A imunidade inata é um mecanismo ativado rapidamente para permitir a defesa do organismo contra injúrias de diferentes origens. No entanto, a exacerbação do processo inato é prejudicial ao hospedeiro e pode levar a cronicidade do processo. Os neutrófilos são as células importantes na resposta inata, que após exercerem suas ações no processo, devem ser eliminadas para o retorno da homeostasia. Nesta fase, os neutrófilos entram em apoptose e são fagocitados por macrófagos residentes. O ácido clorogênico (ACG) é componente frequente de alimentos, em especial em grãos, e apresentam propriedades anticancerígenas, antimutagênicas, antipiréticas, antifúngicas, antioxidantes, analgésicas e anti-inflamatórias. Neste último contexto, as ações do ACG na instalação do processo têm sido bem demonstradas, mas seu potencial de interferir com a resolução da inflamação ainda é fragmentária. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visou avaliar os mecanismos de ação do ACG na resolução da inflamação, focando nos mecanismos de morte dos neutrófilos, de fagocitose e \"killing\" de macrófagos. Para tanto, foram empregados camundongos, adultos, machos da linhagem Swiss. Neutrófilos peritoneais foram recrutados 4 horas após injeção local de glicogênio de ostra 1% e macrófagos peritoneais foram obtidos 96 horas após a injeção local de tioglicolato de sódio a 3%. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tratamento com ACG por 24 horas, na concentração 1, 10, 50 e 100 mM, aumentou a porcentagem de número de neutrófilos apoptóticos e não alterou a porcentagem de neutrófilos em necrose; a incubação de ACG por 1 hora, na concentração 1, 10, 50 e 100 mM, com macrófagos peritoneais aumentou a capacidade destas células fagocitarem neutrófilos apoptóticos; reduziu a secreção do tumor de necrose tumoral (TNF-alfa), não alterou a secreção de interleucina-10 e não interferiu com as expressões de MHC-II e de CD36. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos sugerem que o ACG pode controlar a resolução da inflamação por induzir a apoptose de neutrófilos e a fagocitose destes por macrófagos. / Innate immunity is a rapidly activated mechanism to allow the body\'s defense against injuries from different origins. However, exacerbation of innate process is detrimental to the host and can lead to chronic process. Neutrophils are important cells in innate response, which after performing their actions in the process, should be eliminated for the return of homeostasis. At this stage, the neutrophils undergo to apoptosis and are phagocytosed by resident macrophages. The chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a frequent component of foods, in particular grain, and it has anticancer, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In this latter context, the actions of the ACG in the initial phases of the inflammatory process have been well documented, but its potential to interfere with the resolution of inflammation is still fragmented. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of action of ACG in the resolution of inflammation, focusing on mechanisms of neutrophil death and phagocytosis of macrophages. Hence, Swiss adult, male mice were employed as donor of neutrophils and macrophages. Peritoneal neutrophils were recruited 4 hours after local injection of 1% oyster glycogen and used for assessment of cell death mechanism, besides being used as apoptotic cells to be phagocyted. Peritoneal macrophages recruited 96 hours after the injection of 3% thioglycollate medium were used to 1) phagocytosis assay 2) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in the supernatant 3) quantification of MHC-II and CD36. The results showed that treatment with ACG, during 24 hours, at concentrations of 1, 10, 50 or 100 mM increased the percentage of apoptotic neutrophils and did not induced necrosis; incubation of macrophages during 1 hour with 1, 10, 50 or 100 mM increased the capacity of these cells to phagocyte apoptotic neutrophils; reduced tumor secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and did not alter the secretion of interleukin-10, and did not interfere with the expression of MHC-II and CD36. Together, these data suggest that the ACG can control the resolution of inflammation, by interfering with events in neutrophils and macrophages.

