El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo principal establecer mecanismos contractuales de cobertura jurídica ante los riesgos en los Project Finance. Es importante indicar, que en todo negocio sin importar su magnitud y objeto social existen distintos tipos de riesgos, los mismos que se deben identificar, aislar y mitigar su impacto dentro de la organización empresarial. En concordancia con lo anterior, el presente trabajo académico se divide en tres capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se desarrolla el marco teórico sobre los riesgos empresariales, tales como, tipos de riesgos empresariales y la administración de los mismos. Asimismo, nos centramos en analizar el Project Finance y sus características. En el segundo capítulo, se desarrolla y analiza la problemática en torno a los riesgos en los Project Finance, es decir, los problemas que comúnmente se presentan desde el estudio del proyecto, en la construcción y operación del mismo. En el tercer capítulo, desarrollamos las propuestas como mecanismos contractuales de cobertura jurídica intra y extra-empresa ante los riesgos en los Project Finance, en consecuencia, buscando identificar, aislar y mitigar los riesgos correspondientes. En virtud de los tres capítulos indicados líneas arriba, la presente tesis establece una estructura de referencia ordenada y coherente; aportando mayores luces de los temas a considerar en el desarrollo de un Project Finance. / The main objective of this research assignment is establishing contractual mechanisms for legal coverage against Finance Projects Risks. It is important to specify that in every business, regardless of its magnitude and corporate purpose, there are different types of risks, which must be identified, isolated, and their impact mitigated within the business organization. In keeping with the foregoing, this academic paper is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, the theoretical framework on business risks is developed, such as the classification of business hazards and their proper management. Likewise, we focus on analyzing Finance Projects and its characteristics. In the second chapter, the problem around risks in Finance Projects is developed and analyzed, that is, the difficulties that commonly arise from the study of the project, in its construction and operation. In the third chapter, Approaches as contractual legal coverage mechanisms intra and extra-business are developed against risks in Finance Projects, consequently, seeking to identify, isolate and mitigate the corresponding risks. In accordance with the three chapters mentioned above, this thesis establishes an organized and coherent structure for further reference; by providing greater insight into the topics to be considered in the development of a Finance Project. / Tesis

[pt] A área de química do estado sólido ocupa uma posição cada vez mais importante nas atividades de pesquisa e desenvolvimento farmacêuticas. A compreensão das propriedades do estado sólido de um insumo farmacêutico ativo (IFA) mostra-se crítica no desenvolvimento de formulações em função de seus impactos na biodisponibilidade e solubilidade dos fármacos, sendo essencial para garantir o benefício terapêutico, otimizar o desenvolvimento e garantir a proteção da propriedade intelectual. Esta tese investiga indicadores científicos e tecnológicos na área de química do estado sólido utilizando ferramentas de ciência dos dados a partir de publicações científicas e depósitos de patentes, visando contribuir para o aumento da competitividade da indústria farmoquímica e farmacêutica brasileira e de outros mercados emergentes. A partir da utilização de ferramentas de ciência dos dados é proposta uma metodologia baseada em técnicas de text mining associadas a relações fuzzy. Essa metodologia de identificação de competências específicas aplicada na área de química do estado sólido tem como estudo de caso a descoberta de uma nova forma polimórfica para o IFA acetato de dexametasona. Os resultados revelam que existem competências científicas em química do estado sólido no Brasil. Contudo, quando comparada com a interação universidade-empresa mundial, a indústria farmoquimica e farmacêutica local perde em estágio de competitividade e desenvolvimento. Por outro lado, os resultados demonstram a robustez da metodologia e sua capacidade de identificar pesquisadores em área específicas, oferecendo soluções para apoio a tomada de decisão e identificação de pesquisadores relevantes para o desenvolvimento do setor farmoquímico e farmacêutico. / [en] The solid-state chemistry area has received increased attention in the pharmaceutical research and development activities. The comprehension of the solid-state properties of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is critical in the development of formulations due to their impact on the bioavailability and solubility of the final drug, being essential to ensure therapeutic benefit, optimize development and allow a proper intellectual property protection. This research investigates science and technology indicators in the solid-state chemistry area using data science tools applied to scientific publications and patent documents, aiming to contribute to the increase of the competitiveness of the pharmaceutical industry in Brazil and in other emerging markets. Through data science tools, a methodology based on text mining techniques associated to fuzzy relations is proposed. This methodology for identifying specific competencies is applied in the solid-state chemistry area exploring a case study of the discovery of a new polymorphic form of the API dexamethasone acetate. The results reveal the existence of scientific competencies in solid-state chemistry in Brazil. However, when compared to the global university-company interaction, the local pharmaceutical industry shows a lower stage of competitiveness and development. On the other hand, the results indicates the robustness of the methodology and its ability to identify researchers in specific areas, offering solutions to support the decision making and identification of researchers relevant to the development of the pharmaceutical sector.

The researcher conducted a critical analysis of the policing of counterfeit crime in South Africa. A pure qualitative research design and approach was adopted. A literature review, interviews and observations were conducted to provide an overview of this problem nationally and internationally. Interview schedules were designed with pre-determined open-ended questions, which allowed participants to explain their perceptions, opinions and viewpoints on the policing of counterfeit in South Africa. Some of the designed questions were mailed to respondents. Questions were posed to members of the Specialised Commercial Crime Unit, members of the South African Police Service’s Crime Prevention Unit, members of the Department of Trade and Industry who deal with counterfeit, prosecutors who normally prosecute counterfeit cases, brand owners/holders/representatives, and attorneys who assist in the policing of counterfeit crime. The findings of this study informed the proposed recommendations for preventative and reactive response mechanisms. These proposed recommendations suggest ways of improving efficiency and effectiveness in policing counterfeit in South Africa. / Criminology and Security Science / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)