Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-131). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.S.(Political Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)

The aim of this study was to determine the current operational skills requirements for Close Protection Operatives (CPOs) in South Africa. Operational skills refer to those skills that are vital in order for a CPO to effectively protect a designated person (this person is referred to as the `Principal'). In order to determine any shortcomings in the Close Protection industry, twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with current operational CPOs. A detailed literature review was also done in order to create a solid platform for the research and to assist in the verification of the information. During the research, it was found that the task of providing Close Protection could be divided into various sub-categories. This was necessary in order to gain a rounded perspective of a CPO's roles and duties. CPO's tasks in their entirety had to be unpacked into their smaller sub-components. In fact there were many ways to subdivide the skills requirements and functions of CPOs. It was, however, found that the actual subdivisions were less important than the gaining of a comprehensive understanding of how all the aspects are interrelated and should function synergistically. The need for regulation of the South African Close Protection industry was identified as a major concern among all interview respondents. In order to determine the relevant factors involved in regulation, the way countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), Australia and Israel regulate their industries, was assessed. It was noted that the industry in South Africa is `partially regulated'. This means that there is some sort of registration process for CPOs but no comprehensive monitoring and enforcement of accepted minimum competency standards. Currently in South Africa private sector CPOs are rated on the same scale as security guards and must be registered as a Grade level C with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA). This is not an effective manner to regulate CPOs. CPOs should be viewed as professionals and specialists since their skills far exceed those of a security guard (Grade C). According to South Africa's Skills Development Plan all industries will fall under Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs). Close Protection is grouped under the Police, Private Security, Legal, Correctional Services and Justice Sector Education and Training Authority (POSLEC SETA). There is currently a South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) Unit Standard for Close Protection (Protection of Designated Persons, Units Standard number: 11510). However, the research revealed that while the unit standard correctly outlines the operational skills requirements of CPOs there are no assessment guidelines or clearly defined minimum skills requirements. Before the unit standard can be effectively implemented, agreed industry minimum standards for the relevant skills divisions in Close Protection need to be identified and implemented. But currently there is some confusion regarding which body is responsible for, firstly developing acceptable unit standards; secondly, getting the industry as a whole to agree and accept such standards; thirdly, to see to it that training on those standards is provided; and finally the monitoring of these standards in practice. In this study various training related factors were identified and examined in order to assess whether the way CPOs are trained in South Africa is effective or not. Aspects such as the intensity, focus, duration and content were examined. In general it was found that it is important for the following to be implemented: 1. Effective screening and pre-training evaluation of potential trainees. 2. Training should be job orientated and focus on training CPOs for the functions that they will actually have to perform. 3. Training methodologies should focus on an outcomes based approach and utilise the fundamentals of adult based education. 4. Training should simulate reality including the related stress factors that are placed on operational CPOs such as lack of sleep and high levels of activity interspersed with boring waiting periods. 5. Ongoing training and re-training are vital components to a CPO maintaining operational competency. 6. Close Protection instructors need to have both an operational background and training in instructional methodologies before being considered competent. It is important that in the long term international recognition of South African Close Protection qualifications is achieved. This is essential since many South African CPOs operate internationally. Globalisation and improvements in technology have made it easier for international networking to take place. This has meant that clients are using CPOs in different countries and international comparisons are inevitable. If South African CPOs are to be considered `world class' then internationally recognised minimum standards need to be implemented for the South African Close Protection industry. The research indicated and highlighted various trends that may affect the Close Protection industry. The trends identified that seemed most relevant to the South African Close Protection industry were as follows: * Increased public awareness of international terrorism has resulted form acts such as the 9/11 attacks. This has made people more