The Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome test has provided a simple and sensitive short‐term assay for the detection of environmental mutagens. Metabolic activation of precarcinogens is usually achieved by incubating the compound to be tested, the bacterial strain and mammalian liver homogenates with NADPH. The results presented here utilize Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100, the precarcinogen 2‐aminofluorene and microsomal enzyme preparations prepared from liver homogenate of carp (Cyprinus carpio) taken from aquatic environments of northeastern Tennessee. Those environments range from virtually unpolluted to extremely polluted. The results show that the precarcinogen 2‐aminofluorene is activated either partially or totally in the presence of liver homogenates of carp taken from polluted aquatic environments (e.g., microsomal enzyme preparations made from rat liver with 2‐aminofluorene produced 808 revertants; whereas the liver preparations made from carp, taken from the Pigeon River, with 2‐aminofluorene produced 2,786 revertants). Revertant colony results correlated well with the degree of pollution within those waters. An increase (data were statistically different at the 0.05 level of significance) of TA100 revertant colonies was observed as aquatic contamination worsened. All data pairs of collecting sites in their order of increasing contamination, as well as those between collecting sites, were statistically different at the 0.05 level of significance.

No description available.

The Rational Drug Use Training Project is a district-oriented programme designed to improve rational drug use among primary health care prescribers in the South African public sector. This thesis describes the development of the project and details the initial implementation study in 3 facilities in Region B of KwaZulu-Natal. This was a small before-after study, with no control. There were three components: 1. A series of easily collectable drug use indicators, adapted from those developed by WHO/INRUD. These allow primary health care staff to monitor their prescribing patterns in a district or facility. Ninety sets of prescribing indicators were collected as a baseline at 3 facilities in KwaZulu-Natal in December 1996, by the district trainers and the Rational Drug Use Training Project staff. The process was repeated in March 1997, after the training intervention, by the district trainers alone. 2. The intervention was a 2-day training workshop in rational drug use. This is problem-based and trained on-site in primary health facilities. Training was done by 8 district trainers from Region B who were taught to present the workshop by the Rational Drug Use Training Project staff. The workshop covers principles of prescribing, use of standard treatment guidelines, principles of clinic stock management and principles of good dispensing. Staff are encouraged to develop their self-learning skills through questioning, and seeking answers to clinical and drug related queries. 3. A set of resources, including texts, treatment guidelines and information centres, to provide quality, safe and unbiased drug information, are made accessible to staff at primary care level. These are available by post, telephone or e-mail. The Primary Care Medicines Resource Centre at the University of Durban-Westville was developed as a result of this study. Significant improvements in prescribing habits were noticed after the study. There was an increase in the percentage of drugs prescribed by their generic names (p=0.000); an increase in the number of medications adequately labelled (p=0.0132); a decrease in the cost of prescriptions (p=0.0134); and a decrease in the number of prescriptions that did not follow standard treatment guidelines at all for that diagnosis (p=0.0109). The Mann-Whitney U- test was used for statistical analysis. There were no significant changes in the average number of drugs per prescription; the percentage of drugs from the Essential Drugs List; and the number of prescriptions that completely followed standard treatment guidelines. Qualitative feedback was favourable too. This was a difficult study to undertake. The staff and funding organisation, Health Systems Trust, fell outside of the provincial health structure and met resistance at that level. Regional politics shaped the programme's design. District trainers needed for the cascade approach were not available. District staff remained entrenched in a traditional health hierarchy and found it difficult to function as a team. The will of district prescribing staff to learn was low. Rational drug use training is only one of a number of essential elements of in-service training urgently needed by these staff. Despite these problems, quantitative and qualitative success was shown. The Training Manual, developed in support of the training, has been in demand. The Primary Care Medicines Resource Centre is growing. Primary care prescribers have been motivated to monitor their own practices and manage their own clinic stock. The project is a successful example of multi-disciplinary and institutional collaboration. The Rational Drug Use Training Project has expanded to eight other health districts in 1997. A list of criteria, such as the need for a district trainer, have been set. These must be met by the district before training will commence. The project is a resource for Initiative for Sub-District Support, a joint district development programme of Health System Trust and the Department of Health. Most expansion in 1998 will be through this initiative. The difficulties encountered and achievements made during this small study will be used to support, and hopefully strengthen, the development of the primary health care oriented district health system, so urgently needed by the South African population.

