The exceptions for individual use give rise to interesting and fundamental concerns drawing both international and national attention. There is uncertainty in the application of the individual use exceptions both in the international copyright treaties, particularly the three-step test of the Berne Convention, and in the national copyright legislation. To have a better understanding of this concerns, this thesis aims to: investigate whether the exceptions for individual use can still maintain the balance of interests between the copyright holders and users; analyse the contribution that international copyright agreements and national copyright legislation may have made to assist in solving the conflict of interest between right holder countries and user countries in applying the exceptions for individual use; and conduct a comparative study of the application of the individual use exceptions in developed and developing countries. The understandings that are found within this study are informed by relevant literature and by analysis of the application of the individual use exceptions. The thesis examines the application of the individual use exceptions in the international copyright treaties, namely, the Berne Convention, the TRIPS Agreement, and the WIPO Copyright Treaty in order to determine the appropriate ?balance? between the rights of owners and users in the three-step test. To explore the uncertainty in the individual use exceptions at the national level, a comparative case study is made between the exceptions for individual use in Australia, a developed country, and Thailand, a developing country. The results of the study reveal three major answers. First, the exceptions for individual use are able to still maintain the balance of interest between right holders and users in the digital environment, if some amendments are made to keep pace with the digital environment. Secondly, to assist in the solution to the conflict of interest between right holder countries and user countries in applying the exceptions for individual use, the international copyright agreements can make a contribution by making some minor changes, mainly in the three-step test of the Berne Convention, and by continuing to provide special treatments for developing countries. Nationally, the contribution may be made by thoroughly protecting the right holders whilst also still allowing individual use by amending the copyright legislation to update to the digital age when necessary, enacting the relevant Acts, and establishing a collecting society. Finally, from the comparison of the application of the exceptions for individual use as well as problems found and solutions proposed in developed and developing countries, in which Australia and Thailand are used as case studies, the comparison of the application of the exceptions for individual use can be divided into four categories: fair use exceptions (Australian fair dealing and Thai private use exceptions), free use exceptions, licences (Australian statutory licences and Thai compulsory licence), and limitation of legislative individual use provisions. In addition, the problem of different interpretations of the exceptions for individual use, the problem of conformity in the application of the exceptions for individual use according to the real purpose of the three-step test, which exists in Thailand, and the problem of response to the digital environment are all used as the frame for the comparison of the problems found and proposed solutions. The findings of the study are significant as they can provide contributions to the copyright areas primarily in the legal aspect: amendment of the exceptions for individual use. In addition, they also contribute to the related aspect in the copyright areas: the economic aspect: the balance between developed and developing Countries; and the moral aspect: developing countries? development. In addition, the thesis proposes four useful recommendations to enable the balance of interest between the right holders and the users to be maintained: amendment of the wording in the three-step test of the Berne Convention, amendment of domestic copyright law and its exceptions for individual use, encouragement of the role of collective management organisations, and raising public awareness on the issue of copyright and its exceptions for individual use.

Upphovsrätten har alltid varit föremål för två motstående intressen, dels upphovsrättsinnehavarens intresse, dels det allmännas intresse. Det är upp till lagstiftaren att bibehålla denna balans och samtidigt förse båda parter med tillfredställande lösningar. De enheter som interagerar i denna balansakt för den här uppsatsen är: upphovsrätten i sig, undantag till och inskränkningar i upphovsrätten, Trestegsregeln vilken skall reglera undantagen och inskränkningarna samt skyddet av tekniska åtgärder. Den sistnämnda enheten är en indirekt reaktion på informationssamhällets ankomst där upphovsrättsskyddade verk kan kopieras digitalt samt spridas med minimal ansträngning. Det som utmärker informationssamhället är ett ökat antal av digitala intrång, särskilt över Internet, samt det faktum att kopian av verket helt motsvarar originalets kvalité. För att motarbeta piratkopiering i informationssamhället samt harmonisera medlemsstaternas olikheter gällande undantag till och begränsningar i upphovsrätten, har ett upphovsrättsdirektiv framarbetats. Sverige implementerade direktivet 1 juli, 2005 och syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida implementeringen har upprätthållit eller förvrängt denna känsliga balansakt. Informationssamhällets ankomst har särskilt påverkat undantaget för privat bruk, dels p.g.a. att intrång från aktörer i denna sektor är svårkontrollerade, samt dels p.g.a. den olägenhet som ett intrång i användarnas privata sfär skulle utgöra. Utifrån det som behandlas i denna uppsats visar det sig att balansen har upprätthållits rent generellt, men att det även har uppstått särskilda effekter som kan orsaka, eller kan komma att orsaka en förvriden balans. Exempelvis har den svenska lagstiftaren intagit en mycket restriktiv ställning, inte bara gentemot digitalt privat bruk, utan även gentemot analog användning. Det framgår också att Trestegstestet och dess