aware of the need for and benefits of security. Use of well trained CPOs is one of the ways that potential clients are able to minimise their exposure to any potential terrorist attack. * A CPO's ability to communicate and liaise with all relevant parties involved in the Close Protection environment is vital to the success of any operation. Therefore it is vital that these aspects receive the relevant focus during training. * The CPO needs to be well trained in use of unarmed combat and alternative weaponry. He/she can no longer rely on the use of a firearm as the primary force option. * A CPO needs to be able to adapt to many different situations. It is important that a CPO is trained to blend in and use the correct protocol in any given situation. The focus of operations should be on operating in a low profile manner to avoid unnecessary attention. * A CPO needs to be well trained in all aspects of planning and avoidance. The skills needed to proactively identify and avoid threats are vital to modern day operations. The CPO also needs to be quick thinking and adaptable in order to function effectively. * A CPO needs to have a working knowledge of all security related aspects that could enhance the safety of his/her Principal (i.e. multi-skilled). In addition to the above mentioned factors, other recommendations emanating from this study focused on minimum competency standards for the identified subdivisions of close protection. Examples of possible assessment guidelines and criteria were identified covering the following broad classifications: * Prior educational qualifications * Physical abilities * CPO skills * Prior experience in guarding * Firearm skills * Unarmed combat * Protective skills * First aid skills * Security knowledge * Advanced driver training * Protocol and etiquette * Management and business skills * Related skills / Criminology / (M.Tech (Security Management))

The aim of this study was to determine the current operational skills requirements for Close Protection Operatives (CPOs) in South Africa. Operational skills refer to those skills that are vital in order for a CPO to effectively protect a designated person (this person is referred to as the `Principal'). In order to determine any shortcomings in the Close Protection industry, twenty in-depth interviews were conducted with current operational CPOs. A detailed literature review was also done in order to create a solid platform for the research and to assist in the verification of the information. During the research, it was found that the task of providing Close Protection could be divided into various sub-categories. This was necessary in order to gain a rounded perspective of a CPO's roles and duties. CPO's tasks in their entirety had to be unpacked into their smaller sub-components. In fact there were many ways to subdivide the skills requirements and functions of CPOs. It was, however, found that the actual subdivisions were less important than the gaining of a comprehensive understanding of how all the aspects are interrelated and should function synergistically. The need for regulation of the South African Close Protection industry was identified as a major concern among all interview respondents. In order to determine the relevant factors involved in regulation, the way countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), Australia and Israel regulate their industries, was assessed. It was noted that the industry in South Africa is `partially regulated'. This means that there is some sort of registration process for CPOs but no comprehensive monitoring and enforcement of accepted minimum competency standards. Currently in South Africa private sector CPOs are rated on the same scale as security guards and must be registered as a Grade level C with the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA). This is not an effective manner to regulate CPOs. CPOs should be viewed as professionals and specialists since their skills far exceed those of a security guard (Grade C). According to South Africa's Skills Development Plan all industries will fall under Sector Education and Training Authorities (SETAs). Close Protection is grouped under the Police, Private Security, Legal, Correctional Services and Justice Sector Education and Training Authority (POSLEC SETA). There is currently a South African Qualifications Authority (SAQA) Unit Standard for Close Protection (Protection of Designated Persons, Units Standard number: 11510). However, the research revealed that while the unit standard correctly outlines the operational skills requirements of CPOs there are no assessment guidelines or clearly defined minimum skills requirements. Before the unit standard can be effectively implemented, agreed industry minimum standards for the relevant skills divisions in Close Protection need to be identified and implemented. But currently there is some confusion regarding which body is responsible for, firstly developing acceptable unit standards; secondly, getting the industry as a whole to agree and accept such standards; thirdly, to see to it that training on those standards is provided; and finally the monitoring of these standards in practice. In this study various training related factors were identified and examined in order to assess whether the way CPOs are trained in South Africa is effective or not. Aspects such as the intensity, focus, duration and content were examined. In general it was found that it is important for the following to be implemented: 1. Effective screening and pre-training evaluation of potential trainees. 