I byggbranschen består projekt ofta av tillfälliga organisationer. Detta leder till svårigheter med att skapa standarder och goda kommunikationsnätverk. Huruvida kommunikationen och samsynen kan förbättras är alltså ett viktigt ämne som bör adresseras. En förbättring av dessa aspekter medför att effektiviteten och vinstmarginalerna i byggprojekt kan öka. Ett verktyg som används under produktion för att effektivisera och planera är arbetsberedningar. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur arbetsmetodiken för arbetsberedningar inom byggbranschen ser ut idag, med fokus på hur dessa metoder uppfattas och tillämpas av olika aktörer. Genom att undersöka detta kan värdet och förståelsen av arbetsberedningar främjas. Studien undersöker således hur företag arbetar med arbetsberedningar, olika yrkesgrupper och aktörers inställning till arbetsberedningar och hur samsynen kan förbättras gällande just arbetsberedningar. Undersökningen utfördes genom en fallstudie tillsammans med Skanska Hus Syd AB. Insamlingen av empiri har skett, främst genom en intervjustudie där respondenterna tillhörtolika yrkesgrupper och roller, men även genom observationer. Baserat på den tillgängliga litteraturen är arbetsbetsberedningar ett planeringsverktyg somsyftar till att genomföra arbetsmoment på ett säkert och effektivt sätt. Detta verktyg kräver dock en förståelse och acceptans från alla aktörer inom byggprocessen. Enligt resultaten av studien framgår det att arbetsmetodiken kring arbetsberedningar i deflesta fall går till, övergripande, enligt följande: Arbetsberedningen skapas av underentreprenörer då ett nytt arbetsmoment ska påbörjas. Arbetsberedningen utgår från en mall och ska godkännas av huvudentreprenörensinstallationssamordnare eller BAS-U innan arbetsmomentet tillåts att starta. Vidare förmedlarunderentreprenören arbetsberedningen till yrkesarbetarna som utför arbetet. Ur studien framkom det att uppfattningen kring arbetsberedningar mellan olika yrkesgrupperoch aktörer inom branschen skiljer sig åt. De flesta tycker det är ett bra verktyg men en delanser det vara för tidskrävande. Produktionsledningen anser emellanåt att arbetsberedningarnaär bristfälliga medan yrkesarbetare och underentreprenörer tycker de är för omfattande. Vidare skiljer sig uppfattningen gällande arbetsberedningar något mellan aktörerna kringvarför de görs. I många fall tenderar de att främst bestå av säkerhetsanalyser och riskbedömningar. Slutligen presenteras det några förslag på förbättringsmöjligheter för en ökad samsyn mellanolika aktörer. Här föreslås det bland annat involvering av fler personer vid framtagningen avarbetsberedningar, utbildningar, workshops och tydligare avtal. / Challenges exist within the construction industry in optimizing communication and achieving effective collaboration and consensus within projects. This is due to the frequent involvement of temporary organizations, which make it difficult to establish standards and communication networks. Addressing the improvement of communication and consensus is therefore a crucial subject to explore. One tool used during production to enhance efficiency and planning iswork preparations. The purpose of this study is to investigate the current methodology of work preparations inthe construction industry, with a particular focus on how these methods are perceived and implemented by different stakeholders. The research examines how companies engage withwork preparations, the attitudes of various professional groups towards work preparations, and strategies for improving consensus specifically related to work preparations. According to the results of the study, the methodology for work preparations in most casesfollows the following general procedure: The work preparation is created by subcontractors when a new work task is to be started. The work preparation is based on a template and must be approved by the main contractor's installation coordinator or BAS-U before the work task is allowed to start. Furthermore, the subcontractor conveys the work preparation to the workers who perform the work. The study also revealed that perceptions about work preparations differ between different professional