>Magister Scientiae - MSc / This study is focused on the Akanani prospect area, approximately 25 km north-west of the town of Mokopane, Limpopo Province where exploration geologists at the study area have classified the ‘pyroxenitic’ units into P1, P2, P3 and P4 units upward in order of succession with height based on their textures, mineralogy and colour. The primary aim of this study is to distinguish the distinctive geochemical and mineralogical characteristics that can be used to identify each unit (P1 to P4) and in so doing create major geochemical, petrographic and mineralogical variables that will help or facilitate the exploration for and recovery of PGE and BMS mineralisation. Geochemical and mineralogical variation studies were carried out on the cores from ZF044, ZF045, ZF048, ZF057, ZF078, ZF082 and M0023, located in the Platreef at the Akanani Prospect area on the farms Moordkopje 813LR and Zwartfontein 814LR. Using a combination of various multivariate statistical techniques (factor, cluster and discriminant analysis) and mineralogical studies (CIPW norm, microprobe analysis, petrography), the outcomes of the study have demonstrated that the Platreef at Akanani comprise at least four lithological units i.e. the basal pyroxenite portion referred to as the P1 unit comprises chromitite, pyroxenites and feldspathic pyroxenites with associated Cr, TiO2, chromite, pyroxenes, hematite and Fe2O3, the mineralized section of the P2 unit is characterized by harzburgite, serpentinized harzburgite and in places orthopyroxenites are present consistent with high MgO and LOI contents, the feldspathic portion referred here as the P3 unit is characterized by a feldspathic pyroxenite containing higher Al2O3, Na2O, K2O, albite, hypersthene and SiO2 and the top most portion of the P4 unit comprising CaO, Diopside, ilmenite, anorthite, apatite and P2O5 that can be interpreted to have formed by three separate magma pulses. Considering the possibility that the P4 unit is a hybrid melt of assimilated Platreef that interacted with intruding Main Zone magma, this reduces the number of magma pulses to two. The classification of P1, P2, P3 and P4 units of the Platreef at Akanani shows that the criteria used by mining personnel to classify the four lithological units is not definitive and therefore are not highly reliable. Although various multivariate statistical techniques were employed relatively similar elemental associations were obtained highlighiting the importance of this approach. The strongly positive correlation between sulphides, PGEs and chromite at Akanani is consistent with an orthomagmatic deposit that had been disturbed by significant hydrothermal activity, while in places a good BMS-PGE relationship is commonly associated with the main chromitite stringers in P1. Mineral and whole rock compositions of silicate rocks highlight the strongly magnesian nature of the ultramafic P2 unit. Mineral chemistry studies of chromite, orthopyroxene, olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase are consistent with the multi- emplacement model. Convective exchange resulted in the enrichment of iron at the bottom of the stagnant chamber, while incompatible elements migrated upwards consistent with iron depletion with stratigraphic height. Injection of P1 magma and subsequent mixing with country rocks gave rise to the formation of chromitites and addition of plagioclase component to the intruding magma. A normal fractionation trend is suggested between P2 and P3 consistent with enrichment of MgO in P2 and enrichment of Al2O3, Na2O, SiO2 and K2O in P3. The An% of 84.4 of plagioclase coupled with CaO enrichment in P4 is suggestive of some Main Zone influence and can be interpreted as resulting from partial melting and recrystallization of P3 in response to the intrusion of the Main Zone magma is suggested for the formation of the P4 unit. There exists a good correlation between the modal mineralogy and mineral chemistry as determined optically, the norm as determined by the CIPW norm and the whole-rock geochemical results as determined by multivariate statistics and conventional methods.

The ascent of China to a global power status has created a new wave of theoretical discourse on what this means for the future of international relations. The general consensus on a unipolar order of international relations is slowly giving way to discourse. The time of polarity shift in the system is associated with a likely conflict between the descending hegemon and the ascending power (Snyder 2002; Mearsheimer 2010). This theoretical background suggest that in the future, we might witness a military conflict between the US and China. On the other side of the spectrum is a more optimistic view of China's rise, which emphasizes the role of economic interdependence and the extreme cost of any aggressive foreign policy that would escalate the conflict potential between China and the US (Ikenberry 2008; Kang 2007; Fravel 2010). This assumption of a future military conflict between the US and China is at the center of this research. In the following pages I will explore the idea of a military conflict between the US and China in an in-depth analysis of the most contested and conflict-prone issues between China and the US: the future of Taiwan and the Senkaku Island dispute.

