Cette thèse contribue à l'approche économétrique de la croissance pro-pauvre. Elle présente des apports théoriques et empiriques. En premier lieu, elle présente les différentes définitions, indices et politiques de croissance pro-pauvre proposées dans la littérature théorique. Elle examine également les modèles théoriques et empiriques portant sur les interactions entre distribution du revenu et croissance. Elle montre que les mesures traditionnelles, en plus de leurs caractères partiels, peuvent conduire à des résultats contradictoires. Pour contourner ces limites, cette thèse privilégie l'approche alternative qui consiste à utiliser des modèles économétriques. Cette dernière approche, bien qu'elle présente l'avantage d'inclure l'ensemble des dimensions de la pauvreté, souffre de deux types de biais : le biais de sélection et le biais d'endogeneité. Ces derniers s'expliquent par les limitations inhérentes des données : erreurs de mesures, points aberrants. En outre, les résultats obtenus avec cette approche sont sensibles aux formes fonctionnelles choisies. Ainsi, il y'a de bonnes raisons d'utiliser la régression Gini. Malheureusement, les régressions de type Gini n'existaient qu'en coupe instantanée et en séries temporelles. Ainsi, dans un second temps, cette thèse propose d'étendre la réflexion sur la régression Gini en panel. Elle introduit les estimateurs intragroupes, intergroupes, le test d'existence de l'effet individuel et l'estimateur Aitken Gini. Enfin, cette thèse présente des applications empiriques qui illustrent de façon concrète la robustesse de nos estimateurs. Elle s'intéresse particulièrement aux conséquences de la méthode d'estimation et à la section de l'échantillon. Elle conclut que le processus de croissance favorise la réduction de la pauvreté à condition que les inégalités de revenu soient maîtrisées. Mais aussi, que l'impact de la croissance agricole sur la réduction de la pauvreté varie en fonction du niveau de développement du pays. / This thesis contributes to the econometric approach to pro-poor growth. It presents theoretical and empirical contributions. First, it presents the different definitions, indices and the policies of pro-poor growth proposed in the theoretical literature. It also examines the theoretical and empirical models on the interactions between income distribution and growth. It shows that the traditional measures, in addition to their partial characters, can lead to contradictory results. To avoid these limits this thesis emphasizes the alternative approach by using econometric models. The latter approach, although it has the advantage of including all the dimensions of poverty, suffering from two types of bias: selection bias and bias of endogeneity. These are due to the limitations of the data: measurement error, outliers. In addition, the results obtained with this approach are sensitive to selected functional forms. So, There are good reasons to use the Gini regression. Unfortunately, the Gini regressions existed only cross sectional and time series. Thus, in a second time, this thesis proposes to extend the Gini regression on the panel. It introduces within and between estimators, the individual effect test and the Gini Aitken estimator. Finally, this thesis presents empirical applications that illustrate the robustness of our estimators. She is particularly interested in the consequences of the estimation method and the sample section. It concludes that the growth process promotes poverty reduction when income inequalities are overcome. But also, the impact of agricultural growth on poverty reduction varies depending on the country's level of development.