groups in the industry. Most people think it is a good tool, but some consider it too time-consuming. The production management occasionally considers work preparations to be inadequate, while workers and subcontractors think they are too extensive. Furthermore, the perception regarding work preparations differs slightly between the professions as to whythey are made. In many cases, they tend to primarily focus on safety analysis and risk assessment. Finally, some suggestions for improving coherence around work preparations are presented, including: more involvement of more stakeholders, education, workshops, and clearer contracts.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is growing global public health problem affecting 1 in 10 adults in developed countries and recognised as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. CVD is the main cause of death among CKD patients. Endothelial injury and dysfunction are critical steps in atherosclerosis, a major CVD. Oxidative stress (increased level of reactive oxygen species, ROS) has been associated with CVD development. Intravenous (IV) iron preparations are widely used in the management of CKD mediated anaemia, and have been associated with increased oxidative stress and cellular dysfunction. This study examined the effect of pharmacologically-relevant concentrations of IV Venofer (iron sucrose) or IV Ferinject (Ferric carboxymaltose, FCM) on primary human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) activation/damage and on intracellular ROS generation as well as studying the potential mechanisms responsible. Data from TUNEL assay and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining showed that, IV FCM had no effect, but IV iron sucrose increased HUVEC apoptosis at 24hr. IV iron sucrose inhibited cell proliferation and reduced cell viability. Both compounds induced EC activation through sustained activation of p38 MAPK and up-regulation of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Additionally, the compounds induced significant increase in total ROS and superoxide anion production, which was attenuated by the anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). P38 MAPK showed up-regulation of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and down-regulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein in HUVEC treated with IV iron sucrose and p38 inhibition reversed these effects. In summary, these results suggest that IV iron sucrose causes more severe EC injury than IV FCM. However, both IV iron preparations induced intracellular ROS and superoxide anion generation in HUVEC leading to EC activation/dysfunction, providing a potential explanation for vascular damage in CKD patients.

Amyloidosis is a group of diseases that originate from misfolded proteins. These proteins form fibrils which is stored in the tissue and organs. Approximately three to twelve per million people are diagnosed with amyloid light chain immunoglobulin amyloidosis (AL) each year and the median age is 65. The prognosis for AL amyloidosis is poor with a median survival rate of six months to three years. The patients may survive an additional 15-20 years with treatment such as stem cell transplantation.   The aim of this rapport was to optimize a monoclonal antibody named pwlam to diagnose AL λ amyloid with immunohistochemistry (IHC) when the amount of sample is small. In this rapport three different methods were used, pressure preparation, IHC and western blot. For both pressure preparation and IHC, colour development occurred in case of positive results. Western blot was used as a quality control for the tissue since they were all originally diagnosed using that method.    A total of 26 samples were tested, 16 positive AL λ samples, five AL κ samples and five negative samples. Pwlam is developed against AL λ so the AL κ samples function as a quality control for the antibody since it doesn’t bind to the κ light chains. A total of seven AL λ samples had a good binding with pwlam. More research is needed before pwlam can be used in IHC on pressure preparations as a supplementary method to diagnose samples when the amount of AL λ amyloid is small.