A imunidade inata é um mecanismo ativado rapidamente para permitir a defesa do organismo contra injúrias de diferentes origens. No entanto, a exacerbação do processo inato é prejudicial ao hospedeiro e pode levar a cronicidade do processo. Os neutrófilos são as células importantes na resposta inata, que após exercerem suas ações no processo, devem ser eliminadas para o retorno da homeostasia. Nesta fase, os neutrófilos entram em apoptose e são fagocitados por macrófagos residentes. O ácido clorogênico (ACG) é componente frequente de alimentos, em especial em grãos, e apresentam propriedades anticancerígenas, antimutagênicas, antipiréticas, antifúngicas, antioxidantes, analgésicas e anti-inflamatórias. Neste último contexto, as ações do ACG na instalação do processo têm sido bem demonstradas, mas seu potencial de interferir com a resolução da inflamação ainda é fragmentária. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visou avaliar os mecanismos de ação do ACG na resolução da inflamação, focando nos mecanismos de morte dos neutrófilos, de fagocitose e \"killing\" de macrófagos. Para tanto, foram empregados camundongos, adultos, machos da linhagem Swiss. Neutrófilos peritoneais foram recrutados 4 horas após injeção local de glicogênio de ostra 1% e macrófagos peritoneais foram obtidos 96 horas após a injeção local de tioglicolato de sódio a 3%. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tratamento com ACG por 24 horas, na concentração 1, 10, 50 e 100 mM, aumentou a porcentagem de número de neutrófilos apoptóticos e não alterou a porcentagem de neutrófilos em necrose; a incubação de ACG por 1 hora, na concentração 1, 10, 50 e 100 mM, com macrófagos peritoneais aumentou a capacidade destas células fagocitarem neutrófilos apoptóticos; reduziu a secreção do tumor de necrose tumoral (TNF-alfa), não alterou a secreção de interleucina-10 e não interferiu com as expressões de MHC-II e de CD36. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos sugerem que o ACG pode controlar a resolução da inflamação por induzir a apoptose de neutrófilos e a fagocitose destes por macrófagos. / Innate immunity is a rapidly activated mechanism to allow the body\'s defense against injuries from different origins. However, exacerbation of innate process is detrimental to the host and can lead to chronic process. Neutrophils are important cells in innate response, which after performing their actions in the process, should be eliminated for the return of homeostasis. At this stage, the neutrophils undergo to apoptosis and are phagocytosed by resident macrophages. The chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a frequent component of foods, in particular grain, and it has anticancer, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. In this latter context, the actions of the ACG in the initial phases of the inflammatory process have been well documented, but its potential to interfere with the resolution of inflammation is still fragmented. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the mechanisms of action of ACG in the resolution of inflammation, focusing on mechanisms of neutrophil death and phagocytosis of macrophages. Hence, Swiss adult, male mice were employed as donor of neutrophils and macrophages. Peritoneal neutrophils were recruited 4 hours after local injection of 1% oyster glycogen and used for assessment of cell death mechanism, besides being used as apoptotic cells to be phagocyted. Peritoneal macrophages recruited 96 hours after the injection of 3% thioglycollate medium were used to 1) phagocytosis assay 2) Quantification of inflammatory mediators in the supernatant 3) quantification of MHC-II and CD36. The results showed that treatment with ACG, during 24 hours, at concentrations of 1, 10, 50 or 100 mM increased the percentage of apoptotic neutrophils and did not induced necrosis; incubation of macrophages during 1 hour with 1, 10, 50 or 100 mM increased the capacity of these cells to phagocyte apoptotic neutrophils; reduced tumor secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and did not alter the secretion of interleukin-10, and did not interfere with the expression of MHC-II and CD36. Together, these data suggest that the ACG can control the resolution of inflammation, by interfering with events in neutrophils and macrophages.

No description available.

