Standard k- showed better agreement with the experimental measurements than the other models. In the current study it is also evaluated the consistency of the reported experimental data and a discrepancy is identified, which, as verified, does not compromise the models comparison here proposed. In the solution of the reactive flow, the SLDF model showed results very close to the experimental results (except for NO), being further enhanced with the inclusion of the thermal radiation modeling, especially for regions far from fuel nozzle, after the peak of temperature of the flame. The FGM model, however, showed results far below the expected, especially for the mass fractions of chemical species, even using meshes with much higher refinement level and testing of various species combinations for the reaction progress variable. The inclusion of the radiation modeling did not brought noticeable benefits. All the numerical simulations were performed employing the ANSYS Fluent version 15.0.0 commercial code.
68

Développement d'un modèle de flamme épaissie dynamique pour la simulation aux grandes échelles de flammes turbulentes prémélangées / Development of the dynamic thickened flame model for large eddy simulation of turbulent premixed combustion

Yoshikawa, Itaru 23 June 2010 (has links)
La simulation numérique est l’un des outils les plus puissants pour concevoir etoptimiser les systèmes industriels. Dans le domaine de la Dynamique des FluidesNumériques (CFD, "Computational Fluid Dynamics"), la simulation auxgrandes échelles (LES, "Large Eddy Simulation") est aujourd’hui largementutilisée pour calculer les écoulements turbulents réactifs, où les tourbillons degrande taille sont calculés explicitement, tandis que l’effet de ceux de petitetaille est modelisé. Des modèles de sous-mailles sont requis pour fermer leséquations de transport en LES, et dans le contexte de la simulation de la combustionturbulente, le plissement de la surface de flamme de sous-maille doitêtre modélisé.En général, augmenter le plissement de la surface de flamme de sous-maille favorisela combustion. L’amplitude de la promotion est donnée par une fonctiond’efficacité, qui est dérivée d’une hypothèse d’équilibre entre la production etla destruction de la surface de flamme. Dans les méthodes conventionnelles,le calcul de la fonction d’efficacité nécessite une constante qui dépend de lagéométrie de la chambre de combustion, de l’intensité de turbulence, de larichesse du mélange de air-carburant etc, et cette constante doit être fixée audébut de la simulation. Autrement dit, elle doit être déterminé empiriquement.Cette thèse développe un modèle de sous-maille pour la LES en combustionturbulente, qui est appelé le modèle dynamique de flammelette épaissie (DTF,"dynamic thickened flamelet model"), qui détermine la valeur de la constanteen fonction des conditions de l’écoulement sans utiliser des données empiriques.Ce modèle est tout d’abord testé sur une flamme laminaire unidimensionnellepour vérifier la convergence de la fonction d’efficacité vers l’unité (aucun plissementde la surface de flamme de sous-maille). Puis il est appliqué en combinaisonavec le modèle dynamique de Smagorinsky (Dynamic Smagorinskymodel) aux simulations multidimensionnelles d’une flamme en V, stabilisée enaval d’un dièdre. Les résultats de la simulation en trois dimensions sont alorscomparés avec les données expérimentales obtenues sur une expérience de mêmegéométrie. La comparaison montre la faisabilité de la formulation dynamique. / Numerical simulation is one of the most powerful tools to design and optimizeindustrial facilities. In the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is widely used to compute turbulent reactingflows, where larger turbulent motions are explicitly computed, while only theeffect of smaller ones is modeled. Subgrid models are required to close thetransport equations in LES, and in the context of the simulation of turbulentcombustion, the subgrid-scale wrinkling of the flame front must be modeled.In general, subgrid-scale flame wrinkling promotes the chemical reaction. Themagnitude of the promotion is given through an efficiency function derivedfrom an equilibrium assumption between production and destruction of flamesurface. In conventional methods, the calculation of the efficiency functionrequires a constant which depends on the geometry of the combustion chamber,turbulence intensity, the equivalence ratio of the fuel-air mixture, and so on;this constant must be prescribed at the beginning of the simulation. In otherwords, empirical knowledge is required.This thesis develops a subgrid-scale model for LES of turbulent combustion,called the dynamic thickened flamelet (DTF) model, which determines the valueof the constant from the flow conditions without any empirical input.The model is first tested in a one-dimensional laminar flame to verify the convergenceof the efficiency function to unity (no subgrid-scale flame front wrinkling).Then it is applied to multi-dimensional simulations of V-shape flamestabilized downstream of a triangular flame holder in combination with the dynamicSmagorinsky model. The results of the three-dimensional simulation arethen compared with the experimental data obtained through the experimentof the same geometry. The comparison proves the feasibility of the dynamicformulation.
69

