Orientador: Lizete Maria Orquiza de Carvalho / Banca: Luiz Gonzaga Roversi Genovese / Banca: Luciana Maria Lunardi Campos / Resumo: Na condição de professor iniciante e pesquisador, procurei identificar os elmentos que influenciaram minha recontextualização da abordagem educacional "Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas" utilizando como referencial teórico o conceito de discurso pedagógico de Bernstein (2003b). Tal teoria é muito utilizada em trabalhos sobre políticas curriculares, apontando que estas são modificadas, selecionadas e adaptadas quando passam de seu campo de produção para o campo da reprodução, respeitando valores, ideologias e interesses deste último. Trazê-la pata a investigação sobre a própria prática significa acreditar que o professor possui uma estrutura interna própria, a qual orienta as modificações e adaptações que faz dos diversos discursos que chegam até ele, por exemplo, o currículo, o livro didático, teorias educacionais, metodologias de ensino e orientações diversas que recebe de órgãos oficiais com o a Secretaria de Educação. Para entender esse processo de recontextualização revisei minha trajetória na educação marcando como ponto inicial o término da licenciatura em Física em 2007 finalizando com o ingresso no mestrado em 2010. Assim, relacionei minhas as ações em sala de aula do início de 2011 com valores dos campos os quais já fiz parte, incluindo o próprio contexto da escola, pois não me afastei do cargo de professor efetivo de Fisica para realizar o mestrado. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa que ressaltou a importância da Formação Inicial na consolidação de elementos que regularam minha prática docente como a importância da interação professor-aluno mediada pelo diálogo, à elaboração de planos de aula flexíveis que podem ser mofidicados de acordo com as necessidades particulares da turma, a importância de observar as interações entre os alunos para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the condition of beginning teacher and researcher, I sought to identify the factors that influenced my recontextuaklization of "Problem-based learning" using the theoretical concept of Bernstein's Pedagogic Discourse (2003b). This theory is widely used in work on curricular policies, pointing out that these are modified, selected and adapted when moving from its field of production for the field of reproduction, respecting values, ideologies and interest of the latter. Bring it to research on their own practice is to believe that the teacher has an internal structure itself, which directs the modifications and adaptations that make the various speeches that coming to him, for example, curriculum, textbooks, educational theories, teaching methodologies and guidance it receives from various official bodies such as the Secretary of Education. To understand this process of recontextualization reviewed my career in education and as a starting point the end of the graduation in Physics in 2007, ending with thw entry into Master's Degree in 2010. So, I connected my actions in the classroom in early 2011 with values of the fields which I have done part, including the proper context of the school, because I have not departed from his professorship to perform the search. This is a qualitative research that highlighted the importance of initial teacher education in the consolidation of elements that regulated my teaching practice like the importance of interaction between teacher-student mediated by the dialoque, the development of flexibe lesson plans that can be modified according to particular needs of the class, the importance of observing the interactions between students to interfere in their disposition in the classroom. As a beginning teacher, I recognize the influence of school context in my ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O modelo tradicional, em vigor no ensino em engenharia, tem se mostrado inadequado ao atual perfil esperado do profissional. Dessa forma, alguns poucos docentes têm procurado por maneiras de ensinar que prepare o engenheiro para o atual contexto e têm se empenhado em implementar em suas disciplinas o método Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (Problem Based Learning - PBL), visando proporcionar melhoria ao ensino em engenharia. No entanto, esses professores não têm em sua formação o preparo necessário para exercer a docência e, em geral, se espelham nas práticas dos professores que tiveram durante sua formação escolar e profissional. Neste sentido, o presente estudo tem por objetivo identificar competências docentes para o ensino por meio do método PBL, no papel de facilitador. A pesquisa envolveu quatro professores de engenharia de duas universidades públicas dos estados de São Paulo e Bahia. Os dados foram coletados por intermédio de entrevistas com três dos participantes e da observação de aulas de outro participante que foram registradas na forma de anotações de campo. Para analisar os dados foi usada a técnica análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados da pesquisa qualitativa apontam a existência de competências no papel de facilitador, bem como de