<p>Apoptosis or programmed cell death is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells initiates the release of actively anti-inflammatory responses from the phagocytes. Eosinophils are one of the most potent inflammatory cells in the body and is involved in a number of diseases, most commonly associated with parasitic infections and allergic diseases. Apoptosis in eosinophils is therefore one of the most important systems to avoid inflammation. This aim of the present investigation was to examine the mechanisms behind, and the consequences of this process in eosinophils. Apoptotic eosinophils have a unique surface receptor expression that indicates abilities to communicate with T-, B- and antigen presenting cells. They have a novel expression of CD49f, indicating an importance for binding to laminin or unknown functions of the VLA-6 receptor, possibly in the concept of phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell. </p><p>In apoptotic eosinophils the granules are translocated to the periphery of the cell, probably through a disruption of the cytoskeleton. This translocation makes the granules easily accessible and the apoptotic eosinophil can release considerable amounts of granule proteins in response to specific stimuli. The spontaneous release however, is decreased as compared with living cells. </p><p>Furthermore, the survival of eosinophils in response to an allergen challenge is increased in healthy subjects, but not in allergic patients. Mechanistically, this needs further investigation, but one theory is that it is due to the presence of specific IgE in patients in combination with differences in the response from the epithelial cells.</p>

Apoptosis or programmed cell death is crucial for the resolution of inflammation, and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells initiates the release of actively anti-inflammatory responses from the phagocytes. Eosinophils are one of the most potent inflammatory cells in the body and is involved in a number of diseases, most commonly associated with parasitic infections and allergic diseases. Apoptosis in eosinophils is therefore one of the most important systems to avoid inflammation. This aim of the present investigation was to examine the mechanisms behind, and the consequences of this process in eosinophils. Apoptotic eosinophils have a unique surface receptor expression that indicates abilities to communicate with T-, B- and antigen presenting cells. They have a novel expression of CD49f, indicating an importance for binding to laminin or unknown functions of the VLA-6 receptor, possibly in the concept of phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell. In apoptotic eosinophils the granules are translocated to the periphery of the cell, probably through a disruption of the cytoskeleton. This translocation makes the granules easily accessible and the apoptotic eosinophil can release considerable amounts of granule proteins in response to specific stimuli. The spontaneous release however, is decreased as compared with living cells. Furthermore, the survival of eosinophils in response to an allergen challenge is increased in healthy subjects, but not in allergic patients. Mechanistically, this needs further investigation, but one theory is that it is due to the presence of specific IgE in patients in combination with differences in the response from the epithelial cells.

A inflamação é fundamental para a manutenção da homeostasia e para a resposta do organismo à injúria. A resposta inflamatória deve ser adequada aos estímulos agressores; no sistema nervoso central, sua inadequação conduz à gênese de diferentes doenças neurodegenerativas. A proteína anexina A1 (ANXA1) e os receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomo (PPAR) controlam a inflamação, pois ambos inibem o desenvolvimento da inflamação e aceleram sua resolução. Nosso grupo de pesquisa tem mostrado que a ANXA1 modula a expressão de PPAR&#947; em macrófagos. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou a modulação da expressão do PPAR&#947; e das suas funções em células da microglia pela ANXA1. Foram empregadas células imortalizadas da linhagem BV2 (microglia murina), inalteradas ou transfectadas para redução da expressão de ANXA1, tratadas com ANXA1 exógena (recombinante - rANXA1) ou com agonista ou antagonista de PPAR&#947; (pioglitazona e GW9662, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: 1) tratamento com rANXA1 aumenta as expressões gênica (RT-PCR) e proteica (Western Blotting) de PPAR&#947;, e ambas as expressões estão reduzidas em células com deficiência endógena de ANXA1, sendo que tal efeito foi revertido pela ação da rANXA1; 2) tratamento com rANXA1 não induz a expressão dos fatores de transcrição ligados a expressão de PPAR&#947;: proteínas ligantes de elementos de resposta ao cAMP - CREB - e transdutores de sinais e ativadores de transcrição - STAT6 - (Western Blotting), mas os níveis de ambos os fatores estão reduzidos em células transfectadas, e tal efeito não foi revertido pelo tratamento com rANXA1; 3) tratamento com pioglitazona ou com rANXA1 individualmente aumenta a fagocitose de células PC12 apoptóticas (citometria de fluxo), mas o tratamento simultâneo não altera a fagocitose induzida por pioglitazona ou rANXA1; no entanto, tratamento com GW9662 inibiu a fagocitose induzida pelo tratamento com rANXA1; 4) o tratamento com rANXA1 aumenta a expressão de CD36 (citometria de fluxo); a expressão de CD36 está reduzida em células transfectadas e tal expressão não é revertida pelo tratamento com rANXA1. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos mostram a modulação da ANXA1 sobre PPAR&#947; em células da micróglia, com possível ação sobre a fagocitose de células apoptóticas, e que a redução da expressão de ANXA1 reduz acentuadamente a expressão dos fatores de transcrição STAT6 e CREB, bem como a expressão de CD36. A elucidação dos efeitos resultantes destas alterações desencadeadas pela deficiência de ANXA1 endógena poderá contribuir para compreensão da fisiopatologia da neuroinflamação. / Inflammation is a key process in maintaining homeostasis and is essential for the body\'s response to injury. The inflammatory response must be proportional to the aggressor stimuli; in the central nervous system, a failed proper modulation leads to the development of different neurodegenerative diseases. Protein annexin A1 (ANXA1) and peroxisome proliferated-activated receptors (PPAR) control inflammation, as both inhibit development of inflammation and accelerate its resolution. Our research group has demonstrated that ANXA1 modulates PPAR&#947; expression in macrophages. Thus, the present work investigated the modulation of PPAR&#947; expression and its functions in microglia cells by ANXA1. In order to assess such, immortalized cells from cell line BV2 (murine microglia), either unadulterated or transfected for reduced expression of ANXA1, were treated with exogenous ANXA1 (recombinant protein - rANXA1) or either with PPAR&#947; agonist or antagonist (pioglitazone and GW9662, respectively). The obtained results demonstrated that: 1) treatment with rANXA1 increases both gene (RT-PCR) and protein (Western Blotting) expressions of PPAR&#947;, and also that both expressions are reduced in cells with endogenous deficiency of ANXA1, and such effect was reversed by the actions of rANXA1; 2) treatment with rANXA1 does not promote the expression of transcription factors associated with PPAR&#947; expression: cAMP response element binding protein - CREB - and signal transductor and activator of transcription 6 - STAT6 (Western Blotting), but the expression levels of both factors are reduced in transfected cells, and such effect was not reversed by treatment with rANXA1; 3) individual treatment with pioglitazone or rANXA1 increases phagocytosis of apoptotic PC12 cells (flow cytometry), but simultaneous treatment does not affect pioglitazone/rANXA1-induced phagocytosis; however, treatment with GW9662 inhibited rANXA1-induced phagocytosis; 4) treatment with rANXA1 increases CD36 expression (flow cytometry); the expression of CD36 is reduced in transfected cells, and such expression is not reversed by treatment with rANXA1. The obtained data demonstrate the modulation ANXA1 exerts upon PPAR&#947; in microglia cells, with a possible action upon phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and that reduction of ANXA1 expression greatly reduces the expression of transcription factors STAT6 and CREB, as well as the expression of CD36. Elucidation of such effects that arise from a deficiency of endogenous ANXA1 will contribute to a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation.

