Objectives: This study aims to examine malocclusion traits of a racially diverse population to determine the validity of the malocclusion prevalence reported in the NHANES III survey. Additionally, the cephalometric database from the American Association of Orthodontists Foundation Legacy Collection (AAOF-LC) was used for skeletal malocclusion prevalence. The sample used data collected at the Temple University orthodontic screening clinic (TUKSoD) from 2012-2020.Methods: Malocclusion prevalence of the TUKSoD population (n=7713) was compared to the NHANES III (n=7000) and AAOF-LC (n=1198) for dental and skeletal traits respectively. The TUKSoD population is 51.5% Black, 38% Hispanic, 2.7% White, 1.1% Asian, 0.2% American-Indian, and 1.1% other; age range 6-78 (mean 21.05±10.47), 60.4% females/39.6% males. The AAOF-LC is comprised primarily of Caucasian patients; age range 1-47, 48% females/52% males. The NHANES III survey included Black, Caucasian, and Mexican-American participants, with results weighted to represent American population demographics. Traits were compared in the transverse (dental), vertical (dental/skeletal), and sagittal (dental/skeletal) planes. Prevalence was recorded as percentage of the total population. Results: Significant differences were found for all dental comparisons: Sagittal (Class-I,II,III; p=8.59E-7), Vertical (Open-bite/Deep-bite; p=1.53E-13), and Transverse (crossbites). Significant differences were found for all skeletal comparisons: Sagittal (Class-I,II,III; p=5.38E-6), and Vertical (Open-bite/Deep-bite; p=8.89E-5). Conclusion: TUKSoD serves a diverse patient population which has significantly different skeletal and dental malocclusion prevalence compared to the control populations. These differences are likely the result of the genetic influences underlying the demographics. As the NHANES III and AAOF-LC represent common standards, comparison to genetically heterogenous contemporary populations is challenging, underscoring the need for more personalized approaches to determining malocclusion demographic characteristics. / Oral Biology

The purpose of this study was to characterize Johne’s disease in Mississippi cattle. Nine hundred eighteen animals from 23 sale barns in Mississippi were tested for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Ten milliliters of blood and 4-10 grams of feces were collected from cattle over two years of age presented to the attending auction veterinarian. Information obtained at the time of collection included the animal’s sex, type, and reproductive status. Serum samples were screened by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for MAP. Shedding status was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on corresponding fecal samples. Overall, 17.3% (4/23) of sale barns had at least one animal sero-positive for MAP and 0.54% (5/918) were PCR positive. These results show a Johne’s disease prevalence similar to the estimate of 0.4% of animals infected found by the USDA NAHMS Beef ‘97 study, emphasizing the need for continued prevention and control practices.

No description available.

The male condoms were massively expanded to Africa in 1990s as a result of growing HIV prevalence in most parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. Many transnational non-profit organizations together with national governments were engaged in this expansion of condom distribution. The biggest condom donator are the United States of America which have already provided tens of milliards of dollars to fight against AIDS by distribution of condoms. Was this financial aid used effectively and did the money have the right intended effect? Scientists agree on the statement that the effectiveness of condoms as contraceptives is around 90%. What is the efficiency of using condoms helping against the transmission of the virus HIV, if a single HIV virus cell is much smaller than a sperm cell? With the help of regression analysis using panel data we can give a definite answer to the crucial question -- do condoms help or prevent the spread of HIV virus?