O desenvolvimento econômico mostra-se um instrumento fundamental numa das questões cruciais a toda a população e aos formuladores de políticas públicas: a redução da pobreza. As experiências ao redor do mundo e durante os tempos têm mostrado que os países e mesmo as regiões dentro deles crescem de maneira desigual. Do mesmo modo, a distribuição de renda dentro deles e entre eles não é homogênea, podendo beneficiar determinadas parcelas da população. Para tratar desse enfoque, o presente trabalho explora o tema crescimento pró-pobre, que sinteticamente traduz-se como aquele em que a população de mais baixa renda efetivamente se beneficia do crescimento. Apresenta-se o debate conceitual e histórico, as experiências ao redor do mundo e do Brasil, os aspectos significativos e as condições que tenham se mostrado favoráveis ao crescimento pró-pobre. Adicionalmente discutem-se as políticas públicas que podem promover o bom crescimento. De posse desse ferramental, introduziu-se o índice “G” de crescimento para empiricamente avaliar, por meio de dados do IBGE, o crescimento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2000. Reforçando a tese de que o desenvolvimento não é neutro sob o ponto de vista de distribuição de renda, os resultados para as diferentes regiões do RS da década de 1990 mostraram-se heterogêneos, de pró-pobres a pró-ricos, passando por empobrecedores. Na média, no entanto, o crescimento foi pró-rico. / Economic development has appeared itself as a major instrument considering a crucial question for the whole population and policy makers: poverty reduction. Experiences around the world and through the years has shown unequal growth among countries and even in its regions. In this sense, income distribution in the countries and among them isn´t homogeneous, which may benefit just part of individuals. In order to discuss this approache, the present paper examines pro-poor growth notion, which basically occurs when the poorest population in fact benefit from economic growth. A conceptual and historical debate is presented, as well the experiences around the world and in Brazil, significant aspects and conditions that has been favorable in order to achieve pro-poor growth.Additionally, public policies that may promote a “good” growth are discussed. Having all this set of knowledge in mind, the “G” growth index is introduced to empirically evaluate Rio Grande do Sul state growth beetwen 1991 and 2000, using IBGE data. The results regarding the different regions in RS during the 1990 decade has been heterogeneous, reinforcing the idea that development is not neutral considering income distribution. They varied from pro-rich to pro-poor, including anti-poor situations. Therefore, it´s average was pro-rich.

O desenvolvimento econômico mostra-se um instrumento fundamental numa das questões cruciais a toda a população e aos formuladores de políticas públicas: a redução da pobreza. As experiências ao redor do mundo e durante os tempos têm mostrado que os países e mesmo as regiões dentro deles crescem de maneira desigual. Do mesmo modo, a distribuição de renda dentro deles e entre eles não é homogênea, podendo beneficiar determinadas parcelas da população. Para tratar desse enfoque, o presente trabalho explora o tema crescimento pró-pobre, que sinteticamente traduz-se como aquele em que a população de mais baixa renda efetivamente se beneficia do crescimento. Apresenta-se o debate conceitual e histórico, as experiências ao redor do mundo e do Brasil, os aspectos significativos e as condições que tenham se mostrado favoráveis ao crescimento pró-pobre. Adicionalmente discutem-se as políticas públicas que podem promover o bom crescimento. De posse desse ferramental, introduziu-se o índice “G” de crescimento para empiricamente avaliar, por meio de dados do IBGE, o crescimento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2000. Reforçando a tese de que o desenvolvimento não é neutro sob o ponto de vista de distribuição de renda, os resultados para as diferentes regiões do RS da década de 1990 mostraram-se heterogêneos, de pró-pobres a pró-ricos, passando por empobrecedores. Na média, no entanto, o crescimento foi pró-rico. / Economic development has appeared itself as a major instrument considering a crucial question for the whole population and policy makers: poverty reduction. Experiences around the world and through the years has shown unequal growth among countries and even in its regions. In this sense, income distribution in the countries and among them isn´t homogeneous, which may benefit just part of individuals. In order to discuss this approache, the present paper examines pro-poor growth notion, which basically occurs when the poorest population in fact benefit from economic growth. A conceptual and historical debate is presented, as well the experiences around the world and in Brazil, significant aspects and conditions that has been favorable in order to achieve pro-poor growth.Additionally, public policies that may promote a “good” growth are discussed. Having all this set of knowledge in mind, the “G” growth index is introduced to empirically evaluate Rio Grande do Sul state growth beetwen 1991 and 2000, using IBGE data. The results regarding the different regions in RS during the 1990 decade has been heterogeneous, reinforcing the idea that development is not neutral considering income distribution. They varied from pro-rich to pro-poor, including anti-poor situations. Therefore, it´s average was pro-rich.