A inflamação é fundamental para a manutenção da homeostasia e para a resposta do organismo à injúria. A resposta inflamatória deve ser adequada aos estímulos agressores; no sistema nervoso central, sua inadequação conduz à gênese de diferentes doenças neurodegenerativas. A proteína anexina A1 (ANXA1) e os receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomo (PPAR) controlam a inflamação, pois ambos inibem o desenvolvimento da inflamação e aceleram sua resolução. Nosso grupo de pesquisa tem mostrado que a ANXA1 modula a expressão de PPAR&#947; em macrófagos. Assim, o presente trabalho investigou a modulação da expressão do PPAR&#947; e das suas funções em células da microglia pela ANXA1. Foram empregadas células imortalizadas da linhagem BV2 (microglia murina), inalteradas ou transfectadas para redução da expressão de ANXA1, tratadas com ANXA1 exógena (recombinante - rANXA1) ou com agonista ou antagonista de PPAR&#947; (pioglitazona e GW9662, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que: 1) tratamento com rANXA1 aumenta as expressões gênica (RT-PCR) e proteica (Western Blotting) de PPAR&#947;, e ambas as expressões estão reduzidas em células com deficiência endógena de ANXA1, sendo que tal efeito foi revertido pela ação da rANXA1; 2) tratamento com rANXA1 não induz a expressão dos fatores de transcrição ligados a expressão de PPAR&#947;: proteínas ligantes de elementos de resposta ao cAMP - CREB - e transdutores de sinais e ativadores de transcrição - STAT6 - (Western Blotting), mas os níveis de ambos os fatores estão reduzidos em células transfectadas, e tal efeito não foi revertido pelo tratamento com rANXA1; 3) tratamento com pioglitazona ou com rANXA1 individualmente aumenta a fagocitose de células PC12 apoptóticas (citometria de fluxo), mas o tratamento simultâneo não altera a fagocitose induzida por pioglitazona ou rANXA1; no entanto, tratamento com GW9662 inibiu a fagocitose induzida pelo tratamento com rANXA1; 4) o tratamento com rANXA1 aumenta a expressão de CD36 (citometria de fluxo); a expressão de CD36 está reduzida em células transfectadas e tal expressão não é revertida pelo tratamento com rANXA1. Em conjunto, os dados obtidos mostram a modulação da ANXA1 sobre PPAR&#947; em células da micróglia, com possível ação sobre a fagocitose de células apoptóticas, e que a redução da expressão de ANXA1 reduz acentuadamente a expressão dos fatores de transcrição STAT6 e CREB, bem como a expressão de CD36. A elucidação dos efeitos resultantes destas alterações desencadeadas pela deficiência de ANXA1 endógena poderá contribuir para compreensão da fisiopatologia da neuroinflamação. / Inflammation is a key process in maintaining homeostasis and is essential for the body\'s response to injury. The inflammatory response must be proportional to the aggressor stimuli; in the central nervous system, a failed proper modulation leads to the development of different neurodegenerative diseases. Protein annexin A1 (ANXA1) and peroxisome proliferated-activated receptors (PPAR) control inflammation, as both inhibit development of inflammation and accelerate its resolution. Our research group has demonstrated that ANXA1 modulates PPAR&#947; expression in macrophages. Thus, the present work investigated the modulation of PPAR&#947; expression and its functions in microglia cells by ANXA1. In order to assess such, immortalized cells from cell line BV2 (murine microglia), either unadulterated or transfected for reduced expression of ANXA1, were treated with exogenous ANXA1 (recombinant protein - rANXA1) or either with PPAR&#947; agonist or antagonist (pioglitazone and GW9662, respectively). The obtained results demonstrated that: 1) treatment with rANXA1 increases both gene (RT-PCR) and protein (Western Blotting) expressions of PPAR&#947;, and also that both expressions are reduced in cells with endogenous deficiency of ANXA1, and such effect was reversed by the actions of rANXA1; 2) treatment with rANXA1 does not promote the expression of transcription factors associated with PPAR&#947; expression: cAMP response element binding protein - CREB - and signal transductor and activator of transcription 6 - STAT6 (Western Blotting), but the expression levels of both factors are reduced in transfected cells, and such effect was not reversed by treatment with rANXA1; 3) individual treatment with pioglitazone or rANXA1 increases phagocytosis of apoptotic PC12 cells (flow cytometry), but simultaneous treatment does not affect pioglitazone/rANXA1-induced phagocytosis; however, treatment with GW9662 inhibited rANXA1-induced phagocytosis; 4) treatment with rANXA1 increases CD36 