INTRODUCTION: Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) such as resolvin-D1 (RvD1) act to resolve vascular inflammation and may guard against the progression of restenosis following cardiovascular interventions. Stimulating synthesis of these mediators directly in vascular cells may increase their local availability, and thus, protect against restenotic injury. However, the ability of endothelial (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to produce SPMs from their polyunsaturated fatty acid precursor decosahexaenoic acid (DHA) via lipoxygenase (LO) enzymatic transformation remains unknown. We sought to determine whether vascular cells produce SPMs from DHA and, if they do, how inflammation and mechanical injury of the vasculature alter biosynthesis. METHODS: Primary cultures of human saphenous vein endothelial and smooth muscle cells were treated with DHA in cell culture media (+ 10% serum) for 4h-24h. Freshly dissected rabbit aorta was incubated intact or following gentle endothelial denudation in cell culture media (+10% serum) with or without DHA for 48h. SPM levels in media were quantified by LC-MS/MS and ELISA and lipoxygenase expression and localization were assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. RESULTS: EC and SMC receiving media without DHA did not synthesize SPMs within the detection limits of the assay, whereas DHA treatment produced 17-HDHA, 14-HDHA, Mar1, RvD5, RvD2, and a dose and time-dependent increase in RvD1 production in EC (10.1 ±1.0 pg for 1000nM at 24h) and SMC (7.4 ± 0.2 pg for 1000nM at 24h). Intact rabbit aorta incubated in DHA+ media produced 0.24 ± 0.05 pg RvD1/mg tissue whereas aorta incubated in DHA− media produced 0.13 ± 0.007 pg RvD1/mg tissue. Moreover, EC-denuded aortas produced less RvD1/mg tissue than intact aortas. 5-LO was expressed in both cell types, however DHA induced 5-LO expression in EC (1.3 fold -DHA) but not in SMC. DHA promoted a nuclear to cytoplasmic shift of 5-LO in both EC and SMC. Finally, TNF-α stimulated an increase in RvD1 production in EC. CONCLUSIONS: Human vascular cells and rabbit vascular tissue can biosynthesize SPMs de novo from their precursor DHA, signifying a new source of SPMs in the vasculature.

Les neutrophiles jouent un rôle central dans la défense de l'hôte contre les infections et les lésions tissulaires. Les neutrophiles intègrent des signaux opposés au sein du microenvironnement inflammatoire, qui convergent vers des récepteurs sélectionnés. Parmi ces récepteurs se trouve le récepteur pléiotrope, le récepteur du formyle peptide 2/récepteur de la lipoxine (FPR2/ALX) qui peut reconnaître plus de 20 ligands protéiques, peptidiques et lipidiques structurellement divers. Parmi ces ligands se trouvent des peptides N-formylés libérés par les mitochondries de cellules hôtes mourantes ou mortes. À l'heure actuelle, on sait peu de choses sur la base moléculaire de la façon dont FPR2/ALX intègre des signaux opposés et déclenche diverses réponses biologiques. Nous avons constaté que le récepteur pléiotrope FPR2/ALX intègre des signaux opposés qui régissent la phagocytose, la destruction bactérienne, le sort des neutrophiles et, finalement, le résultat de la réponse inflammatoire. Cette action des peptides N-formylés est médiée par l'induction de la libération d'élastase neutrophile à partir des granules primaires et la régulation négative subséquente du récepteur C5a du complément à la surface cellulaire, qui peut être inversée par des médiateurs lipidiques pro-résolvants, déclenchée par l'aspirine 15-épi- lipoxine A4 (15-epi-LXA4) et 17-épi-résolvine D1 (17-epi-RvD1). Cela peut contribuer au développement de nouvelles stratégies pharmacologiques visant à améliorer les mécanismes de protection médiés par FPR2/ALX qui peuvent limiter la réponse inflammatoire et favoriser la résolution de l'inflammation. / Neutrophils play a central role in host defense against infection and tissue injury. PMNs integrate opposing cues within the inflammatory microenvironment, which converge on selected receptors. Among these receptors is the pleiotropic receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2/lipoxin receptor (FPR2/ALX), which can recognize over 20 structurally diverse proteins, peptides, and lipid ligands. Among these ligands are N-formylated peptides released from mitochondria of dying or dead host cells. At present, little is known about the molecular basis for how FPR2/ALX integrates opposing cues and triggers diverse biological responses. We wanted to test the effect of N-formylated peptides on human neutrophils' functions in sepsis-like syndrome. We found that the pleiotropic receptor FPR2/ALX integrates opposing signals that govern phagocytosis, bacterial killing, the fate of neutrophils, and ultimately the outcome of the inflammatory response. This action of N-formylated peptides is mediated through induction of the release of neutrophil elastase from the primary granules and subsequent downregulation of complement C5a receptor on the cell surface. This effect can be reversed by pro-resolving lipid mediators, aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin A4 (15-epi-LXA4) and 17-epi-resolvin D1 (17-epi-RvD1). Our results could lead to the development of novel pharmacological strategies to enhance FPR2/ALX-mediated protective mechanisms that may limit the inflammatory response and promote the resolution of inflammation.