Objective: Active safety systems, of which antilock braking is a prominent example, are going to play an important role to improve powered two-wheeler (PTW) safety. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on active safety for PTWs. The aim was to list all systems under development, identify knowledge gaps and recognize promising research areas that require further efforts. Methods: A broad search using “safety” as the main keyword was performed on Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening to identify eligible papers that underwent a full-text review. Finally, the selected papers were grouped by general technology type and analyzed via structured form to identify the following: specific active safety system, study type, outcome type, population/sample where applicable, and overall findings. Results: Of the 8,000 papers identified with the initial search, 85 were selected for full-text review and 62 were finally included in the study, of which 34 were journal papers. The general technology types identified included antilock braking system, autonomous emergency braking, collision avoidance, intersection support, intelligent transportation systems, curve warning, human machine interface systems, stability control, traction control, and vision assistance. Approximately one third of the studies considered the design and early stage testing of safety systems (n. 22); almost one fourth (n.15) included evaluations of system effectiveness. Conclusions: Our systematic review shows that a multiplicity of active safety systems for PTWs were examined in the scientific literature, but the levels of development are diverse. A few systems are currently available in the series production, whereas other systems are still at the level of early-stage prototypes. Safety benefit assessments were conducted for single systems, however, organized comparisons between systems that may inform the prioritization of future research are lacking. Another area of future analysis is on the combined effects of different safety systems, that may be capitalized for better performance and to maximize the safety impact of new technologies.

. Latin@ immigrants face many obstacles to affordable healthcare that push them to disproportionately rely on the primary safety-net for their healthcare needs. This system is mostly funded with public monies that will be significantly reduced when Affordable Care Act is fully implemented. Since undocumented Latin@ immigrants are prohibited from accessing federally funded healthcare, they will be left out of the health care reform. This thesis examines two community-based clinics in the Greater New Orleans area that serve this population, and have developed linguistically and culturally appropriate programs that address its needs. The New Orleans Faith Health Alliance and Common-Ground Health Clinic are cases used to explore the impact that the Affordable Care Act will have in the already unstable safety-net in New Orleans. Through the analysis of other models around the nation, this thesis presents viable recommendations to both clinics and the City of New Orleans Health Department.

Le contexte général de cette recherche concerne la sécurité active des piétons. De nombreux systèmes embarqués dans les véhicules sont actuellement développés afin de détecter un piéton sur la chaussée et d’éviter une collision soit par une manœuvre de freinage d’urgence soit par une manœuvre de déport. La plupart de ces systèmes d’aide à la conduite sont basés sur des systèmes de détection (caméras, radars, etc). Ils analysent la scène en temps réel, puis effectuent un traitement d’images dans le but d’identifier un potentiel danger. Or il apparaît difficile de déterminer la pertinence de ces systèmes en termes de sécurité routière. L’'objectif général de ce travail est ainsi d’estimer cette pertinence en confrontant les systèmes à de multiples configurations d’accidents réels. La méthodologie consiste à tester les systèmes de détection des piétons dans les configurations d’accidents reconstruits en les associant à la cinématique des véhicules. Le test de performance de ces systèmes a été alors réalisé en vérifiant leurs compatibilités au regard de la chronologie des accidents; i.e. vérifier la possibilité d’'évitement des accidents. À partir de ces reconstructions d’accidents réels, une analyse a été réalisée afin de dégager les enjeux au niveau spatio-temporelle qui influencent la sécurité primaire du piéton. / The scope of this research concerns pedestrian active safety. Several primary safety systems have been developed for vehicles in order to detect a pedestrian and to avoid an impact. These systems analyse the forward path of the vehicle through the processing of images from sensors. If a pedestrian is identified on the vehicle trajectory, these systems employ emergency braking and some systems may potentially employ emergency steering. Methods for assessing the effectiveness of these systems have been developed. But, it appears difficult to determine the relevance of these systems in terms of pedestrian protection. The general objective of this research was to test the response of these systems in many accident configurations.The methodology consisted of coupling the vehicle dynamic behaviour with a primary safety system in order to confront these systems to real accident configurations. The relevance of these systems is studied by verifying the feasibility of deploying an autonomous emergency manoeuvre during the timeline of the accident and according to the vehicle dynamic capabilities: i.e. verifying the possibilities in terms of crash avoidance. From these accident reconstructions and simulation, factors relevant to the primary safety of pedestrians were deduced.