competências gerais de ensino. Além disso, indicam a necessidade do desenvolvimento e aperfeiçoamento de importantes competências, tanto pedagógicas, quanto associadas ao método PBL no papel de facilitador. Para competências relativas o PBL foi indicado maneiras de como desenvolver ou aperfeiçoá-las para o ensino como forma de proporcionar melhorias à qualidade do ensino e da aprendizagem em engenharia. A pesquisa, ainda, aponta caminhos na direção de pesquisas futuras. / The traditional model in effect in the engineering education has proved inappropriate to the current profile expected of the professional. In this way, few professors have been looking for ways teaching to prepare the engineer for the current context and they have tried to implement the method Problem Based Leaning (PBL) in their disciplines aiming to provide a better education in engineering. However, these professors have no training in their preparation needed to pursue teaching practice and, in general, their practices are reflected in the practices of teachers who they had during their schooling and professional training. In this sense, this study aims to identify teaching skills for teaching through the PBL method in the role of facilitator. The research involved four engineering professors from two public universities in the states of São Paulo and Bahia. Data were collected through interviews with three participants and classroom observation of another participant that were recorded as field notes. To analyze the data we used the technique of thematic content analysis. The survey results indicate the existence of qualitative competences in the role of PBL facilitator and as well as competences regard to teaching. They also indicate the need for the development and improvement of both important competences to teach, as associated with the PBL method in the role of facilitator as a way to provide improvements to the quality of teaching and learning in engineering. For those competences related to PBL was indicated ways of developing or improving to the teaching to promote the quality of teaching and learning engineering education. The research also points out ways toward future research.

Este trabalho liga os conceitos da Teoria da Complexidade (TC) à Contabilidade por meio da utilização da aprendizagem baseada em problemas (ABP) no âmbito do ensino e nasce da necessidade de reforçar a aquisição de autonomia, habilidade de solução de problemas e o aprendizado. A TC ampara a forma de pensar em diversas áreas, sendo uma vasta tendência anti-reducionista presente em vários setores da ciência que ressalta os aspectos de descontinuidade, contradição, não-linearidade, multiplicidade e aleatoriedade, não reduzindo propriedades emergentes. Por sua vez a ABP é vista como a interação dinâmica entre os agentes que leva a emergência de novas características auto-organizadoras, a novos entendimentos acerca dos problemas em que soluções são construídas coletivamente e essa metodologia aplicada à Contabilidade implica em não isolá-la em partes incomunicáveis. O problema proposto questiona se a ABP provê maiores ganhos de autonomia, aprendizagem e habilidade de solução de problema aos estudantes de Contabilidade. O estudo possui um enfoque exploratório ao enfatizar a ABP como abordagem complexa na educação, e também, um caráter correlacional ao desenvolver um quase-experimento. Para testar a hipótese de que a utilização da ABP na Contabilidade fornece mais autonomia, aprendizagem e habilidade de solução de problema, um quase-experimento foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, com dois grupos de estudantes de graduação em Contabilidade. Na primeira etapa, foi aplicada ao grupo experimental a metodologia de ABP, já no grupo de controle, a metodologia tradicional expositiva. Na segunda etapa os grupos se invertem, revezando-se nas metodologias de ensino aplicadas. Questionários e depoimentos escritos pelos alunos captam a percepção discente, e a solução de caso de ensino e testes de conhecimento de Contabilidade foram utilizados para ratificar as percepções. Os resultados mostram que os alunos expostos a ABP percebem maior ganho de autonomia, de aprendizagem e de habilidade de solução de problema, comparados aos alunos expostos ao ensino tradicional. Os resultados dos pós-teste e testes de avaliação de conhecimento ratificam o melhor desempenho dos estudantes expostos a ABP. Apesar de se mostrar uma metodologia superior nas análises aqui levantadas, a ABP não parece ser substituta de metodologias tradicionais, mas sim, um poderoso complemento. / This piece of work performs a connection between the concepts of the Complexity Theory and Problem Based Learning (PBL), and then, analyzes its application to accounting teaching. It origins from the necessity to add theories to the accounting teaching that reinforce the acquisition of autonomy, problem solving ability and learning. At first instant, Complexity Theory emerges to support different forms of thinking among several areas of knowledge. It refers to a vast tendency anti-reductionist which evolved from many fields in scientific research. Complex epistemology takes