Pour avoir une parfaite compréhension dune maladie, il est nécessaire den connaitre la fréquence, la symptomatologie et les causes dapparition. Dans le cas des adénomes hypophysaires, les données de la littérature concernant lépidémiologie de ces tumeurs sont contradictoires certaines études suggérant une haute prévalence, et dautres affirmant quelles sont plutôt rares. En parallèle, la compréhension de la physiopathologie des tumeurs endocrines telles que les adénomes hypophysaires a fait un bond en avant avec lavènement des techniques de biologie moléculaire. Pourtant, leur physiopathologie reste encore très floue. Le fait de se concentrer sur les causes familiales permet dapprocher plus efficacement les causes des tumeurs endocrines. Concernant les adénomes hypophysaires, mis à part les Néoplasies endocriniennes multiples de type I (MEN1) et le Complexe de Carney (CNC), le domaine des adénomes hypophysaires familiaux est peu compris. En effet, mise à part lacromégalie familiale, il ny a eu aucune étude sur dautres types dadénomes hypophysaires entrant dans le cadre familial. Les buts du travail contenu dans cette thèse étaient de décrire des aspects épidémiologiques et génétiques des adénomes hypophysaires. Tout dabord, nous avons étudié la discordance entre les taux de prévalence dadénomes hypophysaires provenant détudes radiologiques/autopsiques (les incidentalomes étant très fréquents) et dautre part ceux provenant de registres de cancers et plus rarement de données de population. Une étude intensive et complète de la prévalence des adénomes hypophysaires a été réalisée dans 3 régions géographiquement parfaitement délimitées dans la province de Liège. Dans cette étude qui a concerné une population de plus de 70 000 habitants, les adénomes hypophysaires diagnostiqués lont été en collaboration avec toute la communauté médicale de ces régions. Les données démographiques, cliniques, hormonales, radiologiques et pathologiques de tous les patients ont été confirmées de façon indépendante. A une date fixe, nous avons montré que les adénomes hypophysaires diagnostiqués suite à des symptômes cliniques surviennent avec une prévalence de 1 cas par 1064 habitants résidants dans les limites géographiques déterminées pour cette étude. Ces résultats montrent que la prévalence des adénomes hypophysaires évidents sur le plan clinique est de 3.5 à 5 fois plus haute que les estimations précédentes se rapportant à des populations ou des registres. Cela suggère que les adénomes hypophysaires significatifs sur le plan clinique surviennent assez fréquemment dans la pratique de tous les jours et ceci peut avoir des implications importantes sur la distribution des ressources de santé. Une étude épidémiologique internationale appliquant la même méthodologie est actuellement en cours. Létude des adénomes hypophysaires familiaux en-dehors du contexte de la polyendocrinopathie de type I ou du Complexe de Carney constitue la deuxième partie de ce travail. Jusquà présent, seule lacromégalie familiale avait été rapportée dans la littérature. Nous avons réalisé une étude internationale pour démontrer que tous les types dadénomes hypophysaires pouvaient survenir dans le cadre dune pathologie familiale différente de la polyendocrinopathie de type I et du complexe de Carney. La suspicion de cette pathologie est née à Liège au cours de la dernière décennie. Cette étude a démontré que les adénomes hypophysaires familiaux isolés (Familial Isolated Pituitary Adenoma ou FIPA) constituent 2% des adénomes hypophysaires et 64 familles FIPA ont été caractérisées cliniquement. Cette étude a démontré pour la première fois que tous les phénotypes dadénomes hypophysaires peuvent survenir dans les mêmes familles. Quelques familles montrent seulement un phénotype parmi les membres atteints (familles FIPA homogènes) et dautres familles montrent différents types de tumeurs chez les patients atteints (famille FIPA hétérogène). Dans les familles FIPA, les adénomes hypophysaires étaient plus agressifs et tendaient à survenir à un âge plus jeune que dans les cas sporadiques. Les familles FIPA montrent une grande proximité familiale entre les membres atteints suggérant un mode dominant de transmission. Les études ultérieures ont été réalisées sur les aspects génétiques et anatomo-pathologiques des adénomes hypophysaires et particulièrement ceux qui survenaient dans le contexte FIPA. La découverte dun gène nouveau aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP), dont quelques mutations ont été associées avec des adénomes hypophysaires nous a conduit à entreprendre la première étude génétique dans les FIPA. Des mutations AIP ont été découvertes dans 15 % des familles et 50% des familles homogènes dacromégales dans le contexte FIPA. Ceci suggère que dautres gènes peuvent également être responsables du contexte FIPA. Dans les familles FIPA qui portent la mutation AIP, les tumeurs étaient plus importantes et survenaient à un âge plus jeune que dans les familles FIPA sans mutation AIP. Neuf nouvelles mutations AIP ont été identifiées, dont la majorité permet de prédire la perte du ligand ou de la région de AIP qui interagit avec son récepteur. Une mutation AIP dans les FIPA était associée avec différents types dadénomes hypophysaires incluant acromégalie, prolactinomes, adénomes mixtes à GH-prolactine et adénomes nonsécrétants. Nous avons également observé que la même mutation AIP pouvait être responsable de différents phénotypes dans 2 familles FIPA différentes. Un suivi détaillé dune famille FIPA avec mutation AIP a permis de montrer pour la première fois quune anomalie endocrinienne différente dune tumeur hypophysaire pouvait survenir chez des porteurs de mutation AIP (élévation de lIGF1). Une analyse détaillée de lADN germinal et somatique provenant dun grand groupe international européen dadénomes hypophysaires sporadiques (non familiaux) a montré que les mutations AIP surviennent rarement dans cette condition. En conclusion : Le travail entrepris a apporté une nouvelle