2. Training should be job orientated and focus on training CPOs for the functions that they will actually have to perform. 3. Training methodologies should focus on an outcomes based approach and utilise the fundamentals of adult based education. 4. Training should simulate reality including the related stress factors that are placed on operational CPOs such as lack of sleep and high levels of activity interspersed with boring waiting periods. 5. Ongoing training and re-training are vital components to a CPO maintaining operational competency. 6. Close Protection instructors need to have both an operational background and training in instructional methodologies before being considered competent. It is important that in the long term international recognition of South African Close Protection qualifications is achieved. This is essential since many South African CPOs operate internationally. Globalisation and improvements in technology have made it easier for international networking to take place. This has meant that clients are using CPOs in different countries and international comparisons are inevitable. If South African CPOs are to be considered `world class' then internationally recognised minimum standards need to be implemented for the South African Close Protection industry. The research indicated and highlighted various trends that may affect the Close Protection industry. The trends identified that seemed most relevant to the South African Close Protection industry were as follows: * Increased public awareness of international terrorism has resulted form acts such as the 9/11 attacks. This has made people more aware of the need for and benefits of security. Use of well trained CPOs is one of the ways that potential clients are able to minimise their exposure to any potential terrorist attack. * A CPO's ability to communicate and liaise with all relevant parties involved in the Close Protection environment is vital to the success of any operation. Therefore it is vital that these aspects receive the relevant focus during training. * The CPO needs to be well trained in use of unarmed combat and alternative weaponry. He/she can no longer rely on the use of a firearm as the primary force option. * A CPO needs to be able to adapt to many different situations. It is important that a CPO is trained to blend in and use the correct protocol in any given situation. The focus of operations should be on operating in a low profile manner to avoid unnecessary attention. * A CPO needs to be well trained in all aspects of planning and avoidance. The skills needed to proactively identify and avoid threats are vital to modern day operations. The CPO also needs to be quick thinking and adaptable in order to function effectively. * A CPO needs to have a working knowledge of all security related aspects that could enhance the safety of his/her Principal (i.e. multi-skilled). In addition to the above mentioned factors, other recommendations emanating from this study focused on minimum competency standards for the identified subdivisions of close protection. Examples of possible assessment guidelines and criteria were identified covering the following broad classifications: * Prior educational qualifications * Physical abilities * CPO skills * Prior experience in guarding * Firearm skills * Unarmed combat * Protective skills * First aid skills * Security knowledge * Advanced driver training * Protocol and etiquette * Management and business skills * Related skills / Criminology and Security Science / (M.Tech (Security Management))

Afrikaans text / The researcher was approached by the security industry to identify leadership shortcomings and to design a leadership course aimed at supervisory level. The research question YJas: "Is it possible to identify shortcomings in individuals in respect of leadership qualities and to address these shortcomings by means of a leadership training model?" After a background study, a leadership training model was developed ·and a bottom-up needs analysis was executed. The developed questionnaire was distributed and the response was statistically processed and interpreted. The target group was identified. The course was designed, presented and evaluated. The impact of this course will be determined through research after a period of 12 to 18 months by comparing and interpreting personnel statistics on aspects like absence without leave, personnel turnover, sick leave and a number of disciplinary hearings. / Die navorser is deur 'n sekuriteitsmaatskappy genader om leierskap­ tekortkominge te identifiseer en 'n kursus te antwerp en aan te bied wat op toesighouervlak gerig is. Die navorsingsvraag is : "Is dit moontlik om tekortkominge ten opsigte van leierskapkwaliteite te identifiseer en deur middel van 'n leierskap­ opleidingsmodel aan te spreek?" Na afloop van 'n agtergrondstudie, is 'n leierskapmodel ontwikkel en 'n onder-na-bo-behoeftebepaling uitgevoer. Die ontwikkelde vraelys is versprei en die terugvoere is statisties verwerk en ge'interpreteer. Die teikengroep is ge'identifiseer. Die kursus is antwerp, aangebied en geevalueer. Die impak van die kursus sal deur middel van verdere navorsing na 'n periode van 12 tot 18 maande getoets word deur die vergelyking en interpretering van personeelstatistieke met betrekking tot afwesighede sander verlof, personeel omset, siekteverlof en die aantal dissplinere verhore. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Didaktiek)

