Heavy oil production has drawn more and more attention in petroleum industry. The amount of heavy oil in the world is twice more than the conventional oil (low viscosity), which has been consumed rapidly from the past. The understanding of flow patterns and pressure losses in multiphase flow with high viscosity oil are vital to assist the design of transportation pipeline. This thesis involves experimental investigation of two phase and three phase flows under high oil viscosity conditions (up to 17000cP) in horizontal pipelines. The multiphase (oil/water/solid/gas) facility was designed and constructed at Cranfield University and consists of 6m long horizontal pipeline of 0.026m diameter along with instrumentations. The principal objectives of the work were to study the effect of viscosity, water cut, temperature variance, and flow conditions on flow patterns and pressure drops for (oil/gas and oil/water) two phase flows; to compare the measured flow parameters and phase distribution with those predicted from models found in the literature for two phase flows; and to conduct an experimental study of gas injection effect on pressure gradient in (oil/water/gas) three phase flow. Due to the nature of heavy oil reservoirs, sand is associated with oil/water mixture when extracted; therefore sand concentration effect on pressure drop in (oil/water/sand) three phase flow is also examined. For oil-air flow, a smooth oil coating was observed in the film region of slug flow, while a ripple structure of oil coating film was found at higher superficial air velocity for slug flow regime and annular flow regime. The ripple structure was believed to increase the effective roughness of the pipe wall, which resulted in higher pressure gradients. The pressure drop correlations from Beggs and Brill (1973) and Dukler et al. (1964) were used to compare with experimental pressure gradients for oil/air flow. It was found that these correlations failed to predict the pressure gradients for heavy oil/air flows in this work. Several new heavy oil/water flow patterns were named and categorized based on observations. Though the heavy oil viscosity is an essential parameter for oil continuous phase flow on pressure drop, it had no significant effect beyond Water Assist Flow (WAF) condition, as a threshold was found for water cut with fixed superficial oil velocity. The transition criterion by McKibben et al. (2000b) for WAF was found to be able to predict this threshold reasonably well. Core Annular Flow (CAF) models were found to greatly under predict the pressure gradients mainly due to the coating (oil fouling) effect associated with this study. A new coating coefficient was introduced to models presented by Bannwart (2001) and Rodriguez et al (2009). The addition of solid in the mixed flow led to minor increase in the pressure gradient when the particles were moving with the flow. However, higher sand concentration in the system led to higher pressure gradient values. The addition of gaseous phase to the oil/water flow was more complex. The gaseous injection was beneficial toward reducing the pressure gradient when introduced in oil continuous phase only at very low water cuts.