compréhension de la vraie prévalence des adénomes hypophysaires diagnostiqués de façon clinique dans une population et il a permis de codifier et de caractériser le désordre FIPA, une nouvelle entité clinique qui représente une aire de recherche potentielle pour des études cliniques et génétiques impliquant la fonction de AIP et dautres gènes non encore identifiés. To have a full understanding of a disease, it is necessary to at least know how frequently it occurs, its clinical features and by what means it is caused. In the case of pituitary adenomas, data in the literature on the epidemiology of these tumors is conflicting, with some studies suggesting a high frequency, others that they occur rarely in the clinical setting. In parallel, the understanding of the pathophysiology of endocrine tumors like pituitary adenomas has advanced greatly with the advent of molecular genetic techniques. However, much remains unclear regarding pathophysiology. A valuable avenue for studying the causes of endocrine tumors has been to focus on the familial setting. With respect to pituitary adenomas, apart from multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and Carney complex (CNC), the field of familial pituitary tumors is poorly understood. Indeed, apart from familial acromegaly, there have been virtually no studies on other pituitary adenomas occurring in the familial setting. The aims of the work described in this thesis were based on addressing aspects of the epidemiology and genetics of pituitary tumors. Firstly, the disconnect between the prevalence rates for pituitary adenomas from autopsy/radiology studies (incidentalomas being very common) and cancer registries/population data (rare) was studied. An intensive, comprehensive, case-finding study of the prevalence of pituitary adenomas was performed in three tightly-defined geographical areas in the Province of Liège. In this study, which involved a population of more than 70,000 people, diagnosed pituitary adenomas were sought in collaboration with the entire group of community medical practitioners in the study areas, and the demographics and clinical, hormonal, radiological and pathological features of all patients were confirmed independently. On a fixed date, it was found that clinically diagnosed pituitary adenomas occurred with a prevalence of 1 case per 1064 individuals residing within the geographic boundaries of the study. These results report a clinical prevalence of pituitary adenomas that is 3.5 to 5 times higher than previous population/registry estimates. It suggests that clinically relevant pituitary adenomas occur frequently in the everyday clinical setting, which may have important implications for health resource allocations. Also, it is possible to undertake detailed, comprehensive, crosssectional epidemiological studies in well-defined geographic areas, and this methodology can be applied internationally Studying the familial occurrence of pituitary adenomas outside of MEN1 and CNC was the next aim of the work described. Up to this time, only the familial occurrence of acromegaly had been reported with any frequency in the literature. An international study was undertaken to assess whether isolated pituitary adenomas of all types could occur in the familial setting, a suspicion raised in Liège over the past decade. This study demonstrated that familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) occur in about 2% of pituitary adenoma populations, and 64 FIPA families were characterized clinically. The study demonstrated for the first time that all phenotypes of pituitary adenomas can occur together in families; some families exhibit only one phenotype among affected members (homogeneous FIPA kindreds), others have multiple tumor types among affected family members (heterogeneous FIPA). In FIPA families, pituitary tumors were more aggressive and tended to occur at a younger age than sporadic pituitary adenomas. FIPA families display a high degree of familiality, suggesting a dominant mode of inheritance. Subsequent studies were performed on the genetic and pathological features of pituitary adenomas, particularly those occurring as FIPA. The discovery of a novel gene, aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein ( AIP), mutations in which were associated with isolated pituitary adenomas, led us to undertake the first such genetic studies in FIPA. AIP mutations account for a minority (15%) of FIPA families and 50% of familial acromegaly kindreds in FIPA. This suggests that other genetic causes for FIPA also exist. In AIP mutation carrying FIPA families, tumors were larger and had a younger age at diagnosis than non- AIP mutated FIPA kindreds. A series of 9 novel AIP mutations were identified, the majority of which led to predicted loss of vital ligand and receptor interacting regions of the AIP protein. AIP mutations in FIPA were associated with multiple pituitary adenoma types, including acromegaly, prolactinomas, mixed growth hormone/prolactin secreting adenomas and non-secreting tumors. It was also found that the same AIP mutation was responsible for different pituitary adenoma types in two separate FIPA families. A detailed follow-up study of an individual FIPA kindred with an AIP mutation found for the first time that non-pituitary tumor-associated endocrine abnormalities (elevated circulating insulin-like growth factor-1) occur in AIP mutation carriers. A detailed analysis of germline and somatic DNA from a large international European cohort of sporadic (non-familial) pituitary adenoma cases showed that AIP mutations occur rarely in this setting. In conclusion, the work undertaken has provided new understanding of the true prevalence of clinically-relevant pituitary adenomas in the population, in addition to codifying and characterizing FIPA, a new clinical entity that represents a potentially valuable area for genetic and clinical studies involving the function of AIP and other as yet unidentified associated genetic causes.