This thesis examines the expansion of private maritime security provision, its regulation and implications for national and global security. The main research question addressed is: How are private maritime security companies (PMSCs) regulated in the context of the contemporary trend towards international security privatisation? However, further questions stem from this: Is the complex framework of the PMSCs’ business model adequately regulated? To what extent could the existing practices and regulatory framework affect international security in governance and policy, strategic, social and commercial terms? Qualitative research methods were used, strongly supported by empirical data collection – available due to extensive professional experience and personal engagement of the author with the private maritime security industry. Using a case study of PMSCs’ operations off Somalia from 2005-2013, and a plethora of selected data from primary sources and semi-structured interviews, the paper argues that there is need for more effective regulation of PMSCs and the establishment of international standards. Following an analysis of the current conceptual framework of private security, focussing particularly on maritime security, in the context of contemporary academic literature and professional practice, the paper provides a detailed theoretical justification for the selection of the methodology used. After broadening and deepening the analysis of the privatisation of security ashore, the concerns raised are then transferred to the maritime domain. The situation becomes even more complicated in the high seas due to inconsistencies between flag states’ regulations, the unregulated vastness of the oceans and the reluctance of any international body (such as the IMO) to undertake the essential task of regulating PMSCs. Building on this, an analytical framework that enables the integration of maritime security and contemporary piracy into the contemporary paradigm of global security is developed. An historical overview of piracy then demonstrates that modern piracy is an ancient phenomenon with contemporary local characteristics. The maritime crime’s causal factors remain more or less the same throughout human history and, the paper argues, PMSCs serve as a short term response to address the symptoms rather than the root causes. Given that PMSCs have so far been used primarily as measures against Somali piracy, activities in this specific region provide an appropriate case study. The development of a typology of piracy offers a deeper understanding of the regional distinctiveness of the phenomenon, which is essential to acquiring a holistic picture of the operational environment in which PMSCs are deployed. The above considerations are used as a basis for analysing the complexities of the PMSCs’ business model, in legal, operational and ethical terms. The questionable practices involved in these are not fully regulated by national states. Hence, their contract and deployment raise ethical, legal and operational concerns. In the penultimate chapter, these are further assessed in terms of the extent to which the existing regulatory framework and PMSCs’ practices affect international security in governance and policy, strategic, social and commercial terms. The research indicates that states are increasingly outsourcing the monopoly they have exercised in security provision - a trend that has also expanded the private sector’s activities and business at sea. However, the lack of international laws and the consequent unstandardized plethora of flag states’ regulations has meant that the burgeoning private security services are dependent on the global market to regulate themselves. States’ reluctance and/or inability to regulate these companies has allowed controversial practices to persist and the lack of an international body responsible for their regulation and vetting on a worldwide basis has inevitable consequences in terms of global security. The overall outcome of this thesis is an elucidation of the potential implications of the privatisation of maritime security - both positive and negative. Most significantly, it suggests this could present a significant threat to international security in the near future.

Este estudo analisa o controle das empresas e profissionais de segurança privada no Brasil. A questão mais importante em relação ao controle da segurança privada é saber se é possível assegurar que o policiamento provido por esse setor seja executado de acordo com as regras públicas. A única forma de obter serviços aderentes a essas regras é fazer com que elas sejam levadas em consideração pelos profissionais que executam as atividades de policiamento privado. Estudiosos do policiamento concordam que os mecanismos mais capazes de produzir esses resultados estão localizados no interior das organizações. Levando isso em consideração, o objetivo desta tese de doutorado é entender as condições sob as quais as organizações de policiamento privado controlam seus funcionários de acordo com as normas públicas que regulam a prestação de serviços de segurança privada no Brasil. A hipótese que orienta o estudo é a de que esse controle ocorre quando as empresas de segurança percebem a existência de um ambiente institucional na qual os atores que exercem o controle externo da segurança privada (clientes, órgão regulador, Judiciário e mídia) são capazes de fazer com que comportamentos desviantes em relação às normas públicas sejam mais custosos para as empresas do que os investimentos