Orientation: As required by various sections in The Companies Act 71 of 2008, the appointed practitioner in a rescue must place before the court facts proving reasonable prospect; this is mainly determined through the subjective thought process of the practitioners who rely on his/her experience and knowledge in rescue and/or business management. This appears in direct contrast to the requirements set out by several court cases. There are many questions surrounding the determination of reasonable prospect as there is no benchmark for business rescue practitioners to work towards or a prescribed process to be followed. Research purpose: This article investigates different methods available to business rescue practitioners to factually determine (initial) reasonable prospect and guide the decision making process during the initial stages of the rescue. Motivation for the study: Business rescue is still in its infancy and reasonable prospect is one of the many vague but yet mandatory for initiating business rescue procedures. A better understanding of reasonable prospect and possible ways to factually measure it will contribute greatly to the business rescue regime. Research design and approach: The research studied numerous methods of determining financial distress and decline (literature) as well as relevant cases (law) of rescue accepted or declined in court, on the basis of reasonable prospect. Triangulation of findings assisted to conclude on a series of possible tools to be utilised during the business rescue process. Main findings: Reasonable prospect is mainly based on the practitioner's experience and opinion. Factually proving reasonable prospect remains difficult due to the presence of information asymmetry and the liability of data integrity. Due diligence is important and academic methods of determining financial distress/decline/position mostly serve as a communication tool to creditors. Practical/managerial implications: Business rescue practitioners and other affected parties could benefit from the insights obtained through this study. Confirming possible methods that could assist with the factual determination of (initial) reasonable prospect can contribute to business rescue education/ development as well as avoid the current conflict that surround the subject. Practical benefits for affected parties that must use reasonable prospect are also proposed. Contribution/value add: Identifying relevant methods of determining (initial) reasonable prospect may contribute to the better understanding of business rescue and possibly help future education of BRP's. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2016. / tm2016 / Business Management / MCom / Unrestricted

Prospect theory (Tversky & Kahneman, 1979) predicts that decision-makers work to avoid loss and maximize gains, even when outcomes are expected to be equal. Aversion to loss, and the feelings associated with loss, operates as a strong, often unconscious, bias that guides cognitive understanding of choice and consequently decisions. Prospect theory explains that faming choices around losses biases decision-makers to be more risk-seeking in order to avoid the feelings associated with loss. “The aggravation that one experiences in losing… appears to be greater than the pleasure associated with gaining the same amount” (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979, p. 279). Therefore, prospect theory explains how language framing can affect decision-making under uncertainty. Relatedly, social conflict is resolved by making choices (Diederich, 2003) and often involves a negotiation process that is affected by how negotiators perceive their situation (Schweitzer, et al., 2005). Yet prospect theory is widely underutilized in the context of social conflict (see Barberis, 2013; Butler, 2007). Therefore, this dissertation (1) tests the impact of loss and gain frames on decision-making within a social conflict involving a landlord, (2) examines the boundaries of the theory, and (3) offers insight about the implications of social conflict framing and language on decision-making. Results show that decision-making in a social conflict is significantly influenced by language framing. Loss frames and individual fault frames are two barriers to better conflict. Specifically, loss frames resulted in more negative affect for participants and less collaboration with the landlord. Gain frames resulted in more cooperation by participants. However, these effects were moderated by fault frames, indicating that, within a conflict, the feelings associated with being at fault may be more important than the feelings loss and gain frames evoke. The one exception where language framing may not be as effective is when participants had a prior experience of a similar conflict. For example, being a landlord, and being comfortable with conflict interacted with the language frames and, in some cases, prior experience was a stronger predictor of emotions and decision outcomes. Finally, emotions were found to be highly relevant to language framing and decision-making. Although all frames had some effect on emotion, negative emotion was much more affected by individual loss. Positive emotion was most strongly affected by joint and neutral fault conditions. These findings suggest that negative emotions are easily manipulated by imagining what we might lose individually, whereas positive emotions are more affected by believing we are not alone in the conflict. In support of prospect theory, framing a conflict around loss can make others feel worse about the conflict and about decisions. However, it is more difficult to make others feel positively about a conflict simply by reframing the conflict in terms of gains. Instead, in a social conflict, language frames around joint fault was the best predictor of positive affect. The implications of these findings are discussed. Keywords: Prospect theory, cognitive bias, negotiation, functional conflict / Media & Communication

I analyzed the effects of Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) and Revenue Protection crop insurance (RP) on the RP coverage level by certainty equivalents and certainty equivalent returns. ARC is a commodity program that falls under Title I of the 2014 farm bill and triggers a payment for a participating producer once his actual revenue falls below a band of 76-86 percent of a calculated expected revenue. RP is a revenue-based crop insurance program that allows for a producer to sign up for one of eight different coverage levels ranging from 50-85 percent in 5 percent increments. This leads to the idea that in order to maximize his utility, a fully-informed, expected-utility maximizing producer should not choose to select full coverage RP but rather select the 75 percent RP and pair it with the ARC program. This analysis is conducted under the conceptual frameworks of expected-utility and cumulative prospect theory.