Leung, Kar Man, Man, Angela Wing Yee. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 37). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.vii / CHAPTER / Chapter I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.0 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Objectives of our study --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Research objective --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Decision making objective --- p.3 / Chapter II --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.4 / Chapter 2.0 --- Theory of Reasoned Action --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Reason for choosing the Theory of Reasoned Action --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- What is the Theory of Reasoned Action? --- p.4 / Chapter III --- METHODOLOGY --- p.8 / Chapter 3.0 --- Methodology --- p.8 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research design --- p.8 / Chapter 3.2 --- Sample and sampling method for the main study --- p.8 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Sample --- p.8 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Sampling method for the descriptive research --- p.9 / Chapter 3.3 --- Operationalizatoin --- p.9 / Chapter 3.4 --- Data analysis --- p.11 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Analyzing consumption behavior --- p.11 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Testing the conceptual model --- p.11 / Chapter 3.5 --- Research activities --- p.11 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Exploratory research --- p.11 / Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Literature review --- p.11 / Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Focus group --- p.11 / Chapter 3.5.1.2.1 --- Sampling method --- p.12 / Chapter 3.5.1.2.2 --- Sample --- p.12 / Chapter 3.5.1.2.3 --- Research area --- p.12 / Chapter 3.5.1.2.4 --- Pre-testing the instrument --- p.13 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Descriptive research --- p.13 / Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Description of the instrument --- p.13 / Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Procedure for administering the questionnaires --- p.14 / Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Analysis and interpretation of the responses --- p.14 / Chapter IV --- RESULTS --- p.15 / Chapter 4.0 --- Results --- p.15 / Chapter 4.1 --- Consumption behavior --- p.15 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Men's classification of cosmetics items --- p.15 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Consumption behavior of cosmetics and toiletries --- p.16 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Year(s) of experience of using skincare products --- p.16 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Knowledge of brands that carry men's cosmetics --- p.17 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Relative importance of independent factors --- p.17 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Demographic description of the respondents --- p.18 / Chapter 4.1.6.1 --- Jobs/ industries --- p.18 / Chapter 4.1.6.2 --- Highest education level attained by respondents --- p.19 / Chapter 4.1.6.3 --- Respondents' monthly income --- p.19 / Chapter 4.1.6.4 --- Age distribution of the respondents --- p.19 / Chapter 4.2 --- Path analysis --- p.19 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Reliability analysis --- p.20 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- LISREL analysis --- p.21 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- """Model 1"" of the conceptual model" --- p.22 / Chapter V --- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.26 / Chapter 5.0 --- Conclusion --- p.26 / Chapter 5.1 --- Managerial implications --- p.26 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- What to market --- p.26 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- How much to price --- p.27 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- How to market skincare products to men --- p.27 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Whom to target at --- p.28 / Chapter 5.1.5 --- How to position skincare products --- p.29 / Chapter 5.1.6 --- How to make your brand recognized --- p.29 / Chapter 5.2 --- Limitations --- p.30 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- External validity --- p.30 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Sampling bias --- p.30 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Sampling method --- p.31 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Limited scope --- p.31 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Specific definition of the research subject --- p.31 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Lack