Segundo o Censo do ano 2.000, em torno de 31% dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo possuem populações entre 10.000 e 50.000 habitantes, tornando-se assim a larga maioria dos municípios de pequeno e médio porte em relação aos 15,5% de municípios com mais de 50.000 habitantes; ao mesmo tempo, esta maioria é também a menos conhecida em termos de sua criação, evolução enquanto sistema urbano, tornando impraticável um planejamento que vise a sua proteção enquanto patrimônio urbano e arquitetônico e a sua expansão futura de modo ordenado. A região em estudo é constituída por uma rede de pequenas cidades, que surgem como decorrência de diferentes fatores: a) fixação dos \'torna viagem\', provenientes em sua maioria de Minas Gerais; b) a expansão da lavoura cafeeira; c) a chegada da ferrovia; d) ações governamentais, tais como a implantação de núcleos coloniais; e) desmembramento de grandes fazendas. Apesar das origens diversas, essas cidades fazem parte de um grupo resultante de um ideário urbanístico análogo, e reagiram em maior ou menor grau a eventos como a substituição da cultura cafeeira e a desativação e erradicação da ferrovia em detrimento da opção nacional pelo transporte rodoviário, com o início do processo de redistribuição dos fluxos de transporte das antigas linhas de ferro para as rodovias, reconfigurando as relações de identidade e interdependência dessas localidades. Entre as cidades pertencentes à zona de estudos que conseguiram um maior desenvolvimento econômico, seus núcleos centrais vem passando por um processo de decadência e deterioração, graças às contradições em seus processos de desenvolvimento, resultando em distorções e na perda da qualidade de seus espaços e conseqüentemente na qualidade de vida. Nas cidades menores, as áreas centrais foram \'preservadas pela pobreza\', sendo que na maioria delas, as instituições mais importantes ainda estão ali localizadas, o que não impede que seu patrimônio arquitetônico seja descaracterizado e substituído por falta de legislação específica para suas necessidades e características. Além da perda do patrimônio arquitetônico, também vem se perdendo os valores e costumes da região, resultando em atitudes equivocadas em relação à realidade física local. Entende-se como necessário um resgate desses valores patrimoniais, principalmente uma maior divulgação da história local aos seus habitantes, a fim de contribuir para a sua ressignificação. Por acreditarmos que a produção espacial urbana do passado tem vínculos estreitos com o presente, configurando-se como um referencial histórico, e a sua degradação e desvalorização implicam na perda da identidade cultural e da qualidade de vida de toda a região em estudo, o presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a preservação do patrimônio ambiental urbano das cidades de Dourado e Nova Europa, mas de forma flexível e que possa servir de referência para as demais cidades da região. / According to the 2000 Census, about 31% of the cities in the state of São Paulo have populations between 10,000 and 50,00 inhabitants, thus pointing that small and medium cities outnumber the 15.5% of cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Yet at the same time, this majority is the least understood in terms of its creation and development as an urban system, which render unfeasible any kind of planning that aims at protecting them as urban and architectural heritage and their future expansion in an organized manner. The area studied is comprised by a number of small towns which have appeared as result of a variety of factors: a) the settlement of the torna viagem, mostly coming from the state of Minas Gerais; b) the expansion of the coffee culture; c) the advent of railways; d) government actions, such as the implementation of colonial centers; e) the division of large farms. Despite their different origins, these towns belong to a group that results from an analog urban ideology, and reacted with more or less intensity to happenings such as the replacement of coffee culture and the extinction of railways due to a national option for highways. That was the beginning of a process of redistribution in transport flows from railways