necessários à estruturação de sistemas de controle interno aptos a prevenir tais comportamentos. Para avaliar essa hipótese foram realizados estudos de caso em quatro contratos de prestação de serviços de segurança, dois contratos para instituições financeiras e dois contratos para redes comerciais. A análise dos casos revelou que o modo como as empresas de segurança controlam internamente os seus funcionários é fortemente afetado apenas pelo controle externo realizado pelos clientes que contratam serviços de segurança no mercado. Quando os clientes remuneram contratos de prestação de serviços adequadamente e se interessam por condutas respeitosas, criam-se condições para a existência de sistemas de controle altamente estruturados e alinhados às regras públicas. O contrário também é verdade. Se os clientes não remuneram contratos adequadamente e desejam comportamentos desviantes em relação às normas públicas, o resultado tende a ser sistemas de controle interno com baixo grau de estruturação e alinhamento às regras públicas. Diante deste último cenário, a pesquisa mostrou que na maioria das situações os controles externos provenientes do órgão regulador, do Judiciário e da mídia não são capazes de atuar satisfatoriamente como última linha de defesa e correção de rumos. Esses achados apóiam as visões pessimistas presentes na literatura especializada, que vem sustentando a idéia de que existem déficits de governança e controle sobre as atividades de policiamento privado. / This work analyzes the control over Brazils private security companies and agents. The most important issue in relation to the control over private security is to know if it is possible to ensure that the policing provided by this sector is run in accordance with public rules. The only way to get security services following these rules is to ensure they are abided by the agents who perform private policing activities. Scholars of policing agree that the control mechanisms better able to produce these results are located within organizations. Taking this into consideration, the aim of this doctoral thesis is to understand the conditions under which private security companies control their employees in accordance with the public rules governing the provision of private security services in Brazil. The hypothesis that guides the study is that this control occurs when security companies realize the existence of an institutional environment in which those exerting external control over private security (customer, regulator, judiciary and media) capable of cause deviant behavior in relation to public standards are more costly for companies than the investment required to structuring internal control system able to prevent such behaviors. To evaluate this hypothesis four security services contracts underwent case studies, two from financial institutions and two contracts from department store chains. The analysis of the cases revealed that the way private security companies control internally their employees is strongly affected only by clients who hire these services. When clients adequately pay for a service contracted and they require proper care and respectful behavior, they create conditions for the existence of internal control systems highly structured and aligned to government rules. The opposite is also true. If clients do not pay for the contract properly and request a deviant behavior in relation to public standards, the result tends to be of internal control systems with a low degree of structure and alignment. In the face of this last scenario, the research showed that in most situations the external controls from the regulator, the judiciary and the media are not able to satisfactorily perform as a last line of defense and course corrections. These findings support the pessimistic views present in the literature, which have sustained the idea that there are governance deficits in activities of private policing.

Afrikaans text / The researcher was approached by the security industry to identify leadership shortcomings and to design a leadership course aimed at supervisory level. The research question YJas: "Is it possible to identify shortcomings in individuals in respect of leadership qualities and to address these shortcomings by means of a leadership training model?" After a background study, a leadership training model was developed ·and a bottom-up needs analysis was executed. The developed questionnaire was distributed and the response was statistically processed and interpreted. The target group was identified. The course was designed, presented and evaluated. The impact of this course will be determined through research after a period of 12 to 18 months by comparing and interpreting personnel statistics on aspects like absence without leave, personnel turnover, sick leave and a number of disciplinary hearings. / Die navorser is deur 'n sekuriteitsmaatskappy genader om leierskap­ tekortkominge te identifiseer en 'n kursus te antwerp en aan te bied wat op toesighouervlak gerig is. Die navorsingsvraag is : "Is dit moontlik om tekortkominge ten opsigte van leierskapkwaliteite te identifiseer en deur middel van 'n leierskap­ opleidingsmodel aan te spreek?" Na afloop van 'n agtergrondstudie, is 'n leierskapmodel ontwikkel en 'n onder-na-bo-behoeftebepaling uitgevoer. Die ontwikkelde vraelys is versprei en die terugvoere is statisties verwerk en ge'interpreteer. Die teikengroep is ge'identifiseer. Die kursus is antwerp, aangebied en geevalueer. Die impak van die kursus sal deur middel van verdere navorsing na 'n periode van 12 tot 18 maande getoets word deur die vergelyking en interpretering van personeelstatistieke met betrekking tot afwesighede sander verlof, personeel omset, siekteverlof en die aantal dissplinere verhore. / Curriculum and Instructional Studies / M. Ed. (Didaktiek)