ställning i nationell lag kan vara beroende av lagstiftningstraditioner. Vidare riskerar verk som är föremål för förmånstagare av ett lagstiftat undantag till upphovsrätten, att låsas in p.g.a. skyddet av tekniska åtgärder. Problemet är relaterat till den svenska lagstiftarens val att inte implementera en bestämmelse för ett ikraftträdande av undantag för privat bruk. Generellt sett är detta problem mycket komplext vilket förhindrar en lösning på ett sådant här tidigt stadium. / Copyright has always been the subject of two conflicting interests, that of the copyright owner and that of the public. It is up to the legislator to maintain this balance in order to provide a solution somewhat satisfying for both parties. The constituent elements in the balancing act for this thesis are the copyright, the exceptions and limitations to the copyright, the Three-Step Test limiting the exceptions and limitations and the protection of technological measures. This last element is a reaction to the Information Society, where copyrighted work can be copied digitally and disseminated with minimal effort. An increasing amount of infringements, especially on the Internet, and the fact that the copy becomes identical in quality to the original have become typical for the Information Society. To combat piracy in the Information Society and to harmonise the discrepancies in the exceptions and limitations of the Member States’ national laws, the InfoSoc Directive has been issued. Sweden implemented the Directive on July 1, 2005 and the purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the implementation has maintained or distorted the delicate balancing act. The Information Society has affected the exception for private use in particular, partly because digital infringements in this sector are hard to control since the users are anonymous and partly because of the inconvenience of encroaching on the private sphere of the users. As concluded in this thesis, the balance has been generally maintained, however there are specific effects that may have caused or are capable of causing a distorted balance. For instance, the Swedish legislator has restricted not only digital private use, but also analogue private use. Moreover, the Three-Step Test and its impact in national law may be dependent on national legal traditions. Furthermore, works subjected to beneficiaries of the exception for private use, risk a lock-up because of the protection of technological measures. This problem is related to the Swedish legislator’s choice of not implementing an enforcement provision related to the exception for private use. As for this problem in general, its complexity prevents a solution at this stage.

<p>Upphovsrätten har alltid varit föremål för två motstående intressen, dels upphovsrättsinnehavarens intresse, dels det allmännas intresse. Det är upp till lagstiftaren att bibehålla denna balans och samtidigt förse båda parter med tillfredställande lösningar. De enheter som interagerar i denna balansakt för den här uppsatsen är: upphovsrätten i sig, undantag till och inskränkningar i upphovsrätten, Trestegsregeln vilken skall reglera undantagen och inskränkningarna samt skyddet av tekniska åtgärder. Den sistnämnda enheten är en indirekt reaktion på informationssamhällets ankomst där upphovsrättsskyddade verk kan kopieras digitalt samt spridas med minimal ansträngning. Det som utmärker informationssamhället är ett ökat antal av digitala intrång, särskilt över Internet, samt det faktum att kopian av verket helt motsvarar originalets kvalité. För att motarbeta piratkopiering i informationssamhället samt harmonisera medlemsstaternas olikheter gällande undantag till och begränsningar i upphovsrätten, har ett upphovsrättsdirektiv framarbetats. Sverige implementerade direktivet 1 juli, 2005 och syftet med den här uppsatsen är att undersöka huruvida implementeringen har upprätthållit eller förvrängt denna känsliga balansakt. Informationssamhällets ankomst har särskilt påverkat undantaget för privat bruk, dels p.g.a. att intrång från aktörer i denna sektor är svårkontrollerade, samt dels p.g.a. den olägenhet som ett intrång i användarnas privata sfär skulle utgöra. Utifrån det som behandlas i denna uppsats visar det sig att balansen har upprätthållits rent generellt, men att det även har uppstått särskilda effekter som kan orsaka, eller kan komma att orsaka en förvriden balans. Exempelvis har den svenska lagstiftaren intagit en mycket restriktiv ställning, inte bara gentemot digitalt privat bruk, utan även gentemot analog användning. Det framgår också att Trestegstestet och dess ställning i nationell lag kan vara beroende av lagstiftningstraditioner. Vidare riskerar verk som är föremål för förmånstagare av ett lagstiftat undantag till upphovsrätten, att låsas in p.g.a. skyddet av tekniska åtgärder. Problemet är relaterat till den svenska lagstiftarens val att inte implementera en bestämmelse för ett ikraftträdande av undantag för privat bruk. Generellt sett är detta problem mycket komplext vilket förhindrar en lösning på ett sådant här tidigt stadium.</p> / <p>Copyright has always been the subject of two conflicting interests, that of the copyright owner and that of the public. It is up to the legislator to maintain this balance in order to provide a solution somewhat satisfying for both parties. The constituent elements in the balancing act for this thesis are the copyright, the exceptions and limitations to the copyright, the Three-Step Test limiting the exceptions and limitations and the protection of technological measures. This last element is a reaction to the Information Society, where copyrighted work can be copied digitally and disseminated with minimal effort. An increasing amount of infringements, especially on the Internet, and the fact that the copy becomes identical in quality to the original have become typical for the Information Society. To combat piracy in the Information Society and to harmonise the discrepancies in the exceptions and limitations of the Member States’ national laws, the InfoSoc Directive has been issued. Sweden implemented the Directive on July 1, 2005 and the purpose of this thesis is to examine whether the implementation has maintained or distorted the delicate balancing act. The