expression (flow cytometry); the expression of CD36 is reduced in transfected cells, and such expression is not reversed by treatment with rANXA1. The obtained data demonstrate the modulation ANXA1 exerts upon PPAR&#947; in microglia cells, with a possible action upon phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, and that reduction of ANXA1 expression greatly reduces the expression of transcription factors STAT6 and CREB, as well as the expression of CD36. Elucidation of such effects that arise from a deficiency of endogenous ANXA1 will contribute to a better comprehension of the pathophysiology of neuroinflammation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-09-30 / A asma é uma doença crônica das vias aéreas caracterizada por obstrução do fluxo aéreo e intenso processo inflamatório, no qual, muitas células estão envolvidas, principalmente os eosinófilos. O processo inflamatório na asma pode induzir o aparecimento de alterações estruturais caracterizadas por fibrose subepitelial, hiperplasia da musculatura lisa das vias aéreas, neoformação vascular e remodelamento das vias aéreas. O aumento na prevalência da asma tem sido associado ao elevado consumo de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados do tipo Omega 6. A melhora dos sintomas apresentados por indivíduos asmáticos, por outro lado, foi observada em pacientes tratados com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3. No mesmo segmento, alguns trabalhos da literatura têm relacionado efeitos antiinflamatórios benéficos à utilização de dietas enriquecidas com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3, em processos inflamatórios agudos e crônicos. Nosso grupo não encontrou evidências do efeito pró-inflamatório dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 6, previamente sugerido por vários autores. Nossos dados demonstram que a dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3, bem como a dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 6, exercem efeito antiinflamatório sobre a inflamação aguda induzida por carragenina. Esse efeito antiinflamatório foi associado aos elevados níveis de corticosterona encontrados nesses animais. Neste trabalho, avaliamos a resposta inflamatória e a liberação de mediadores inflamatórios envolvidos na asma, em ratos alimentados com dietas enriquecidas com óleo de soja, ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 6, ou óleo de peixe, ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que, a dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 6 não foi pró-inflamatória. Ao contrário, foi tão antiinflamatória quanto a dieta rica em ácidos graxos poliinsaturados Omega 3. Ambas diminuiram o infiltrado celular no lavado broncoalveolar, citocinas associadas ao perfil Th2, redução dos níveis de bradicina e aumento dos níveis de óxido nítrico. Além disso, a dieta rica em óleo de soja, aumentou os níveis de corticosterona e lipoxina A4 no pulmão dos animais alimentados com essa dieta. Com base nesses resultados, acreditamos que essas dietas possam contribuir para o estudo de terapias alternativas ou complementares, atuando em conjunto com as drogas utilizadas para o tratamento da asma. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

La mise en évidence du caractère actif de la phase de la résolution de l'inflammation a ouvert la porte à de nouveaux paradigmes thérapeutiques pour les maladies inflammatoires. Des paradigmes qui reposent sur l’utilisation de médiateurs actifs ayant le potentiel de promouvoir la résolution de l’inflammation. En d’autres termes, ces médiateurs régulent la réaction inflammatoire, initient la réparation tissulaire et conduisent au retour de l’homéostasie. Parmi ces médiateurs, la résolvine D1 (RvD1) présente des propriétés anti-inflammatoires et prorésolutives remarquables et ce, dans divers fonctions et tissus de l’organisme. Bien que les effets de la RvD1 aient été bien caractérisés par de nombreuses recherches, son rôle potentiel au niveau ostéoarticulaire demeure peu documenté. Dans cette étude, nous approfondissons les connaissances sur l’effet de la RvD1 dans la protection et la préservation de l’intégrité ostéoarticulaire, en étudiant sa capacité à réguler les principaux facteurs impliqués dans la physiopathologie articulaire. Dans un premier temps, nous avons démontré que la RvD1 est bien présente dans l’environnement articulaire et que ses niveaux sont plus élevés dans le liquide synovial des genoux arthrosiques par rapport aux genoux sains. Ces genoux sont obtenus d’un modèle d’arthrose chez le chien réalisé lors d’une étude antérieure. Par la suite, nous avons