to highways, which redesigned the relations of identity and interdependence of such locations. Among the cities in the studied area that managed to achieve greater economic development, their cores have been experiencing a process of decadence and decay due to the contradictions found in their development history, thus resulting in distortions and a quality loss in physical space and life quality. In small towns, central areas were \"protected from poverty\" and most of them are still the home for the most important institutions, which nonetheless does not prevent the architectural heritage from being decharacterized and replaced, due to a lack of specific legislation to meet its needs and characteristics. This loss encompasses not only the architectural heritage but also local customs and values, whose outcome is reflected in erroneous attitudes toward the local physical reality. The revival of these heritage values is deemed as necessary, especially for the promotion of the local history to citizens in order to help them re-understand it. Because we believe that the past urban space production is strictly bonded to the present as a historical reference and its degradation and impairment represent a loss of cultural identity and quality of life all over the area studied, this paper intends to contribute to the protection of the urban environment heritage of the cities of Dourado and Nova Europa, yet in a flexible manner which can also serve as further reference for other cities in the region.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Verwitterung von Naturwerkstein als Funktion von mineralogischen und petrophysikalischen Eigenschaften unter unterschiedlichen umwelt- und bauphysikalischen Bedingungen. Am Beispiel des Kölner Doms wird zum einen die große Anzahl an unterschiedlichen Baumaterialien, die in diesem Bauwerk angetroffen werden, vorgestellt. Darüber hinaus werden auch die daraus resultierenden Probleme von Interferenzen der verschiedenen Materialien untereinander in Hinblick auf ihre Verwitterung beleuchtet. Physikalische und chemische Verwitterungsprozesse werden anhand von Laborversuchen und Tests empirisch erfasst. Diese werden mit den festgestellten spezifischen petrophysikalischen Eigenschaften der unterschiedlichen Gesteine korreliert und im Zusammenhang mit den in situ festgestellten Verwitterungsphänomenen und –prozessen diskutiert. Um die unterschiedlichen Einflüsse der Verwitterungs- und Umweltbelastungen zu evaluieren, wird die Natursteinverwitterung an drei Standorten – dem industriell geprägten Köln, Xanten mit einem städtischen Klima und im ländlichen Altenberg im Bergischen Land – vergleichend studiert. Hierbei zeigt sich der starke Einfluss der Luftverschmutzung auf die Natursteinverwitterung nicht nur für karbonatische sondern auch für silikatische Gesteine. Beispielhaft werden am Drachenfels Trachyt die Mineralkomposition, die Gefügeeigenschaften und die petrophysikalischen Eigenschaften des Gesteins im Gesamtzusammenhang miteinander korreliert und mit den festgestellten Schadensphänomenen und den ermittelten physikalischen und chemischen Verwitterungsprozessen abgeglichen. Aus diesen Erkenntnissen heraus wird ein Modell zur Verwitterung dieses Naturwerksteins entwickelt. In Hinblick auf Natursteinersatz als Erhaltungsmaßnahme für historische Kulturgüter aus Stein werden die Untersuchungsergebnisse, die Erkenntnisse aus den Laborversuchen und den Diskussionen zusammengeführt und bestehende grundsätzliche Anforderungen an ein Ersatzgestein weiter differenziert. Die verschiedenen Wechselwirkungsmechanismen der unterschiedlichen Naturwerksteine, die in einem Bauwerk verbaut sind, werden vor dem Hintergrund ihrer petrophysikalischen Charakteristika sowie ihres Verwitterungsverhaltens bewertet. Basierend auf dieser Beurteilung wird eine Auswahl-Systematik entwickelt, die die Evaluierung der Verträglichkeit von historischen und modernen Austauschgesteinen für historische Bauwerke unterstützt. Aufgrund seiner langen über 600 Jahre währenden Baugeschichte ist der Kölner Dom aus über 50 verschiedenen Bausteinen errichtet. Die vorliegende Arbeit bezieht sich dabei auf acht Haupt-Bausteine. Die untersuchten „Dom-Bausteine“ sind der Drachenfels Trachyt, der Stenzelberg Latit, der Obernkirchener und der Schlaitdorfer Sandstein, der Krensheimer Muschelkalk, die Londorfer Basaltlava sowie der Montemerlo Trachyt und der Bozanov Sandstein. Eine Verwendung ähnlicher Naturwerksteine ist auch beim Xantener und beim Altenberger Dom festzustellen, die ebenfalls aus dem 13. Jahrhundert stammen. Für diese drei mittelalterlichen Bauwerke wurden nicht nur zu ihrer Entstehungszeit sondern auch in späteren Restaurierungs- und Wiederinstandsetzungsmaßnahmen ähnliche Bausteine verwendet. Kapitel 2 der vorliegenden Arbeit stellt die drei Kathedralen in ihrem bauhistorischen Kontext vor und zeigt die Verwendung der unterschiedlichen Naturwerksteine auf. Es erwies sich schon zu ihrer Erbauungszeit und auch zu Zeiten des Weiterbaus, dass die Frage nach einem adäquaten Ersatzgestein entscheidend war, seit der ursprünglich verwendete Drachenfels Trachyt ab dem 19. Jahrhundert für Weiterbau- und Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen nicht mehr zur Verfügung stand. Die Umweltbedingungen an den drei Standorten unterscheiden sich sehr stark: Der Kölner Dom ist in einem industriell geprägten Raum zu finden, das städtische Klima von Xanten zeigt geringe industrielle Prägung, während Altenberg in einer ländlichen waldreichen Gegend liegt. Diese drei unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen der Kathedralen werden in Kapitel 3 beleuchtet. Darüber hinaus, werden mikroklimatische Feuchtigkeits- und Temperatur-Messungen und die entsprechenden Verteilungen in verschiedenen Bausteinen des Kölner Doms vorgestellt. Sensoren wurden in situ platziert in unterschiedlichen Tiefen innerhalb der jeweiligen Bauwerksteine und in unterschiedlich exponierten Bereichen des Bauwerks. Diese Messungen sollen dazu beitragen, die Wechselwirkungen von Feuchtigkeits- und Temperatur-Verteilung in den Bauwerksgesteinen mit den festgestellten Schäden und untersuchten Verwitterungsprozessen zu korrelieren. Die Naturwerksteine an den drei Bauwerken in den unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen zeigen ähnliche Verwitterungsmuster. Am Kölner Dom ist eine sehr starke Naturstein-Verwitterung festzustellen, die die statische Sicherheit von Gebäudeteilen mitunter gefährdet. Der Drachenfels Trachyt zeigt ausgeprägte Verwitterungsmerkmale, wie Schalen- und Schuppenbildung, strukturelle Entfestigung und Bröckelzerfall bis hin zum Totalverlust. Auch die anderen Bauwerksgesteine wie Sand- und Kalksteine sowie vulkanische Gesteine zeigen signifikante Verwitterung. Die unterschiedlichen Verwitterungsphänomene sind in Kapitel 4 dargestellt. Am Xantener und Altenberger Dom wurden ähnliche Verwitterungsmerkmale festgestellt, allerdings in viel geringerem Umfang und geringerer Intensität. Die Prozesse, die die Verwitterung begründen, sind vergleichbar. Diese werden von der mineralogischen Zusammensetzung und den Gefügeeigenschaften der jeweiligen Steine bestimmt, die wiederum die petrophysikalischen Eigenschaften beeinflussen. Dadurch wird deutlich, dass die unterschiedliche Intensitätsausprägung an den drei Bauwerken in den unterschiedlichen umweltklimatischen Bedingungen begründet liegt. Die Eigenschaften und gesteinsspezifischen Charakteristika der acht untersuchten „Dom-Bausteine“ sind festgestellt worden. In Kapitel 5 werden ihre petrographischen und petrophysikalischen Eigenschaften sowie ihr Feuchte- und Temperaturverhalten als auch ihre Festigkeitsparameter bestimmt. Diese Eigenschaften werden miteinander korreliert in Hinblick auf ihren wechselwirkenden Einfluss und ihre Abhängigkeiten untereinander und sie werden in Hinblick auf ihren Einfluss auf die typischen Verwitterungsphänomene der einzelnen Steine diskutiert. Kapitel 6 beschreibt Experimente und Tests zur physikalischen Verwitterung von Naturwerksteinen. Das Trocknungsverhalten der acht „Dom-Bausteine“ sowie ihr Verhalten bei zyklischer Frost-Tau-Belastung und Salzbelastung werden diskutiert. Die Test-Ergebnisse werden mit den gesteinsspezifischen Eigenschaften korreliert und mit dem in situ beobachteten Verfall verglichen. Die Ergebnisse von verschiedenen chemischen Experimenten werden in Kapitel 7 diskutiert und sollen