O desenvolvimento econômico mostra-se um instrumento fundamental numa das questões cruciais a toda a população e aos formuladores de políticas públicas: a redução da pobreza. As experiências ao redor do mundo e durante os tempos têm mostrado que os países e mesmo as regiões dentro deles crescem de maneira desigual. Do mesmo modo, a distribuição de renda dentro deles e entre eles não é homogênea, podendo beneficiar determinadas parcelas da população. Para tratar desse enfoque, o presente trabalho explora o tema crescimento pró-pobre, que sinteticamente traduz-se como aquele em que a população de mais baixa renda efetivamente se beneficia do crescimento. Apresenta-se o debate conceitual e histórico, as experiências ao redor do mundo e do Brasil, os aspectos significativos e as condições que tenham se mostrado favoráveis ao crescimento pró-pobre. Adicionalmente discutem-se as políticas públicas que podem promover o bom crescimento. De posse desse ferramental, introduziu-se o índice “G” de crescimento para empiricamente avaliar, por meio de dados do IBGE, o crescimento no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período compreendido entre 1991 e 2000. Reforçando a tese de que o desenvolvimento não é neutro sob o ponto de vista de distribuição de renda, os resultados para as diferentes regiões do RS da década de 1990 mostraram-se heterogêneos, de pró-pobres a pró-ricos, passando por empobrecedores. Na média, no entanto, o crescimento foi pró-rico. / Economic development has appeared itself as a major instrument considering a crucial question for the whole population and policy makers: poverty reduction. Experiences around the world and through the years has shown unequal growth among countries and even in its regions. In this sense, income distribution in the countries and among them isn´t homogeneous, which may benefit just part of individuals. In order to discuss this approache, the present paper examines pro-poor growth notion, which basically occurs when the poorest population in fact benefit from economic growth. A conceptual and historical debate is presented, as well the experiences around the world and in Brazil, significant aspects and conditions that has been favorable in order to achieve pro-poor growth.Additionally, public policies that may promote a “good” growth are discussed. Having all this set of knowledge in mind, the “G” growth index is introduced to empirically evaluate Rio Grande do Sul state growth beetwen 1991 and 2000, using IBGE data. The results regarding the different regions in RS during the 1990 decade has been heterogeneous, reinforcing the idea that development is not neutral considering income distribution. They varied from pro-rich to pro-poor, including anti-poor situations. Therefore, it´s average was pro-rich.

Cette thèse met en exergue des recommandations sur le rôle des politiques de gouvernance, structurelles et fiscales pour atteindre une croissance pro-pauvre et inclusive. Le premier chapitre qui est introductif, présente le contexte de la thèse et discute brièvement les principaux problèmes de données ainsi que les faits stylisés sur l’inégalité et la pauvreté. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les effets de la bonne gouvernance sur la croissance pro-pauvre et inclusive au niveau macroéconomique. Il montre que tous les indicateurs de la gouvernance impactent positivement la croissance des revenus et la réduction de la pauvreté tandis que seuls deux indicateurs : l’efficacité du gouvernement et la règle de droit favorisent une croissance inclusive. Le troisième chapitre analyse comment les gouvernements peuvent réduire les inégalités de revenu en ajustant la composition des dépenses publiques tout en gardant le niveau total inchangé. Les résultats montrent que réallouer les dépenses de défense vers les dépenses d’éducation et de santé et en particulier les dépenses sociales et d’infrastructure, est associé à une réduction des inégalités dans les pays avec une stabilité politique. Le quatrième chapitre fournit une perspective micro-économique, en étudiant comment une meilleure performance des firmes dans le secteur informel peut promouvoir la prospérité partagée dans un contexte de fragilité. Ce chapitre montre que la performance des firmes est un facteur clé expliquant les différences de revenus entre les entrepreneurs. En outre, les résultats montrent que le capital humain et les compétences managériales sont des déterminants importants de la performance des firmes informelles. / This dissertation provides some evidence-based policy lessons focusing on the role of institutional, structural, and fiscal policies in achieving pro-poor and inclusive growth. The first chapter gives an overview of the dissertation and briefly discusses the main data issues and some stylized facts on inequality and poverty. The second chapter examines the role of good governance in fostering pro-poor and inclusive growth at the macroeconomic level. It shows that while all features of good governance enhance pro-poor growth, only government effectiveness and the rule of law tend to promote inclusive growth. The third chapter provides a cross-country analysis investigating how governments can reduce income inequality by changing the composition of public spending while keeping the total level fixed. The results show that reallocating defense spending towards education, and health spending and in particular social and infrastructure spending, is associated with reduced income inequality in countries with political stability. The fourth chapter provides a microeconomic perspective, focusing on how better performance of informal firms could promote shared prosperity in a context of fragility. It shows that firms’ performance is a key factor in explaining income differences between entrepreneurs. In addition, the chapter finds that human capital and managerial skills are important engines of informal firms’ performance.

No description available.