of segmentation --- p.32 / Chapter 5.2.2.3 --- Incomprehensive list of factors --- p.32 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Different administrative methods used --- p.33 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Maturation effect --- p.33 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Unanswered sections --- p.34 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Leading questions affecting validity --- p.34 / Chapter 5.3 --- Suggestions for future research --- p.34 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Larger and more random sample --- p.34 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Wider scope --- p.34 / APPENDIX --- p.36 / Chapter 1 --- Population by age group and sex at the end of2001 / Chapter 2 --- Sales of cosmetics and toiletries in the Asia-Pacific region by sector1998-2000 / Chapter 3 --- Constructs of the conceptual model and statements usedin questionnaire / Chapter 4 --- Questions and answers for the focus group / Chapter 5 --- Research instrument - the questionnaire / Chapter 6 --- Percentage of respondents who consider the stated items as cosmetics / Chapter 7 --- Usage frequency of cosmetics and toiletries / Chapter 8 --- Year(s) of experience of using skincare products / Chapter 9 --- Knowledge of the brands which carry men's cosmetics / Chapter 10 --- Relative importance of factors affecting the use of skincare products / Chapter 11 --- Industries which respondents workin / Chapter 12 --- Highest education level attained by respondents / Chapter 13 --- Respondents' monthly income / Chapter 14 --- Respondents' age distribution / Chapter 15 --- Results from reliability analysis / Chapter 16 --- LISREL outputs / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.37

Lietuvai tapus Europos Sąjungos nare, farmacijos specialistai susidūrė su naujais iššūkiais: VVKT duomenimis per laikotarpį nuo 2007 01 09 iki 2009 09 09 Lietuvoje gamybinių vaistinių skaičius sumažėjo nuo 118 iki 95 t.y. 19.5 proc. Problema – gamybinių vaistinių bei vaistinėse gaminamų vaistų kiekio mažėjimas. Tai skatina giliau pažvelgti į šio reiškinio priežastį kitu aspektu: kaip besiklostanti tendencija lemia farmacinės paslaugos kokybę, ar nenukenčia pacientas nebegalėdamas gauti jo individualius poreikius tenkinančius ekstemporalios gamybos vaistus. Aktualumas- poreikis išsiaiškinti ar ekstemporalūs vaistai reikalingi visuomenei, ar yra poreikis iš pacientų, bei gydytojų pusės. Tokia tema darbai nepublikuoti. Tyrimo tikslas- išanalizuoti ekstemporalių vaistų gamybos ypatumus visuomenės gamybinėse vaistinėse ir pateikti rekomendacijas sveikatos politikos formuotojams, gydytojus rengiančioms institucijoms ir gamybinėms vaistinėms. Magistro studijų baigiamajame darbe apžvelgta gamybinių vaistinių raida skirtingais Lietuvos vystymosi laikotarpiais; pateikta norminių aktų, reglamentuojančių ekstemporalių vaistų gamybą, apžvalgą; įvertintos ir nusakytos sąlygos, kurios užtikrina individualios gamybos vaistų išlikimą bei plėtojimą; atskleistos pagrindinės priežastys, lėmusios gamybinių vaistinių skaičiaus mažėjimą. Tyrimas atliktas dviem etapais: pilotinis 2007 metais, pagrindinis 2010 metais. Tyrimo metodai: teoriniai (profesinės literatūros šaltinių analizė pasirinktu... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / After Lithuania joined European Union (EU) our pharmacists faced with new challenges. According to data of State Medicines Control Agency (SMCA) at the period from 2007-01-09 till 2009-09-09 the total number of community pharmacies which produce extemporaneous preparations have decreased by 19.5 % (from 118 till 95). The problem. The total number of community pharmacies which are able to produce extemporaneous preparations and the quantities of produced medicines are decreasing. Such situation encourages for further analysis in order to evaluate the reasons of such situation – does it make any influence on the quality of pharmaceutical services or does it affect the personal needs of patients who cannot get extemporaneous preparations for individual needs. The topicality. There is a need to determine whether extemporaneous preparations are still required by community, patients and physicians. There is insufficient data which would be published on such topic. The aim of this survey was to analyze the features of extemporaneous manufacturing in community pharmacies in order to provide recommendations for health policy makers, Medical faculties and community pharmacies. In this overview I present the development of extemporaneous manufacturing processes in Lithuanian pharmacies in different periods. Also the overview of legal acts on extemporaneous manufacturing, designated conditions which would help to ensure that extemporaneous preparations remain on the market and the main... [to full text]

