Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Criminal Justice University of Zululand, 2002. / Protection of life and property is an age-old need of human beings. Through the ages, territoriality and personal interest played an important role in the protection of life and property. The historical development of private security throughout the world displays a colourful history - from ancient to modem times. The birth of modem policing originated as a result of private security during the beginning of the 19th century. Since then, private security developed into a formidable entity - to such an extent that since the beginning of the seventies in America private security surpassed public policing. Presently, private security in South Africa has also outgrown public policing. The present study aims at narrowing the gap in our substantive knowledge about the role of private security in crime prevention by means of two structured questionnaires - one for public and one for private security respondents. The study aims at the following: > to record the evolution of private security from ancient to modem times > to compare the perceptions of both public and private security respondents in regard to the role and function of private security in crime prevention > to establish how respondents feel about security measures aimed at eliminating crime opportunities > to establish which precautionary measures respondents take to protect themselves. Research techniques implemented in this study are the following: > A literature study regarding a wide range of aspects pertaining to the role of private security in crime prevention. ** Structured questionnaires reflecting the demographic (independent variables) of the respondents as well as their responses on the dependent variable. > Non-probability techniques. > Frequency distributions and cross-correlation of statistical information intended to provide a greater clarity about the dependent variable. The findings of the study indicated that: > The role of private security in society in general and in crime prevention in particular have been rated very important by both sampling groups. > Specific functions of private security have been favourably evaluated by the respondents. > Specific security measures in crime prevention have also been rated as very important. > Aspects relating to the role of private security in society have been favourably rated by both sampling groups. The following recommendations have been formulated: > Special police status for private security officers. > Tax credits for individual security expenditures. > Transfer of specific public police duties to private security. > Academic and basic training for the development of private security officers. > Greater public police - private security co-operation.

M.Sc. (Med.), Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2011

No description available.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Sociology

Thesis (MTech (Nursing))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. / At the request of the South African Department of Health's Western Cape Provincial Tuberculosis Control Directorate, the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, a Higher Education Institution, developed and implemented a Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus community outreach train the trainer project to train community members about Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This study aimed to provide a historical overview of the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus project and describe the experiences of the trainers involved. A descriptive case study design, using a qualitative approach was applied during this study. The historical overview of the project showed the need for a broad base of networking, securing funding and a project facilitator from the outset of such a project. This study found that trainers had experienced self-development in terms of knowledge, skills and self confidence and that the training had far reaching effects by spreading Tuberculosis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus information in diverse community settings, despite notable challenges experienced in the community settings. Community outreach training projects from a recognized training institution have a positive impact at community level. However, political commitment and development of the course content into a registered learnership are required for sustainability.

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

The purpose of this study was to investigate how schools/school districts plan to implement Oregon Administrative Rule 581-22-413, specifically: (1) How schools plan to integrate alcohol and drug abuse prevention into the Comprehensive Health Program. (2) How schools plan for age appropriate annual instruction at the senior high level. (3) How schools plan for the alcohol and drug abuse prevention education of the district's staff. An examination of the related literature revealed concerns about the proper type of planning schools/school districts would need to do to effectively satisfy this OAR. The literature further indicated School Health Programs were encouraged by the experts in the field, but few schools had achieved the entire concept. Staff education was an area that the literature indicated needed greater definition and implementation. A survey questionnaire was prepared with the help of a Delphi group to investigate the concerns. The questionnaire was sent to 180 randomly chosen administrators. The data were collected and descriptive analyses were performed. It was determined from this study that most of the Oregon schools administrators are concerned about OAR 581-22-413 and are attempting to meet these regulations. However, they are facing time and financial constraints which make it difficult to fit the new requirements into the curriculum. Staff in-service is becoming a reality for administrators and certified staff but other school personnel have been left out. There are indications that alcohol and drug abuse prevention education is being integrated into senior high school classes such as Science, Social Studies and Physical Education, in addition to comprehensive health courses. This approach can work providing the teachers of those subjects are well prepared to teach alcohol and drug prevention effectively. It was recommended that all college graduates seeking a teaching certificate be required to take a course in alcohol and drug abuse prevention in order to qualify. / Graduation date: 1991

published_or_final_version / Nursing Studies / Master / Master of Nursing

Background This paper provides an updated review of the literature on drug prevention programmes (from 2001 to July2011) and reports the findings from these previous studies on the effectiveness and nature of present drug prevention practices. Relevant data on the effectiveness of drug prevention intervention among adolescents has been summarised and examined. In addition, this paper identifies various essential elements that have the potential for creating and providing effective drug prevention strategies, whether to prevent substance misuse or to minimise the harm caused. Different prevention strategies will also be discussed, including: social influence approach, refusal skill training, and motivational interviewing. Design The paper will conduct a review of the previous literature. Aims This literature review proposes to: 1. Review all of the published evidence from research which was conducted between 2001and 2011 on the effectiveness of drug prevention programmes for adolescents. 2. Identify findings and recommendations regarding the content, approaches, format, theoretical bases, and methods associated with an effective drug prevention program. 3. Discuss any potential or proved effective components on a drug prevention program in tackling such drug abuse problems. Methods Two searching engines (i.e. PubMed and Medline) were used to find the relevant papers and journals which have been published within the past ten years (i.e. 2001 to 2011). Studies about the evaluation of the effectiveness of drug education and prevention strategies, targeting the most vulnerable group (i.e. aged between 12 and 25) were included. Results Twenty four studies met the criteria and were reviewed in depth. Thirteen of them evaluated the effectiveness of school-based interventions, including the school-based drug testing program. The remaining papers evaluated the effectiveness of non-school based prevention interventions in different approaches such as social influence, parental cooperation, refusal skills education, and life skills training. Conclusions Social influence approaches were evidenced as the most effective intervention to prevent drug abuse. Interventions that are conducted interactively (e.g. simulated scenario and role-playing) are more effective than providing normative information. Gender differences were found in some of the interventions. However, it is recommended that further research should be conducted to evaluate these results. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Children suffering from noise-induced hearing loss could have disease burden such as communication difficulties, frustration, isolation as well as impaired self-cognition due to different degrees of hearing loss. Lack of hearing protection was the easiest way to tackle among the risk factors. Hence, the aim of this review is to review and synthesize existing evidence to show the effects of hearing conservation programs targeted on children and adolescents. Six studies included meeting strict requirements of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Significant improvements were shown in knowledge, attitude, intended behavior as well as hearing protective devices use regarding educational programs. However, limited effective consequence was shown in terms of audiometric threshold testing, thus, indicating limited effectiveness of educational programs in noise-induced hearing loss prevention. The results of hearing conservation programs were illustrated in details. And limitations as well as implications were discussed. / published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health