zum Verständnis von chemischen Verwitterungsreaktionen der unterschiedlichen Steine beitragen. Neben einer generellen Beurteilung ihrer Säureresistenz soll ihr Lösungsverhalten in unterschiedlichen Lösungen untersucht werden. Mögliche chemische Verwitterungsreaktionen werden diskutiert, um das Verhalten der Naturwerksteine in unterschiedlichen Umweltbedingungen zu beleuchten Nachdem die einzelnen extrinsischen Faktoren (u.a. Klima- und Umweltbedingungen) sowie die intrinsischen Faktoren der einzelnen Steine (petrophysikalische Eigenschaften und Mineralkomposition sowie Gefügeeigenschaften, etc.) erfasst und ihr physikalisches und chemisches Verwitterungsverhalten in Tests empirisch festgestellt wurde, werden in einem nächsten Schritt diese verschiedenen, sehr komplexen wechselwirkenden Verwitterungsreaktionen und –prozesse physikalischer und chemischer Art in situ untersucht. Kapitel 8 stellt die Untersuchungen an den verschiedenen Bauwerksteinen der drei unterschiedlichen Standorte des Kölner, Xantener und Altenberger Doms vor. Die Bildung schwarzer Verwitterungskrusten als Hauptindikator für die Natursteinverwitterung im Zusammenhang mit Luftverschmutzung variiert sehr stark in diesen drei unterschiedlichen – industriell geprägten, städtischen und ländlichen – Klimata. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, dass sich nicht nur auf Karbonatgesteinen schwarze Verwitterungskrusten bilden, sondern auch auf silikatischen Naturwerksteinen. Die Krustenbildung auf dem Drachenfels Trachyt ist hauptsächlich durch extrinsische Faktoren bestimmt, dabei können benachbarte Gesteine zu dieser Krustenbildung mit beitragen. Für den Drachenfels Trachyt wird ein Verwitterungsmodell entwickelt, das die Wechselwirkung der verschiedenen Rückkopplungsmechanismen physikalischer und chemischer Verwitterungsprozesse als Funktion intrinsischer und extrinsischer Faktoren darstellt. Im abschließenden Kapitel wird die anfangs gestellte Frage nach einem adäquaten Ersatzgestein aufgegriffen. Vor dem Hintergrund der unterschiedlichen durchgeführten Untersuchungen und daraus gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden mögliche Wechselwirkungen der unterschiedlichen miteinander verbauten Werksteine beleuchtet. Grundsätzliche Anforderungen an Ersatzgesteine umfassen mineralogische, optische und petrophysikalische Eigenschaften. Die starke Divergenz der festgestellten Steinparameter der verschiedenen untersuchten Gesteine (Mineralkomposition, Porosität, Wasseraufnahme und –sättigung, Trocknungsverhalten, Feuchte- und Temperaturdehnung, Festigkeitsparameter, etc.) zeigt, dass es anhand dieses Anforderungskataloges fast unmöglich ist, ein ideales Ersatzgestein zu finden, falls die Parameter nicht differenzierter betrachtet werden. Dazu wird die Summe der Eigenschaften und Charakteristika in Hinblick auf ihre Signifikanz für die Materialeigenschaften und das Materialverhalten auf der einen Seite sowie für die Ausprägung von Schadensphänomenen und ihr Verwitterungsverhalten auf der anderen Seite miteinander korreliert und bewertet. Anhand einer entsprechenden Punktevergabe werden ein „Material-interner Index“ und ein „Verwitterungs-Index“ erstellt. Aus diesen beiden Bewertungs-Skalen ergeben sich die „Schlüssel-Parameter“ des Originalgesteins, die bei einem Kompatibilitätsabgleich mit einem potenziellen Austauschgestein im Rahmen des genannten Anforderungskataloges übereinstimmen sollten. Diese systematische Herangehensweise der Evaluierung führt zu einer Entwicklung von allgemeinen Qualitätskriterien für die Kompatibilität zur Auswahl geeigneter Ersatzgesteine für historische Bauwerke, in denen mehr als ein Naturwerkstein verbaut ist. Sie trägt zur Beurteilung der Verträglichkeit von historischen und modernen Austauschmaterialien in einem Bauwerk bei. Die neu gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sollen also einen Beitrag leisten bei der Aufstellung von Sanierungs- und Konservierungskonzepten, im Besonderen bei der Evaluierung von Materialkompatibilitäten und der entsprechenden Auswahl von Ersatzgestein, und damit die Entwicklung und Umsetzung von qualitativ hochwertigen Erhaltungsstrategien für Baudenkmäler aus Naturwerkstein unterstützen.