Lauko bandymas tiriant biologinių preparatų Fosfix ir NPK Magic įtaką žieminių kviečių produktyvumui skirtinguose azoto trąšų fonuose atliktas 2013 m. ASU Bandymų stotyje. Dirvožemis IDg8-k (LVg-p-w-cc) – karbonatingas sekliai glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i-Epihypogleyic Luvisols). Tyrimo objektas: Žieminių kviečių (Triticum aestivum L.) veislė ʽAdaʼ. Darbo metodai: Derliaus nuėmimo metu kiekviename bandymo laukelyje buvo išpjauti 4 – iose vietose 0,25 m2 apskaitiniai ploteliai. Kiekvieno laukelio kviečių pėdai atnešti į laboratoriją. Nustatyti derliaus struktūros elementai. Po to apskaičiuoti vidutiniai rodikliai. Tyrimų duomenys statistiškai įvertinti vieno veiksnio kiekybinių požymių dispersinės analizės metodu, taikant kompiuterinę programą ANOVA (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Darbo rezultatai: NPK magic esmingai didino žieminų kviečių derlingumą, grudų skaičių varpose bei varpos produktyvumą visuose tręšimo fonuose. Atitinkamai derlingumo skirtumas lyginant su kontrole panaudojus NPK Magic 1,5t/ha. Pasėlio tankumui ir 1000 grudų masei NPK Magic esminiai pokyčiai nepastebėti. Išpurškus tuo pačiu metu preparatą Fosfix jo veiksmingumas pastebėtas mažesnis, tačiau visuose rodikliuose neesmingas lyginant su NPK Magic. Panaudojus Fosfix ir patręšus N140 ir N180 gautas esminis žieminų kviečių derlingumas (7,32 t/ha) lyginant su kontrole. / Field testing for biological agents Fosfix and NPC Magic on winter wheat productivity of different nitrogen fertilizer backgrounds were made in 2013 ASU test station. Soil IDg8 -k (LVg - pw - cc ) - shallow calcareous luvisol ( Calc ( ar) i - Epihypogleyic Luvisols) . Object of the work: winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. ) variety ʽAdaʼ. Method of the work: on harvest time for each test field was cut in 4 different places of 0.25 m2 plots accounting. Each box of wheat sheaves were bringed to the laboratory. Set vintage structure elements. Research data to statistically assess the quantitative characteristics of a factor analysis of variance method using a computer program ANOVA ( Tarakanovas, Red, 2003) . The results of the work: NPK magic substantially increased winter wheat yield, grain number per ear and ears productivity in all fertilization backgrounds. Accordingly yields compared to the control using NPK Magic 1.5 t / ha. Stand density and weight of 1000 grains NPK Magic fundamental changes were not noticed. Droplets at the same time with the product Fosfix efficacy had lower, but not essential in all indicators compared with NPK Magic. Using Fosfix and N140 and N180 fertilized received substantial winter wheat yield ( 7.32 t / ha) compared to the control.

The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a global health crisis that threatens the effectiveness of antibiotics in medical treatment. Increases in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and a drop in the pharmaceutical development of novel antibiotics have combined to form a situation that is rapidly increasing the likelihood of a post-antibiotic era. The development of antibiotics with novel enzymatic targets is critical to stall this growing crisis. In silico methods of molecular modeling and drug design were utilized in the development of novel tryptamine analogs as potential antibiotics through their inhibition of the bacterial enzyme tryptophan synthase. Following the creation of novel tryptamine analogs, the molecules were analyzed in silico to determine their binding affinity to human MAOB and the E. coli α-subunit, E. coli β2-dimer and the M. tuberculosis β2-dimer of tryptophan synthase. Ten tryptamine analogs displayed significant increases in tryptophan synthase binding affinity and show promise as potential antibiotics and antibiotic adjuvants. Further in silico modeling determined that the binding sites of the tryptamine analogs were similar to wild-type tryptamine in the E. coli β2-dimer, the M. tuberculosis β2-dimer and human MAOB, while the analogs’ binding sites to the E. coli α-subunit differed. Although no tryptamine analogs increased tryptophan synthase binding affinity while decreasing human MAOB binding affinity, related increases in MAOB binding affinity warrants further research into the analogs’ potentials as MAO inhibitors. Given the increases in tryptophan synthase binding affinity and similar β2-dimer binding sites, a provisional patent was filed on the ten identified tryptamine analogs. Moving forward, we recommend the synthesis of the ten identified tryptamine analogs. Following synthesis, further research should be conducted to determine the in vitro and in vivo antibiotic properties of the ten tryptamine analogs.