Information Society has affected the exception for private use in particular, partly because digital infringements in this sector are hard to control since the users are anonymous and partly because of the inconvenience of encroaching on the private sphere of the users. As concluded in this thesis, the balance has been generally maintained, however there are specific effects that may have caused or are capable of causing a distorted balance. For instance, the Swedish legislator has restricted not only digital private use, but also analogue private use. Moreover, the Three-Step Test and its impact in national law may be dependent on national legal traditions. Furthermore, works subjected to beneficiaries of the exception for private use, risk a lock-up because of the protection of technological measures. This problem is related to the Swedish legislator’s choice of not implementing an enforcement provision related to the exception for private use. As for this problem in general, its complexity prevents a solution at this stage.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roberto Zilsch Lambauer.pdf: 890742 bytes, checksum: 865372235e2afb3fc35b7917091035aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / This paper deals with the legal framework applicable to authorizations for private port terminals issued under Law No. 12,815/2013 and applicable regulation, notably Federal Decree No. 8,033/2013 and Resolution No. 3,290/2014, issued by the National Agency for Waterway Transportation ANTAQ. The paper identifies the origin of the authorization in the port sector and the use of said grant mechanism to increase competition between public and private port terminals. After commenting on the context in which Law No. 12,815/2013 was enacted, we address the criteria distinguishing the authorization from the other types of contracts provided in the referred law. The study emphasizes the procedure for the grant of authorization and the rules applicable to the Adhesion Contract. It also deals with controversial issues such as the grant of easement and access to third parties and the payment of indemnification in case of early termination of the grant. Finally, we analyze whether operators that were granted authorization under the previous legal framework in areas located in public ports have acquired right to remain under the same arrangement / O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar o regime jurídico da autorização para exploração de terminal de uso privado outorgada sob a Lei nº 12.815/2013 e normas infralegais aplicáveis, notadamente o Decreto Federal nº 8.033/2013 e a Resolução ANTAQ nº 3.290/2014. Identificamos a origem da autorização no setor portuário e o emprego de tal mecanismo de outorga para o fomento da concorrência entre terminais públicos e privados. Após delimitar o contexto em que foi editada a Lei nº 12.815/2013, expomos os critérios que diferenciam a autorização das demais modalidades contratuais previstas na referida norma. O trabalho dedica especial atenção ao procedimento de outorga da autorização e às regras aplicáveis ao contrato de adesão. São examinadas, ainda, questões controversas como o dever de compartilhamento das instalações com terceiros e o direito à indenização em caso de extinção antecipada do vínculo. O trabalho também aborda as assimetrias entre os regimes da autorização e do arrendamento. Por fim, examinamos se os operadores que receberam autorização sob a lei anterior em áreas situadas em portos organizados têm direito a permanecer em tal regime

L'objectif de ce mémoire est de comprendre la neutralité axiologique non pas comme une exigence épistémologique, mais plutôt comme un idéal éducationnel. Max Weber propose une science basée sur la description factuelle, de laquelle on exclut la formulation de jugements de valeur. Pour l'auteur, il est préférable de séparer les jugements descriptifs des jugements évaluatifs dans le but de préserver l'autonomie intellectuelle des étudiants. Comme il serait contraire au principe d'autonomie de laisser le professeur influencer et convaincre ses étudiants, de façon partisane, d'adhérer à certaines thèses normatives, Weber propose un mécanisme pour éviter que le professeur n'influence ses étudiants de manière illégitime. Les critiques contemporaines de la neutralité axiologique, en particulier celles de Sen et Putnam, voient dans le critère de neutralité un rejet de l'entrelacement logique des faits et des valeurs. Ils critiquent la supposée subjectivité des valeurs et, ce faisant, défendent une conception enrichie de la science où les valeurs éthiques sont présentes. Weber n'a jamais défendu qu'il était impossible de mener une analyse à la fois descriptive et normative. Seulement, on doit s'interroger sur les lieux où s'exprime la normativité, et s'assurer que toutes les conditions sont présentes pour qu'une discussion normative tende réellement à l'objectivité. / The objective of this Master’s thesis is to understand axiological neutrality, not as an epistemological requirement, but rather as an educational ideal. Max Weber proposes a science based on factual description, in which making value judgements is excluded. For the author, it is preferable to distinguish between descriptive and evaluative judgements so as to preserve the intellectual autonomy of students. As it would be contrary to the principle of autonomy to allow the professor to influence and convince students, in a biased manner, as well as to adhere to certain normative themes, Weber proposes a mechanism to prevent a professor from influencing students in an inappropriate way. Contemporary criticism of axiological neutrality, specifically by Sen and Putnam, sees the criteria of neutrality as a rejection of the interlacing logic of facts and values. They criticize the so-called subjectivity of values and, by doing this, defend an enriched view of science where ethical values are present. Weber has never defended the idea that it was impossible to do an analysis that is both descriptive and normative. However, one must ask where normative aspects are expressed, and make sure that all conditions are present so that a normative discussion truly results in objectivity.

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