Due to its relevance for global climate, the realistic representation of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in ocean models is a key task.<br> In recent years, two paradigms have evolved around what are its driving mechanisms: diapycnal mixing and Southern Ocean winds. This work aims at clarifying what sets the strength of the Atlantic overturning components in an ocean general circulation model and discusses the role of spatially inhomogeneous mixing, numerical diffusion and winds. Furthermore, the relation of the AMOC with a key quantity, the meridional pressure difference is analyzed. <br><br> Due to the application of a very low diffusive tracer advection scheme, a realistic Atlantic overturning circulation can be obtained that is purely wind driven.<br> On top of the winddriven circulation, changes of density gradients are caused by increasing the parameterized eddy diffusion in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean. The linear relation between the maximum of the Atlantic overturning and the meridional pressure difference found in previous studies is confirmed and it is shown to be due to one significant pressure gradient between the average pressure over high latitude deep water formation regions and a relatively uniform pressure between 30°N and 30°S, which can directly be related to a zonal flow through geostrophy. Under constant Southern Ocean windstress forcing, a South Atlantic outflow in the range of 6-16 Sv is obtained for a large variety of experiments. Overall, the circulation is winddriven but its strength not uniquely determined by the Southern Ocean windstress. <br><br> The scaling of the Atlantic overturning components is linear with the background vertical diffusivity, not confirming the 2/3 power law for one-hemisphere models without wind forcing. The pycnocline depth is constant in the coarse resolution model with large vertical grid extends. It suggests the ocean model operates like the Stommel box model with a linear relation of the pressure difference and fixed vertical scale for the volume transport. However, this seems only valid for vertical diffusivities smaller 0.4 cm²/s, when the dominant upwelling within the Atlantic occurs along the boundaries. For larger vertical diffusivities, a significant amount of interior upwelling occurs. It is further shown that any localized vertical mixing in the deep to bottom ocean cannot drive an Atlantic overturning. However, enhanced boundary mixing at thermocline depths is potentially important. <br><br> The numerical diffusion is shown to have a large impact on the representation of the Atlantic overturning in the model. While the horizontal numerical diffusion tends to destabilize the Atlantic overturning the verital numerical diffusion denotes an amplifying mechanism. / Wegen ihrer Bedeutung für das globale Klima ist die realistische Darstellung des Atlantischen meridionalen overturnings in Ozeanmodellen eine zentrale Aufgabe.<br> In den letzten Jahren haben sich zwei verschiedene Hypothesen darüber entwickelt, was diese Zirkulation antreibt: diapyknische Vermischung und Winde im südlichen Ozean.<br> Die vorliegende Arbeit zielt darauf aufzuklären, welche Rolle eine räumlich inhomogene Verteilung der Vermischung, die numerische Diffusion und Winde beim Bestimmen der Stärke des Atlantischen overturnings spielen. Ausserdem wird die Beziehung des Atlantischen overturnings zu meridionalen Druckgradienten untersucht. <br><br> Durch Anwenden eines sehr gering diffusiven Tracer-Advektionsschemas kann eine realistische Zirkulation erzeugt werden, die rein von den Winden im südlichen Ozean getrieben wird. Ausgehend von der windgetriebenen Zirkulation werden Änderungen der Dichtegradienten durch Verstärkung der parametrisierten Eddy Diffusion im Nordatlantik und südlichen Ozean hervorgerufen. Dadurch wird das Bild einer vom Wind bestimmten Zirkulation in der letztendlich Druckgradienten nicht ausschlaggebend sein würden, modifiziert. Das lineare Verhältnis zwischen dem Maximum des Atlantischen overturnings und dem meridionalen Druckgradienten wird bestätigt und erklärt. Diese Linearität ist auf einen signifikanten Druckgradienten zwischen den Tiefenwasserbildungsgebieten und einem zwischen 30°N and 30°S homogenen Druck zurückzuführen. Der Volumentransport bei 30°S variiert über eine Bandbreite von 10 Sv für verschiedene Experimente unter konstantem Wind über dem südlichen Ozean. Zusammenfassend ist die Zirkulation zwar windgetrieben aber ihre Stärke nicht allein vom Wind bestimmt. <br><br> Die Skalierung des Atlantischen overturnings ist linear mit vertikaler Vermischung, was die Skalierung mit einem Exponenten von 2/3 in ein-hemisphärischen Modellen ohne Wind-Antrieb nicht bestätigt. Die Tiefe der Pyknokline bleibt mit der groben vertikalen Auflösung konstant. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Ozeanmodell sich wie das Stommel-Box Modell verhält mit einer linearen Beziehung zum meridionalen Druckgradienten und einer festen vertikalen Skala für den Volumentransport. Das scheint jedoch nur für Diffusivitäten kleiner als 0.4 cm²/s zu gelten, wenn das Aufsteigen im Atlantischen Ozean bevorzugt an den Ozeanrändern statt findet. <br><br> In Bezug auf den Antrieb des Atlantischen overturnings wird gezeigt, dass vertikale Vermischung in der Nähe des Ozeanbodens keinen Einfluss hat. Verstärkte vertikale Vermischung an den Ozeanrändern in der Tiefe der Thermokline jedoch ist potentiell wichtig. <br><br> Die numerische Diffusion hat einen grossen Einfluss auf das Atlantische overturning im Modell. Während die horizontale numerische Diffusion das overturning eher zu destabilisieren tendiert, bewirkt die vertikale numerische Diffusion einen Verstärkungsmechanismus.