Segundo o Censo do ano 2.000, em torno de 31% dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo possuem populações entre 10.000 e 50.000 habitantes, tornando-se assim a larga maioria dos municípios de pequeno e médio porte em relação aos 15,5% de municípios com mais de 50.000 habitantes; ao mesmo tempo, esta maioria é também a menos conhecida em termos de sua criação, evolução enquanto sistema urbano, tornando impraticável um planejamento que vise a sua proteção enquanto patrimônio urbano e arquitetônico e a sua expansão futura de modo ordenado. A região em estudo é constituída por uma rede de pequenas cidades, que surgem como decorrência de diferentes fatores: a) fixação dos \'torna viagem\', provenientes em sua maioria de Minas Gerais; b) a expansão da lavoura cafeeira; c) a chegada da ferrovia; d) ações governamentais, tais como a implantação de núcleos coloniais; e) desmembramento de grandes fazendas. Apesar das origens diversas, essas cidades fazem parte de um grupo resultante de um ideário urbanístico análogo, e reagiram em maior ou menor grau a eventos como a substituição da cultura cafeeira e a desativação e erradicação da ferrovia em detrimento da opção nacional pelo transporte rodoviário, com o início do processo de redistribuição dos fluxos de transporte das antigas linhas de ferro para as rodovias, reconfigurando as relações de identidade e interdependência dessas localidades. Entre as cidades pertencentes à zona de estudos que conseguiram um maior desenvolvimento econômico, seus núcleos centrais vem passando por um processo de decadência e deterioração, graças às contradições em seus processos de desenvolvimento, resultando em distorções e na perda da qualidade de seus espaços e conseqüentemente na qualidade de vida. Nas cidades menores, as áreas centrais foram \'preservadas pela pobreza\', sendo que na maioria delas, as instituições mais importantes ainda estão ali localizadas, o que não impede que seu patrimônio arquitetônico seja descaracterizado e substituído por falta de legislação específica para suas necessidades e características. Além da perda do patrimônio arquitetônico, também vem se perdendo os valores e costumes da região, resultando em atitudes equivocadas em relação à realidade física local. Entende-se como necessário um resgate desses valores patrimoniais, principalmente uma maior divulgação da história local aos seus habitantes, a fim de contribuir para a sua ressignificação. Por acreditarmos que a produção espacial urbana do passado tem vínculos estreitos com o presente, configurando-se como um referencial histórico, e a sua degradação e desvalorização implicam na perda da identidade cultural e da qualidade de vida de toda a região em estudo, o presente trabalho pretende contribuir para a preservação do patrimônio ambiental urbano das cidades de Dourado e Nova Europa, mas de forma flexível e que possa servir de referência para as demais cidades da região. / According to the 2000 Census, about 31% of the cities in the state of São Paulo have populations between 10,000 and 50,00 inhabitants, thus pointing that small and medium cities outnumber the 15.5% of cities with more than 50,000 inhabitants. Yet at the same time, this majority is the least understood in terms of its creation and development as an urban system, which render unfeasible any kind of planning that aims at protecting them as urban and architectural heritage and their future expansion in an organized manner. The area studied is comprised by a number of small towns which have appeared as result of a variety of factors: a) the settlement of the torna viagem, mostly coming from the state of Minas Gerais; b) the expansion of the coffee culture; c) the advent of railways; d) government actions, such as the implementation of colonial centers; e) the division of large farms. Despite their different origins, these towns belong to a group that results from an analog urban ideology, and reacted with more or less intensity to happenings such as the replacement of coffee culture and the extinction of railways due to a national option for highways. That was the beginning of a process of redistribution in transport flows from railways to highways, which redesigned the relations of identity and interdependence of such locations. Among the cities in the studied area that managed to achieve greater economic development, their cores have been experiencing a process of decadence and decay due to the contradictions found in their development history, thus resulting in distortions and a quality loss in physical space and life quality. In small towns, central areas were \"protected from poverty\" and most of them are still the home for the most important institutions, which nonetheless does not prevent the architectural heritage from being decharacterized and replaced, due to a lack of specific legislation to meet its needs and characteristics. This loss encompasses not only the architectural heritage but also local customs and values, whose outcome is reflected in erroneous attitudes toward the local physical reality. The revival of these heritage values is deemed as necessary, especially for the promotion of the local history to citizens in order to help them re-understand it. Because we believe that the past urban space production is strictly bonded to the present as a historical reference and its degradation and impairment represent a loss of cultural identity and quality of life all over the area studied, this paper intends to contribute to the protection of the urban environment heritage of the cities of Dourado and Nova Europa, yet in a flexible manner which can also serve as further reference for other cities in the region.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo estudar o patrimônio arquitetônico do Instituto Butantan, localizado na cidade de São Paulo. Esse Instituto, fundado em 1901 para produção de imunobiológicos, e que se notabilizou mundialmente pela pesquisa em ofidismo, instalou-se em um campus de pesquisa no qual cientistas e arquitetos criaram, durante o último século, um conjunto de elementos arquitetônicos, urbanísticos e paisagísticos relevantes do ponto de vista não só científico, mas também histórico e patrimonial, dentro do contexto recente de valorização do patrimônio arquitetônico da saúde. Mais especificamente, pretende-se analisar também como tem se dado a preservação deste importante acervo arquitetônico, já reconhecido e tombado pelo órgão estadual (Condephaat) e municipal (Conpresp) de proteção do patrimônio cultural. A partir de levantamentos da história, do espaço construído e das normativas dessa instituição, analisou-se em que medida as ações reservacionistas que incidiram sobre esse patrimônio seguiram as recomendações da Carta de Veneza (1964), documento internacional em vigor que estabelece os princípios básicos que devem fundamentar quaisquer intervenções no patrimônio cultural, e da Teoria da Restauração, de Cesare Brandi (1963), um dos textos-base nesse campo. Para tanto, foram consultadas principalmente fontes primárias do acervo documental e iconográfico do Instituto, fontes secundárias pertinentes e depoimentos de frequentadores desse campus. / This research intends to study the architectural heritage of the Instituto Butantan, in the city of São Paulo. This institute, founded in 1901 for the production of immunobiologicals, has garnered world-recognition for its research on ophidism and is located in a research campus where scientists and architects created a set of architectonic, urban and landscape elements during the last century. This set is relevant not only for its scientific importance, but also due to its historical and heritage significance, given the recent context of valuation of healthcare architecture. Furthermore, this research analyses how this architectural heritage has been preserved, since it has already been recognized and listed by the state and municipal departments of protection of cultural heritage. Based on surveys on the institution\'s history, its built space and its regulations, it was analyzed the extent to which actions toward such heritage have followed the recommendations from the Venice Charter (1964), an international document that establishes the basic principles to support interventions on cultural heritage, and the Theory of Restoration, by Cesare Brandi (1963), a reference text in this field. For such, primary sources from the Institute\'s document and image collection were consulted, as well as pertinent secondary sources, and statements from users of the campus.