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The Precision Reactor Oscillation and SPECTrum Experiment (PROSPECT) is designed to probe short baseline oscillations of electron antineutrinos in search of eV-scale sterile neutrinos and precisely measure the U-235 reactor antineutrino spectrum from the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The PROSPECT antineutrino detector (AD) provides excellent background rejection and position resolution due to its segmented design and use of Li-6-loaded liquid scintillator. In order to understand relative volume variation effects, which could affect an oscillation measurement, Ac-227 was added as a calibration source that was dissolved isotropically throughout the liquid scintillator. Using the correlated production of alphas from Rn-219 -> Po-215 -> Pb-211 in the Ac-227 decay chain I measured the rate of Ac-227 in each segment of the detector as well as the decay rate of Ac-227 events over the lifetime of the detector. The measured Ac-227 half-life suggests a rate of events falling 1.56 +/- 0.21% faster than expectation. The results of these studies were then applied as corrections to the measurement of antineutrino event rates as a function of distance from the reactor. This thesis will present the testing of Ac-227 as a calibration source before its addition to the AD, analysis methods, results of Ac-227 in the AD, and its application to the oscillation analysis. / Physics

"My wound is geography. It is also my anchorage, my port of call." -Pat Conroy "Existential contents have their source in the landscape." -Willy Hellpach The preceding statements each reflect the significance of the landscape to one's existential being. The first embodies the veracity of the latter in its specificity of place, the tidal marshes and sea islands of the Carolinas. How do we come to know a place? What is the significance of one's participatory perception of the qualitative experience of the natural world? How can that awareness of the specificity of the surrounding physical environment be imparted through architecture? / Master of Architecture

När en individ identifierar sig med ett varumärke har det visat sig att hen är mer benägen att utföra positiva gärningar gentemot varumärket. Det kan innefatta positive word of mouth, att försvara varumärket vid smutskastning eller intention att köpa produkter från varumärket. För att en identifikation ska uppstå krävs det att en individ kan se delar av sig själv i varumärket eller se en vinning i att identifiera sig med det. En viktig del för varumärket är att visa detta i sin marknadsföring. Till hjälp finns det fem centrala katalysatorer som hjälper till med denna process på olika nivåer. Jag har i denna undersökning isolerat och analyserat dessa i hjälporganisationers marknadsföring för att kunna se hur de används. Vidare används nästan alltid någon form av gestaltning i marknadsföring för att få konsumenten att i större utsträckning förstå budskapet och se det ur berättarens ögon. På det sättet så kan konsumenten lättare ta till sig vad varumärket vill säga och, om kommunikationen är utförd rätt, ges större chans till identifikation. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om 1) hjälporganisationer använder sig av gestaltning i sin marknadsföring, 2)om de använder sig olika katalysatorer för Consumer Brand Identification och 3) om dessa varumärken är lätta att identifiera sig med enligt dessa teorier. Till hjälp för att ta reda på detta så har studien använt sig utav teorierna kring Consumer Brand Identification, gestaltningsteorin och delar av The prospect theory. Studien har analyserat reklamfilmer från två olika hjälporganisationer: Rädda barnen och Unicef. I studien användes en kvalitativ retorisk analys för att tolka reklamfilmernas manifesta och latenta budskap samt två sammanställningar av strategisk gestaltning och olika katalysatorer för Consumer Brand Identification. Resultatet visade att reklamfilmerna tillsammans innehöll alla de olika katalysatorerna och strategiska gestaltningarna. Det intressanta och anmärkningsvärda var att reklamfilmerna ibland inte använde den strategiska gestaltningen på det sätt som forskningen visat skulle vara det bästa sättet att använda dem på. Vad detta kan bero på kan man bara spekulera om och det gör jag också i slutdelen av denna uppsats. / When an individual identifies with a brand, it has been proved that he or she does to some extent perform positive actions toward the brand. It can include positive word of mouth, defending the brand in mudslinging, or intent to purchase products from the brand. For an identification to occur, the individual has to see parts of her or his soul in the brand. An important part of the marketing strategy is to show the brands values in their marketing. To facilitate this there are five key drivers that help with this process at different levels. I have in this study isolated and analyzed them in humanitarian organizations marketing. Furthermore, there is almost always some kind of strategic framing in marketing, to get consumers to increasingly understand the message and see it from the narrator's eyes. In this way, the consumer can more easily absorb what the brand is trying to say, and if the communication is performed properly, greater the chance of identification. The aim of this study is to investigate whether humanitarian organizations 1) make use of strategic framing in their marketing, 2) make use of driver for Consumer Brand Identification and 3) if those brands are easy to identify with according to these theories. To help determine this, the study used the theories of Consumer Brand Identification, strategic framing theory and parts of The prospect theory. The study has analyzed commercials from two different aid organizations: Save the Children and UNICEF. The study used a qualitative rhetorical analysis to interpret the advertisings manifest and latent messages and two compilations of strategic design and various driver for Consumer Brand Identification. The result showed that the commercials together contained all the various drivers and strategic framing elements. The interesting and noteworthy part was that the commercials did not, in some cases, use the strategic portrayal in the way that research has shown would be the best way to use them. Why this is we can only speculate about, and so I do in the final section of this paper.