form as it puts focus on the aspects of discontinuity, contradiction, non-linearity, multiplicity and randomness instead of reduce its emergence. PBL is the dynamic interaction among agents that lead it to the emergence of new selforganizing features, new understandings on problems to which solutions are collectively built. See Accounting under ideas of Complexity implies not to isolate this science in incommunicable parts, contrarily, it implies to contextualize the Accounting studies in its many functions on the research of organizations assets and its role on society as general. In Accounting, the divided view of reality brings the need of new paradigms to translate the assets performance and entities results, paradigms that support new ways of thinking and are able to be spread by people that act in these contexts. To test the hypotheses that in the student perceptions, a Complex approach to reality in Accounting education provides more autonomy, problem solving ability and learning, compared to a traditional approach, a quasiexperiment is performed in two steps with the participation of students divided in two groups. Firstly, to the experimental group it is applied the PBL methodology and to the control group, traditional methodology is developed, both exposed to a Cost Accounting course. At second step, groups are inverted and alternate in the teaching methods. Questionnaires, statements written by students and case studies solutions are utilized as pre and pos-tests providing data that feed analyzes on this research. To sum it up, this study has an exploratory feature when emphasize PBL as a Complex approach in education, and as well, this study has a correlacional feature when performs a quasi-experiment. The results show us that students participating in PBL Cost Accounting courses perceive more acquisitions of autonomy, knowledge and problem solving ability compared to students that participated in traditional courses. Results in Cost Accounting knowledge evaluation via pos-test and questionnaires, used as students perceptions confirmation tools, reaffirm the better performance of students exposed to PBL courses. Such methodology, despite the fact of being superior in the hypotheses tested in the research, it does not seem to be the traditional methodologies substitute; however, it fits more as a complement to existing tools, since in many learning profile there are students who take advantage from PBL potential and see it as valid option, but in some cases, there are people who do not present affinity with this methodology, according to students statements and performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carmen Eliana da Silva.pdf: 1553615 bytes, checksum: 58ae844f856e021128c30adff6e5bcd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-01 / The constant change in the accounting area alongside with the technological evolution have brought about an improvement necessity for methods and techniques, which shall be helpful with the process of inserting students on the job market and also enabling them to have a wider view of the business world by developing the capacity to apply it on their professional lives. In this Scenario the Problem Based Learning PBL method was studied and applied on classes for the subjects Prática contábil informatizada I and II within the Accounting Course of the private college Estácio Europan in Cotia, São Paulo. The PBL was applied for students enrolled in the 4th semester in 2014 and in the 5th semester in 2015.The objective is to test whether this method is well received by students in class, considering that it is student based, differently from the traditional ones. This case was elaborated based on the real needs of a small company, considering a questionnaire developed with Sebrae s information about the reasons for a company to go out of business and the 7 sins of smalls companiesby José Carlos Marion; therefore the students have applied the method considering the identified problems. Further to that they answered a survey regarding the acquired knowledge and the applied method. The results obtained were compared by the means of a Chi-Square (where equal proportions were expected), which allowed to be identified that most of the students have considered the strategy as positive and motivating regarding their learning process and also that they were able to achieve the aimed objective, which means, the acquisition of knowledge upon the subject taught and the theory through the practice experienced by the method. The aforementioned results identify the acceptance of the applied method / Com as mudanças constantes na área Contábil e a evolução tecnológica, surge a necessidade do aperfeiçoamento de métodos e técnicas que possam inserir os estudantes no mercado de trabalho de forma que tenham uma visão abrangente do mundo dos negócios e desenvolvam capacidade para aplicar na vida profissional. Neste cenário, o método Problem Based Learning PBL (aprendizado baseado em problemas) foi estudado e aplicado nas aulas das disciplinas prática contábil informatizada I e II do curso de ciências contábeis, na faculdade privada Estácio Europan, em