Este estudo analisa o controle das empresas e profissionais de segurança privada no Brasil. A questão mais importante em relação ao controle da segurança privada é saber se é possível assegurar que o policiamento provido por esse setor seja executado de acordo com as regras públicas. A única forma de obter serviços aderentes a essas regras é fazer com que elas sejam levadas em consideração pelos profissionais que executam as atividades de policiamento privado. Estudiosos do policiamento concordam que os mecanismos mais capazes de produzir esses resultados estão localizados no interior das organizações. Levando isso em consideração, o objetivo desta tese de doutorado é entender as condições sob as quais as organizações de policiamento privado controlam seus funcionários de acordo com as normas públicas que regulam a prestação de serviços de segurança privada no Brasil. A hipótese que orienta o estudo é a de que esse controle ocorre quando as empresas de segurança percebem a existência de um ambiente institucional na qual os atores que exercem o controle externo da segurança privada (clientes, órgão regulador, Judiciário e mídia) são capazes de fazer com que comportamentos desviantes em relação às normas públicas sejam mais custosos para as empresas do que os investimentos necessários à estruturação de sistemas de controle interno aptos a prevenir tais comportamentos. Para avaliar essa hipótese foram realizados estudos de caso em quatro contratos de prestação de serviços de segurança, dois contratos para instituições financeiras e dois contratos para redes comerciais. A análise dos casos revelou que o modo como as empresas de segurança controlam internamente os seus funcionários é fortemente afetado apenas pelo controle externo realizado pelos clientes que contratam serviços de segurança no mercado. Quando os clientes remuneram contratos de prestação de serviços adequadamente e se interessam por condutas respeitosas, criam-se condições para a existência de sistemas de controle altamente estruturados e alinhados às regras públicas. O contrário também é verdade. Se os clientes não remuneram contratos adequadamente e desejam comportamentos desviantes em relação às normas públicas, o resultado tende a ser sistemas de controle interno com baixo grau de estruturação e alinhamento às regras públicas. Diante deste último cenário, a pesquisa mostrou que na maioria das situações os controles externos provenientes do órgão regulador, do Judiciário e da mídia não são capazes de atuar satisfatoriamente como última linha de defesa e correção de rumos. Esses achados apóiam as visões pessimistas presentes na literatura especializada, que vem sustentando a idéia de que existem déficits de governança e controle sobre as atividades de policiamento privado. / This work analyzes the control over Brazils private security companies and agents. The most important issue in relation to the control over private security is to know if it is possible to ensure that the policing provided by this sector is run in accordance with public rules. The only way to get security services following these rules is to ensure they are abided by the agents who perform private policing activities. Scholars of policing agree that the control mechanisms better able to produce these results are located within organizations. Taking this into consideration, the aim of this doctoral thesis is to understand the conditions under which private security companies control their employees in accordance with the public rules governing the provision of private security services in Brazil. The hypothesis that guides the study is that this control occurs when security companies realize the existence of an institutional environment in which those exerting external control over private security (customer, regulator, judiciary and media) capable of cause deviant behavior in relation to public standards are more costly for companies than the investment required to structuring internal control system able to prevent such behaviors. To evaluate this hypothesis four security services contracts underwent case studies, two from financial institutions and two contracts from department store chains. The analysis of the cases revealed that the way private security companies control internally their employees is strongly affected only by clients who hire these services. When clients adequately pay for a service contracted and they require proper care and respectful behavior, they create conditions for the existence of internal control systems highly structured and aligned to government rules. The opposite is also true. If clients do not pay for the contract properly and request a deviant behavior in relation to public standards, the result tends to be of internal control systems with a low degree of structure and alignment. In the face of this last scenario, the research showed that in most situations the external controls from the regulator, the judiciary and the media are not able to satisfactorily perform as a last line of defense and course corrections. These findings support the pessimistic views present in the literature, which have sustained the idea that there are governance deficits in activities of private policing.