étudié ses effets sur les composantes cellulaires de l’articulation. Sur les chondrocytes arthrosiques humains, nous avons démontré que la RvD1 inhibe l’expression des médiateurs inflammatoires et cataboliques induits par l'IL-1β, à savoir la COX-2, la PGE2, l’iNOS, le NO et la MMP-13. L’étude des voies de signalisation a ensuite révélé que la RvD1 s’oppose à l'activation de NF-κB / p65, p38 / MAPK et JNK1 / 2, induite par l’IL-1β. En plus de ces remarquables effets, la RvD1 confère une protection contre l’apoptose cellulaire et le stress oxydatif induits par le HNE, tel que démontré par l'inactivation des caspases, l'inhibition de la libération de la LDH, l’augmentation des taux de la Bcl-2 et de l’AKT, ainsi que la stimulation du GSH. À côté des chondrocytes, la RvD1 a montré des effets puissants sur les ostéoclastes. En effet, elle inhibe la différenciation et l'activation des ostéoclastes tel que démontré par l’inhibition de l’expression de TRAP et de la cathepsine K. Elle réduit l’expression de TNF-α, de l’IL-1β, de l’IFN-γ, de la PGE2 et de RANKL, induite par le LPS et augmente celle de l’IL- 10. De plus, elle protège contre la résorption de la matrice d’hydroxyapatite ainsi que l’érosion ii de la matrice osseuse ex vivo, induites par le RANKL et le M-CSF. Enfin, l’étude des propriétés de la RvD1 dans un modèle d’arthrite chez la souris a révélé qu’elle réduit le score clinique, l'inflammation de la patte et la destruction des os et des articulations. De surcroit, elle inhibe les médiateurs inflammatoires et diminue significativement les marqueurs sériques du remodelage osseux et cartilagineux. Nos résultats sont très prometteurs et confirment le potentiel de la RvD1 dans la résolution de l’inflammation et le maintien de l’intégrité articulaires. Ils mettent ainsi en évidence sa pertinence clinique en tant qu’agent actif dans la prise en charge thérapeutique des maladies ostéoarticulaires. / The recognition of the proactive character of the resolution phase of inflammation has revealed alternative therapeutic paradigms for inflammatory conditions, based on the use of active mediators capable of promoting the resolution of inflammation. In other words, these mediators regulate the inflammatory response, initiate tissue repair and promote the return to homeostasis. Among them, resolvin D1 (RvD1) has remarkable anti-inflammatory and proresolutive properties. Although the effects of RvD1 have been well studied, its potential role in the osteoarticular tissues remains poorly documented. In this study, we expand our understanding of the potential of RvD1 in protecting and preserving joint integrity by studying its ability to regulate the major factors involved in the articular pathophysiology. First, we demonstrated that RvD1 is produced in the articular environment and that its levels are higher in the synovial fluid of osteoarthritic knees compared to healthy knees. The knees were obtained from an osteoarthritic dog model performed in a previous study. Therefore, we studied RvD1 actions on the cellular components of the joint. In human osteoarthritic chondrocytes, we demonstrated that RvD1 inhibits IL-1β-induced inflammatory and catabolic mediators, namely COX-2, PGE2, iNOS, NO, and MMP-13. This led to the study of signaling pathways, which revealed that RvD1 counter-regulates IL-1β-induced activation of NF-κB / p65, p38 / MAPK and JNK1 / 2. In addition, RvD1 confers a protection against cellular apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by HNE, as revealed by caspases inactivation, LDH inhibition, as well as increased levels of Bcl-2, AKT, and GSH. In addition to chondrocytes, RvD1 showed remarkable effects on osteoclasts. Indeed, it inhibits osteoclast differentiation and activation, as demonstrated by the inhibition of TRAP and cathepsin K expression. Moreover, it reduces LPSinduced TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, PGE2 as well as RANKL and concurrently increases IL-10 expression. Furthermore, it inhibits RANKL and M-CSF-induced hydroxyapatite matrix degradation and bone matrix erosion, ex vivo. Finally, the study of the properties of RvD1 in a mouse model of arthritis, revealed that it alleviates the clinical score, paw inflammation, as well as bone and joint destruction. Furthermore, it reduces the inflammatory mediators and significantly decreases serum markers of bone and cartilage remodeling. Our results are very promising and confirm the high potential of RvD1 in resolving inflammation and preserving joint integrity. They highlight its clinical relevance as a therapeutic agent for the management of osteoarticular diseases.