Large Eddy Simulation of a Stagnation Point Reverse Flow Combustor

Parisi, Valerio 17 August 2006 (has links)
In this study, numerical simulations of a low emission lab-scale non-premixed combustor are conducted and analyzed. The objectives are to provide new insight into the physical phenomena in the SPRF (Stagnation Point Reverse Flow) combustor built in the Georgia Tech Combustion Lab, and to compare three Large Eddy Simulation (LES) combustion models (Eddy Break-Up [EBU], Steady Flamelet [SF] and Linear Eddy Model [LEM]) for non-premixed combustion. The nominal operating condition of the SPRF combustor achieves very low NOx and CO emissions by combining turbulent mixing of exhaust gases with preheated reactants and chemical kinetics. The SPRF numerical simulation focuses on capturing the complex interaction between turbulent mixing and heat release. LES simulations have been carried out for a non-reactive case in order to analyze the turbulent mixing inside the combustor. The LES results have been compared to PIV experimental data and the code has been validated. The dominating features of the operational mode of the SPRF combustor (dilution of hot products into reactants, pre-heating and pre-mixing) have been analyzed, and results from the EBU-LES, SF-LES and LEM-LES simulations have been compared. Analysis shows that the LEM-LES simulation achieves the best agreement with the observed flame structure and is the only model that captures the stabilization processes observed in the experiments. EBU-LES and SF-LES do not predict the correct flow pattern because of the inaccurate modeling of sub-grid scale mixing and turbulence-combustion interaction. Limitations of these two models for this type of combustor are discussed.
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Explicit and implicit large eddy simulation of turbulent combustion with multi-scale forcing / Simulation des grandes échelles explicite et implicite de la combustion turbulente avec forçage multi-échelles

Zhao, Song 03 May 2016 (has links)
Le contexte de cette étude est l’optimisation de la combustion turbulente prémélangée de syngaz pour la production propre d’énergie. Un brûleur CH4/air de type bec Bunsen avec forçage turbulent multi-échelles produit par un système de trois grilles, est simulé numériquement par différentes techniques de simulation des grandes échelles (SGE), et les résultats sont comparés à l’expérience. On a développé et appliqué une formulation bas-Mach du solveur Navier-Stokes basé sur différents schémas numériques, allant des différences finies centrées d’ordre 4 à des versions avancées des schémas WENO d’ordre 5. La méthodologie est évaluée sur une série de cas-tests classiques (flamme laminaire 1D prémélangée, turbulence homogène et isotrope en auto-amortissement), et sur des simulations 2D de la flamme turbulente prémélangée expérimentale. Les SGE implicites (ILES), i.e. sans aucune modélisation sous-maille, et explicites avec le modèle de flamme épaissie et un modèle de plissement sous-maille nouvellement élaboré (TFLES), sont appliquées à la simulation 3D du brûleur expérimental. Les résultats montrent que l’approche TFLES avec un schéma d’ordre élevé à faible dissipation numérique prédit correctement la longueur de la flamme et la densité de surface de flamme. La SGE implicite avec un schéma WENO avancé produit une flamme trop courte mais réaliste à condition que la taille de la maille soit de l’ordre de l’épaisseur de flamme laminaire. La représentation des interactions flamme/turbulence est néanmoins très différente entre TFLES et ILES. / The context of this study is the optimization of premixed turbulent combustion of syngas for clean energy production. A Bunsen-type CH4/air turbulent premixed burner with a multi-scale grid generator is simulated with different Large Eddy Simulation (LES) strategies and compared to experimental results. A low-Mach formulation of a compressible Navier-Stokes solver based on different numerical methods, ranging from 4th order central finite difference to 5th order advanced WENO schemes, is developed and applied. Classical test cases (1D laminar premixed flame, decaying HIT), and 2D simulations of the turbulent premixed flame are performed to assess the numerical methodology. Implicit LES (ILES), i.e. LES without any explicit subgrid modeling, and explicit LES with the Thickened Flame model and subgrid scale flame wrinkling modelling (TFLES) are applied to simulate numerically the 3D experimental burner. Results show that TFLES with a high-order low dissipation scheme predicts quite well the experimental flame length and flame surface density. ILES with advanced WENO schemes produces a slightly shorter although realistic flame provided the grid spacing is of order of the laminar flame thickness. The representation of flame/turbulence interactions in TFLES and ILES are however quite different.

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