No description available.

Background: Providing mental health care to socially marginalized groups is a challenge. There is limited evidence on what form of mental health-care generic (i.e. not targeting a specific social group) and group-specific services provide to socially marginalized groups in Europe. Aim: To describe the characteristics of services providing mental health care for people with mental disorders from socially marginalized groups in European capitals. Methods: In two highly deprived areas in different European capital cities, services providing some form of mental health care for six marginalized groups, i.e. homeless, street sex workers, asylum seekers/refugees, irregular migrants, travelling communities and long-term unemployed, were identified and contacted. Data were obtained on service characteristics, staff and programmes. Results: In 8 capital cities, 516 out of 575 identified services were assessed (90%); 297 services were generic (18–79 per city) and 219 group-specific (13–50). All cities had group-specific services for the homeless, street sex workers and asylum seekers/refugees. Generic services provided more health-care programmes. Group-specific services provided more outreach programmes and social care. There was a substantial overlap in the programmes provided by the two types of services. Conclusions: In deprived areas of European capitals, a considerable number of services provide mental health care to socially marginalized groups. Access to these services often remains difficult. Group-specific services have been widely established, but their role overlaps with that of generic services. More research and conceptual clarity on the function of group-specific services are required.

No description available.

a b s t r a c t Meat and meat products have been implicated in outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in most parts of the world. In the Amathole District Municipality of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, a large number of households consume meat and meat products daily, although the microbiological quality of these types of food is questionable. The present study investigated the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from selected meat and meat products (45 samples each of biltong, cold meat, mincemeat, and polony) sold in this area. Strains of E. coli O157:H7 were isolated by enrichment culture and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Also investigated were the antibiogram profiles of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates. Five (2.8%) out of 180 meat and meat products examined were positive for E. coli O157:H7 that carried the fliCH7, rfbEO157, and eaeA genes. Two of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates were resistant against all the eight antibiotics tested. To prevent E. coli O157:H7 infections, meat and meat products such as biltong, cold meat, mincemeat and polony should be properly handled, and packed in sterile polyvinyl wrappers.

Avian intestinal spirochetosis is a disease of poultry caused by the spirochete bacterium Brachyspira, and is characterized by increased mortality, reduced egg production, weight loss, diarrhoea, and fecal staining of egg shells, which leads to downgrading of eggs. The presence of Brachyspira species in Ontario layer chicken flocks and its association with downgrades for dirty eggs was explored. Further, farm interviews were conducted to determine risk factors associated with the presence of Brachyspira species. The prevalence of Brachyspira species was significantly higher in flocks with a higher proportion of dirty eggs (dirty flocks) compared to those with a lower proportion of dirty eggs (clean flocks). Brachyspira pilosicoli was the only pathogenic species detected. Risk factors associated with the presence of Brachyspira species were flock age, barn age, multi-age farms, and housing type. Based on these findings, recommendations were suggested to control the occurrence of Brachyspira species and the associated dirty egg problem. / Animal Health Laboratory