La clairance des cellules apoptotiques par les macrophages est à l’origine d’un microenvironnement pro-résolutif composé de différents facteurs solubles, permettant de stopper la réaction inflammatoire et d’engager la réparation tissulaire. La résolution de l’inflammation est parfois défaillante et concourt au développement de pathologies inflammatoires chroniques, comme les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin (MICI), qui regroupent la maladie de Crohn (MC) et la rectocolite hémorragique (RCH). Dans ce contexte, nous proposons d’évaluer l’efficacité thérapeutique de l’injection de ces facteurs pro-résolutifs dans le traitement des MICI. Ce produit issu de la culture de macrophages avec des cellules apoptotiques, appelé SuperMApo (Supernatant issued from Macrophage Apoptotic cell culture) (Brevet # WO2014106666-A1, 2013) contient des facteurs pro-résolutifs semblables à ce qu’on retrouve dans le processus physiologique de résolution de l’inflammation, et qui peuvent être absents ou inefficaces chez ces patients.Lors de ce travail, nous avons mise en évidence une efficacité thérapeutique de SuperMApo à l’aide de deux modèles expérimentaux de colite. Pour évaluer la pertinence de ces modèles par rapport à la pratique clinique, nous avons mise en place la vidéo-endoscopie souple. On a montré que l’efficacité de SuperMApo se traduit par diminution du score clinique, endoscopique et histologique des souris colitiques, accompagnée d’une amélioration de la perméabilité intestinale, et de la cicatrisation muqueuse. Cette efficacité thérapeutique est liée en partie à une reprogrammation des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (APC) notamment de cDC et de macrophages qui présentent moins de réponse aux ligands de TLR, favorisent l’induction de Treg et inhibent la production de Th1. Par ailleurs, SuperMApo induit une cicatrisation nette de la muqueuse intestinale associée à la fois à une activation des myofibroblastes (la forme active des fibroblastes) et des cellules intestinales épithéliales (IEC). Concrètement, SuperMApo augmente les propriétés de migration, de prolifération et de cicatrisation de ces deux types cellulaire. Cet effet dépend en partie des facteurs de croissance au sein de SuperMApo comme le TGF-β, l’IGF-I et le VEGF. Finalement des résultats préliminaires montrent que SuperMApo induit un profil réparateur sur des fibroblastes issus de patients atteints de MICI. L’ensemble de ces résultats montrent, que l’injection de ces facteurs pro-résolutifs permet de mettre en œuvre des mécanismes capables de mettre en place un processus de résolution de l’inflammation et ouvre vers une utilisation clinique de cette approche dans le traitement de MICI. / Inflammation is a natural body defence reaction in response to injuries. The clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages is at the origin of a pro-resolving microenvironment composed of various soluble factors, allow the arrest of the inflammatory response and to initiate tissue repair. The resolution of inflammation is sometimes defective and contributes to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In this context, we propose to evaluate the therapeutic effect of these pro-resolving factors in the treatment of IBD. This factors derived from the culture of macrophages with apoptotic cells, and called SuperMApo (Supernatant issued from Macrophage Apoptotic cell culture) (Patent # WO2014106666-A1, 2013) contains pro-resolving factors similar to those found in the physiological process of inflammatory resolution, and which may be absent or ineffective in these patients.In this work, we have demonstrated the therapeutic effect of SuperMApo using two experimental models of colitis. To assess the relevance of these models to clinical practice, we have implemented flexible video endoscopy. The therapeutic effect of SuperMApo has been shown to decrease the clinical, endoscopic and histological score of colitis mice, accompanied by improved intestinal permeability and mucosal healing in vivo. This therapeutic effect is related in part to reprogramming of antigen presenting cells (APC), in particular cDC and macrophages, which exhibit less response to TLR ligands, promote induction of Treg and inhibit Th1 production. In addition, SuperMApo induces a marked tissue repair of the intestinal mucosa associated with activation of myofibroblasts, the active form of fibroblasts, and the epithelial intestinal cells (IEC). In particular, SuperMApo increases the migration, proliferation and wound healing properties of these two cell types. This effect depends in part on the growth factors contained in SuperMApo such as TGF-β, IGF-I and VEGF. Finally, preliminary results show that SuperMApo induces a repairing state on fibroblasts from patients with IBD. This opens widely the use of SuperMApo as a clinically approach to propose this new therapeutic option to refractory patients suffering from IBD