Boundary layer separation is an unwanted phenomenon in most technical applications, as for instance on airplane wings, ground vehicles and in internal flow systems. If separation occurs, it causes loss of lift, higher drag and energy losses. It is thus essential to develop methods to eliminate or delay separation.In the present experimental work streamwise vortices are introduced in turbulent boundary layers to transport higher momentum fluid towards the wall. This enables the boundary layer to stay attached at  larger pressure gradients. First the adverse pressure gradient (APG) separation bubbles that are to be eliminated are studied. It is shown that, independent of pressure gradient, the mean velocity defect profiles are self-similar when the scaling proposed by Zagarola and Smits is applied to the data. Then vortex pairs and arrays of vortices of different initial strength are studied in zero pressure gradient (ZPG). Vane-type vortex generators (VGs) are used to generate counter-rotating vortex pairs, and it is shown that the vortex core trajectories scale with the VG height h and the spanwise spacing of the blades. Also the streamwise evolution of the turbulent quantities scale with h. As the vortices are convected downstream they seem to move towards a equidistant state, where the distance from the vortex centres to the wall is half the spanwise distance between two vortices. Yawing the VGs up to 20° do not change the generated circulation of a VG pair. After the ZPG measurements, the VGs where applied in the APG mentioned above. It is shown that that the circulation needed to eliminate separation is nearly independent of the pressure gradient and that the streamwise position of the VG array relative to the separated region is not critical to the control effect. In a similar APG jet vortex generators (VGJs) are shown to as effective as the passive VGs. The ratio VR of jet velocity and test section inlet velocity is varied and a control effectiveness optimum is found for VR=5. At 40° yaw the VGJs have only lost approximately 20% of the control effect. For pulsed VGJs the pulsing frequency, the duty cycle and VR were varied. It was shown that to achieve maximum control effect the injected mass flow rate should be as large as possible, within an optimal range of jet VRs. For a given injected mass flow rate, the important parameter was shown to be the injection time t1. A non-dimensional injection time is defined as t1+ = t1Ujet/d, where d is the jet orifice diameter. Here, the optimal  t1+ was 100-200. / QC 20100825

As part of a beach erosion field experiment conducted at Cape Hatteras, NC in February 2010, this study focuses on quantifying longshore currents, which are the basic mechanism that drives longshore sediment transport. Using video imagery, the longshore currents in view of a video camera are estimated with the Optical Current Meter technique and the nearshore morphology is estimated by analyzing breaking wave patterns in standard deviation images. During a Nor‟easter storm event on February 12 and 13, 2010, the video longshore currents are compared to in situ data and it is found that the currents are most affected by the angle of incidence of incoming waves, increasing in magnitude as the angle becomes more oblique due to a larger component of radiation stress forcing in the longshore direction. The magnitude of the radiation stress forcing, which is at least an order of magnitude larger than the surface wind stress, increases as wave height increases or tide level decreases, which causes more wave breaking to occur. The normalized standard deviation images show wave breaking occurring at an inshore and offshore location, corresponding closely to the locations of an inner and outer bar indicated in survey data. Using two profiles from the survey data, one profile that intersects a trough and one that intersects a terrace, the video currents are also compared to currents simulated in one-dimension using the circulation module, SHORECIRC, and the wave module, REF/DIF-S, as part of the NearCoM system. Although the simulated currents greatly underpredict the video currents when the flow is only driven by radiation stresses, a mean water level difference between the two profiles creates a longshore pressure gradient. Superimposing a pressure gradient forcing term into the longshore momentum balance that assumes an equilibrium state of the flow, the magnitude of the simulated currents are much larger than the magnitude of the video estimated currents. Using analytical solutions of simplified forms of the mass and momentum equations to determine the effects of accelerations on the flow, it is seen that the acceleration term greatly affects the flow due to the relatively large mean water level difference that acts over a relatively short distance. Therefore, the pressure gradient forcing term is modified to include the effects of accelerations. By including the two-dimensional effects of the acceleration in the one-dimensional model through the modified pressure gradient, the quasi two-dimensional model simulated currents are very similar to the video estimated currents, indicating that the currents observed in the video may be pressure gradient driven.

Darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti vartų venos hipertenzijos (VVH) neinvazinių parametrų ir kepenų venų spaudimų gradiento ryšį, įvertinti medikamentinio gydymo efektyvumą mažinant VVH sergantiems kepenų ciroze. Darbo uždaviniai - Nustatyti neinvazinių VVH požymių ryšį su kepenų venų spaudimų gradiento pakitimais (KVSG) ir įvertinti parametrus, rodančius kliniškai reikšmingą KVSG padidėjimą (≥12 mm Hg). - .Nustatyti veiksnius, susijusius su kraujavimu iš varikozinių stemplės venų. - Įvertinti ir palyginti karvedilolio ir nebivololio efektyvumą mažinant vartų venos hipertenziją kepenų ciroze sergantiems pacientams. Išvados 1.Didesnį KVSG parodo B, C klasės kepenų funkcijos nepakankamumas (pagal CTP), didelio laipsnio varikozinės stemplės venos (F2 ir F3) bei praeityje buvęs varikozinis kraujavimas. 2.Kliniškai reikšmingą KVSG padidėjimą (≥12 mm Hg) parodo protrombino indeksas, albumino kiekis serume, didesnis balų skaičius vertinant kepenų funkcijos nepakankamumą pagal CTP bei MELD sistemas. 3.Ultragarsu randamas sumažėjęs viršutinės pasaito arterijos pulsatiliškumo indeksas, monofazinė kepenų venų kraujotaka bei rekanalizuota bambinė vena parodo kliniškai reikšmingą KVSG padidėjimą. 4.Sergant kepenų ciroze, kraujavimas iš varikozinių stemplės venų yra susijęs su didelio (F2-F3) laipsnio išsiplėtusiomis stemplės venomis, KVSG ≥18 mm Hg, didesniu blužnies skersmeniu, lėtesniu maksimaliu kraujotakos greičiu kepenų venose. 5.Tiek karvedilolis, tiek nebivololis efektyviai sumažino... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship of baseline HVPG and noninvasive parameters of portal hypertension and to assess the efficacy of pharmacological therapy in cirrhotic patients. The objectives of the study 1.To evaluate the relationship of baseline HVPG with clinical, laboratory, endoscopy and ultrasound parameters of portal hypertension. 2.To establish the noninvasive parameters of portal hypertension predicting clinically significant HVPG (>12 mm Hg). 3.To identify the factors predicting the variceal bleeding, which is one of the most serious complications of portal hypertension. 4.To assess and compare the effect of two β-blockers, carvedilol and nebivolol, on HVPG in cirrhotic patients. Conclusions 1.Child’s B, C classes (CTP scoring system) liver cirrhosis, F2, F3 oesophageal varices and history of variceal bleeding are closely related with significant increase of hepatic venous pressure gradient. 2.INR, serum albumin, higher score according to the CTP scoring and MELD systems indicate clinically significant portal hypertension. 3.Decreased superior mesenteric artery pulsatility index, monophasic blood flow in the hepatic veins and patent paraumbilical vein at colour Doppler imaging ultrasound reflects clinically significant portal hypertension. 4.Large (F2-F3) oesophageal varices, hepatic venous pressure gradient of ≥18 mm Hg, larger spleen diameter and low maximal hepatic flow velocity are related with variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. 5... [to full text]