The paper determines the general definition of cultural monuments, its legislative, and institutional framework and sources of financing. General knowledge is applied in actually applying for financing for renewal of cultural sight - the castle in Mladá Vožice. Financial sources for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of cultural heritage outside the owner's own funds can be drawn from public funds of the state budget, budgets of territorial-administrative units, or from foreign sources. Other options are the collections and yields from the economic use of the building. For withdrawal of funds is necessary to determine the purpose which the monument is used for. This is closely related to the amount of funds needed for the rehabilitation and reconstruction.

The thesis focuses on the mediation of electronic information resources of cultural heritage from public libraries to public. The text is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. Introductory chapters explain key terms - cultural heritage, digitization of analog cultural object and digital library and describe chosen benefits that providing of electronic information resources of cultural heritage brings to public libraries. The thesis also includes analysis of chosen electronic information resources of cultural heritage. They are presented Manuscriptorium, Kramerius, Moll Collection, online portal Europeana and web site of American Memory project. The practical part of this thesis presents the results of a supply and demand survey. The first survey was implemented on web pages of Czech regional libraries and the second survey is user survey among the Czech public. The last chapter is formed by recommendations for public libraries which offer electronic resources of cultural heritage.

The digital preservation of cultural heritage is an important and challenging task for the research community. Reconstructing historical objects, which do not exist anymore, in the form of digital 3D models makes it possible to visualize them and present them to the public. The reconstruction process as well as the visualization lead to a deeper understanding of the lost historical objects. But the process of the digitalreconstruction is complex and time consuming as diverse sources have to be consulted and interpreted. Therefore, in this paper the latest technology in the feld of artifcial intelligence (AI) is used to support researchers in the feld of Digital Humanities: A Transformer deep learning model based on questions answering methods is introduced to assist to digitally reconstruct historical objects in 3D. It implies a new dimension of data availability, which supports the knowledge process by making large amounts of data qualitatively accessible. [Aus: Einleitung]

「北管」一詞實為一集合名詞，不僅指稱樂種，也指稱劇種，更指稱了一種傳統藝術文化型態，廣泛融入臺灣漢人的宗教、民俗與生命禮儀的各個層面，在移民社會中產生了新的傳統與認同。 「臺北靈安社」為子弟軒社，是臺灣北管文化圈內重要的團體類型。清同治10年（1871），為配合霞海城隍的祭典活動，由大稻埕地區從商的信徒們集資，共同籌組而成，係臺北霞海城隍廟的輿前子弟團。 臺北靈安社在以城隍信仰為中心所展現的一系列儀式行為上，不僅具有軒社、曲館與神明會的本質，負責在慶典時排場扮仙或迎神遶境，並展現出軒社與大稻埕在地公廟—霞海城隍廟、法主公廟、慈聖宮，以及比鄰的大龍峒保安宮，在人文地理與自然地理的緊密連結。另與大稻埕、大龍峒地區，以及臺北、基隆、宜蘭，乃至中臺灣、南臺灣等地之各子弟軒社、曲館、宮廟等單位，形成多元型態的交陪與競合關係，並隨歷史、社會的脈動而變遷。 本研究以民族誌（ethnography）之研究技術，嘗試詳盡的深描（thick description）臺北靈安社在臺灣民間宗教活動中的三大類型北管演出型態：「排場」、「出陣」和「演戲」。將北管音樂視為一種文化符碼（cultural code），對於臺灣的漢人而言，其表徵和指涉便是「儀式（ritual）之進行」，無論是聖誕慶典的遶境排場，或是婚喪喜慶的生命禮俗，北管音樂的聲響暗示人們處於某種閾限（仲介）狀態（liminality），是神聖與非常時期；儀式進行者以北管音樂宣告儀式之開始、延續儀式之進行，最後再以北管音樂來終止儀式。 本研究中臺北靈安社所展現的文化意涵，是以臺灣民間宗教的神話與神仙系譜中，所形塑之城隍爺神格特質為基礎，延伸出陪祀的文武判官及謝范將軍，並在合境平安的信仰訴求下，由臺北靈安社雕塑神將，負責執行遶境的儀式行為。臺北靈安社的遶境，傳承臺灣地區以北管帶領神將、神轎的三段式陣頭模式。同時為此儀仗陣頭製作出各式裝飾文物，充分發揮傳統民間工藝水準，包括西燈、彩牌、花籃鼓架及大量的繡旗等。 此外，為作戲酬神，也為遶境所需，傳習福祿派的北管音樂系統，將儀式行為與信仰象徵延伸至北管扮仙戲的舞臺上，同時也因此奉祀了傳統戲曲之神—西秦王爺，自稱梨園子弟，形成一個由北管音樂傳習及西秦王爺信仰所凝聚的社群（social group）。 臺北靈安社透過上述一系列的儀式行為，將虛擬的神聖世界以象徵化的手法與世俗生活連結，並透過神將、北管等傳統藝術之傳習，以及城隍爺、西秦王爺的信仰凝聚力，還有與各宮廟、軒社間的連結交陪，形塑出獨特的子弟軒社文化；成為臺灣民間風俗、宗教活動中不可或缺的要素，具備傳統性、地方性、歷史性、文化性及典範性。 但臺北靈安社在展現子弟軒社文化的同時，也面臨軒社經營與北管牌子散軼、俗化的困境。歷經清代、日治、民國三代，臺北靈安社不斷因應著臺灣社會環境的變遷，遵循不同政權的政策法令，加入不同的協會組織，嘗試與學術文化界合作，致力於文化資產保存工作；這些歷史上先賢們與目前社員們多元的努力，都為臺北靈安社的延續與發展提供了進路，這些記錄對其他軒社、曲館、武館、神明會等，這些和臺灣民間宗教相關的團體都將有所貢獻。 / “Pei-kuan” is a collective term, which refers not only to music genre but a type of genre as well. Moreover, it refers to a kind of traditional artistic and cultural type. It merges Chinese religions, folk customs, and rituals of life in Taiwan, which results in a new tradition and identification in the migrating society. . “Taipei Ling-An Association” is voluntary association, which one of the important associations in the Pei-kuan cultural circle in Taiwan. In 1871, the tenth year of Tungji period, in order to serve the festival held by Xia-Hai City God, the association was established by its believers engaging in business who came from Dadaocheng and raised the money to set up the voluntary association of Taipei Xia-Hai City God Temple. The rituals developed by Taipei Ling-An Association are based on the belief in City God. The rituals have derived their essence from Voluntary Association, Music Association, and the Association of gods. Besides, Taipwi Ling-An Association is in charge of playing the role of God, welcoming God, and Pilgrimage Procession, which show the tight alignment between cultural geography and natural geography of Voluntary Association and the Local God Temple in Dadaocheng-- Xia-Hai City God Temple, Fachukong Temple, Cihsheng Temple, and Dalongdong Baoan Temple nearby. The multiple modes of accompanying and competitive relations formed by the connection among Voluntary Association, Associations of Music, temples located in Dadaocheng, Dalongdong area, Taipei, Keelung, Yilan, the central Taiwan, and the Southern Taiwan are changed with the flow of history and social changes. This study is based on ethnography to conduct a thick description of the three important types of pei-kuan performance performed in Taiwanese folk religions in Taipei Ling-An Association: “concert,” “procession,” and “drama.” Taking music of pei-kuan as a cultural code, for the Han Chinese living in Taiwan, people here deem Pei-kuan as a symbol and reference to “the procession of ritual.” Whatever the procession and concert in birthday celebration of gods or the life rituals of marriage, funeral, or festivals, Pei-kuan music implies people are in a kind of liminality, between the period of divinity and critical moments; the performers of the rituals begin, continue, and end the rituals with Pei-kuan music. In this study, the cultural content bringing forth by Taipei Ling-An Association is based on the divine characters of City God who is listed in Taiwanese folk mythology and the genealogy of gods, and then develop the literary and martial judgements and General Hsieh and Fan accompanying the rituals. Basing on the appeal of peace around the area, Taipei Ling-An Association was commissioned to carve the image of God General and conduct the procedure and ritual of entering the area. The pilgrimage activity of Taipei Ling-An Temple inherits the three-segmented mode of the leader of the procession—God General and God palanquin led by Pei-kuan. Meanwhile, the ritual of the procession has created different kinds of historical relics, as shows the spirit of the traditional folk artefacts, including palace lantern, carved plaque, carved drum stand, and great numbers of embroidered flags. Besides, in order to perform a drama for thanking gods and meet a demand from the pilgrimage activity, the musical system of pei-kuan follows the Fulu style to extend the ritual activities and the symbol of religions to the drama of playing the role of God on the stage. In this way, the tradition forms a social group made from the combination of the tradition of Pei-kuan music and the belief in Lord Xiqin, the God of traditional Chinese drama and called himself as the Children of the Pear Garden. Through the rituals mentioned above, Taipei Ling-An Association combines the virtual divine world with the secular living styles by means of symbolization. It also forms a unique voluntary association culture by inheriting the traditional arts of General God, Pei-kuan, and merging the beliefs in Lord City God and Lord Xiqin, and the experience exchange with different temples, and voluntary associations. All of these create a necessary elements in Taiwan’s folk customs