Gas-liquid annular two phase flow in pipes is important in the oil and gas, nuclear and the process industries. It has been identified as one of the most frequently encountered flow regimes and many models (empirical and theoretical) for the film flow and droplet behaviour for example have been developed since the 1950s. However, the behaviour in large pipes (those with diameter greater than 100 mm) has not been fully explored. As a result, the two- phase flow characteristics, data, and models specifically for such pipes are scarce or non-existent such that those from smaller pipes are extrapolated for use in design and operation. Many authors have cautioned against this approach since multiphase pipe flow behaviour is different between small and large pipes. For instance the typical slug flows seem not to occur in vertical upwards flows when the pipe diameter exceeds 100 mm. It is therefore imperative that theoretical models and empirical correlations for such large diameter pipes are specifically developed.

Generating an adverse pressure gradient (APG), using a rotating cylinder in the proximity of a plane wall under a laminar freestream flow, is studied numerically in this work. The magnitude of the generated APG is a function of the gap, G, between the cylinder and the wall, and the rotational speed of the cylinder, Ω. The flow in such a configuration is characterized by periodic transient vortex shedding at high Reynolds number. A numerical model for the computation of the transient flow for this configuration is developed using the ANSYS CFD simulation tool. The model is validated against published experimental and numerical data for similar flow configurations and excellent agreement is observed. A parametric study is carried out for different combinations of G and Ω for two different Reynolds numbers of 200 and 1000 to examine the development of the resulting separation bubble due to the generated APG. The mechanism of the boundary layer separation over the plane wall and the corresponding wake dynamics is investigated. Results are presented in terms of the distribution of the pressure coefficient as well as skin friction coefficient along the wall and flow patterns around and downstream of the cylinder in the proximity of the wall. The results of these computations confirm that using a rotating cylinder over a plane wall in a freestream flow is an effective technique to generate a controlled range of adverse pressure gradients.

No description available.

Out-of-autoclave manufacturing processes for composite materials are increasing in importance for aerospace and automotive industries. Vacuum Infusion processes are leading the push to move out of the autoclave. An understanding of the various process parameters associated with resin infusion is necessary to produce quality product. Variance in compaction, resin, and vacuum pressures are studied, concentrating on developing a compaction pressure profile as it relates to fiber volume fraction. The purpose of this research is twofold: (1) to show and quantify the existence of a resin pressure gradient in compression testing using rigid tooling, and (2) to use measured test data to validate and improve resin flow simulation models. One-dimensional compression tests revealed a pressure gradient across the diameter of the compression tool. The pressure gradient follows trends consistent with Darcy's Law. Compression tests revealed fabric hysteresis during compaction as shown in previous studies. Fiber compaction pressure was found to not be directly equal to compressive forces of the Instron when resin is present in the system. The relationship between Instron, resin and compaction pressures is defined. The compression study was used to validate previously developed flow simulation models. Resin pressures are critical to developing an accurate two-dimensional radial flow simulation for low permeability fabrics. It is feasible to determine final fiber volume fraction at a given compaction pressure.

This thesis project aims to advance the modelling of pressure gradient turbulent boundary layers (PG TBLs) and offer new insights into TBLs modelling. Previous analytical studies have explored various mathematical models, but this research introduces an extended unstacked Deep Operator Networks (DeepONets) architecture with double outputs and five branch parameters. The objective is to capture the mean velocity and Reynolds stress of turbulent boundary layers under pressure gradients. Numerical and experimental datasets of PG TBLs were accessed and utilized to train the DeepONets models. These models successfully predicted the mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles using outer-scaled parameters. The DeepONets effectively learned the operator that describes the desired profiles based on input parameters, which correspond to the development of boundary layer thickness and pressure gradients. To identify the model with the best prediction performance, error statistics and distribution were examined across different configurations and dimensions. Furthermore, the individual and global sensitivity analyses revealed the relationship between input parameters and their influence on modelling PG TBLs with DeepONets.