and religious activities, which has the essence of tradition, historicity, culture, and paradigm. While Taipei Ling-An Association is developing the culture of voluntary association, it is facing the dilemmas of the operation of the association and the dispersing and secularization of Pei-kuan sheet music as well. Through Quing dynasty, Japanese occupation period, and the Republic of China, Taipei Ling-An Association is devoted to following different policies and regulations of different political powers, participating different organizations, attempting to cooperate with academic and cultural fields, and preserving cultural heritages. Owing to the efforts taken by the predecessors and the current members, Taipei Ling-An Association is able to continue and develop. These records have great contributions to other folk religion associations in Taiwan, such as voluntary association, music association, martial arts association, and the Association of gods.

Master's dissertation is devoted to the problem of interaction of public authorities and business representatives in the field of preservation of cultural heritage in the Sverdlovsk region. The first сhapter deals with the activities of the executive bodies of state power in the sphere of preservation of cultural heritage, analyzes the legal framework of interaction between public authorities and business structures for the conservation and use of cultural heritage in the region, and also reveals the features of public and private partnership in the study area. The second chapter is devoted to the study of the experience of interaction between the executive bodies of state power and business for the preservation of cultural heritage in the Sverdlovsk region, identifying problems and opportunities for such cooperation. The third paragraph of the chapter presents the project «Development and implementation of a mechanism for the involvement of cultural heritage objects in the Treasury of the Sverdlovsk region in the economic turnover in 2018». / Магистерская диссертация посвящена проблеме взаимодействия органов государственной власти и представителей бизнеса в сфере сохранения объектов культурного наследия в Свердловской области. В первой главе работы рассматривается деятельность исполнительных органов государственной власти в сфере сохранения объектов культурного наследия, анализируются нормативно-правовые основы взаимодействия органов государственной власти и бизнес-структур по сохранению и использованию объектов культурного наследия в регионе, а также раскрываются особенности развития государственно-частного партнерства в изучаемой сфере. Вторая глава работы посвящена изучению опыта взаимодействия исполнительных органов государственной власти и бизнеса по сохранению объектов культурного наследия в Свердловской области, выявлению проблем и возможностей такого сотрудничества. В третьем параграфе главы представлен проект «Разработка и реализация механизма вовлечения объектов культурного наследия, находящихся в казне Свердловской области, в хозяйственный оборот в 2018 году».

Рассмотрено влияние продуктивности земли в зависимости от использования объекта культурного наследия, при соблюдении ФЗ-73 и охранных обязательств. Проведенные расчеты позволили провести сравнение остаточной стоимости с кадастровой и отметить методологические недостатки в методике оценки кадастровой стоимости земли с позиций экономики городского землепользования. А также в рамка работы предложена модель управления ОКН, включающей проведения аудита с использованием due diligence, и разработку мастер-планов. / The influence of the productivity of the land depending on the use of the object of cultural heritage, in compliance with ФЗ-73 and security obligations, is considered. The calculations made it possible to compare the residual value with the cadastral value and to note methodological shortcomings in the methodology for assessing the cadastral value of land from the standpoint of urban land economics. And also a model of management of cultural heritage objects is proposed, including conducting an audit using due diligence, and creating master plans.