Cotia, São Paulo, para os alunos do 4º semestre de 2014 e 5º semestre de 2015. Oobjetivo é testar se este método é bem aceito pelos alunos em sala de aula, uma vez que ele é centrado no aluno, diferentemente dos métodos tradicionais. O caso foi elaborado tendo como base necessidades reais de uma empresa de pequeno porte, baseado em questionário desenvolvido com informações do Sebrae sobre causa mortis das empresas e os 7 pecados das pequenas empresas, por José Carlos Marion. Com base nos problemas identificados, os alunos aplicaram o método. Ao final, eles responderam a um questionário referente aos conhecimentos adquiridos e o método aplicado. Os resultados obtidos comparados por meio de um Qui-quadrado (proporções esperadas iguais) permitiu identificar que a maioria dos alunos considerou a estratégia como positiva e motivadorapara a sua aprendizagem e que alcançaram os objetivos almejados, ou seja, o conhecimento mediante os conteúdos ministrados, da teoria com a prática vivenciada pelo método. A referida resposta identifica a aceitação do método aplicado

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Este trabalho liga os conceitos da Teoria da Complexidade (TC) à Contabilidade por meio da utilização da aprendizagem baseada em problemas (ABP) no âmbito do ensino e nasce da necessidade de reforçar a aquisição de autonomia, habilidade de solução de problemas e o aprendizado. A TC ampara a forma de pensar em diversas áreas, sendo uma vasta tendência anti-reducionista presente em vários setores da ciência que ressalta os aspectos de descontinuidade, contradição, não-linearidade, multiplicidade e aleatoriedade, não reduzindo propriedades emergentes. Por sua vez a ABP é vista como a interação dinâmica entre os agentes que leva a emergência de novas características auto-organizadoras, a novos entendimentos acerca dos problemas em que soluções são construídas coletivamente e essa metodologia aplicada à Contabilidade implica em não isolá-la em partes incomunicáveis. O problema proposto questiona se a ABP provê maiores ganhos de autonomia, aprendizagem e habilidade de solução de problema aos estudantes de Contabilidade. O estudo possui um enfoque exploratório ao enfatizar a ABP como abordagem complexa na educação, e também, um caráter correlacional ao desenvolver um quase-experimento. Para testar a hipótese de que a utilização da ABP na Contabilidade fornece mais autonomia, aprendizagem e habilidade de solução de problema, um quase-experimento foi desenvolvido em duas etapas, com dois grupos de estudantes de graduação em Contabilidade. Na primeira etapa, foi aplicada ao grupo experimental a metodologia de ABP, já no grupo de controle, a metodologia tradicional expositiva. Na segunda etapa os grupos se invertem, revezando-se nas metodologias de ensino aplicadas. Questionários e depoimentos escritos pelos alunos captam a percepção discente, e a solução de caso de ensino e testes de conhecimento de Contabilidade foram utilizados para ratificar as percepções. Os resultados mostram que os alunos expostos a ABP percebem maior ganho de autonomia, de aprendizagem e de habilidade de solução de problema, comparados aos alunos expostos ao ensino tradicional. Os resultados dos pós-teste e testes de avaliação de conhecimento ratificam o melhor desempenho dos estudantes expostos a ABP. Apesar de se mostrar uma metodologia superior nas análises aqui levantadas, a ABP não parece ser substituta de metodologias tradicionais, mas sim, um poderoso complemento. / This piece of work performs a connection between the concepts of the Complexity Theory and Problem Based Learning (PBL), and then, analyzes its application to accounting teaching. It origins from the necessity to add theories to the accounting teaching that reinforce the acquisition of autonomy, problem solving ability and learning. At first instant, Complexity Theory emerges to support different forms of thinking among several areas of knowledge. It refers to a vast tendency anti-reductionist which evolved from many fields in scientific research. Complex epistemology takes form as it puts focus on the aspects of discontinuity, contradiction, non-linearity, multiplicity and randomness instead of reduce its emergence. PBL is the dynamic interaction among agents that lead it to the emergence of new selforganizing features, new understandings on problems to which solutions are collectively built. See Accounting under ideas of Complexity implies not to isolate this science in incommunicable parts, contrarily, it implies to contextualize the Accounting studies in its many functions on the research of organizations assets and its role on society as general. In Accounting, the divided view of reality brings the need of new paradigms to translate the assets performance and entities results, paradigms that support new ways of thinking and are able to be spread by people that act in these contexts. To test the hypotheses that in the student perceptions, a Complex approach to reality in Accounting education provides more autonomy, problem solving ability and learning, compared to a traditional approach, a quasiexperiment is performed in two steps with the participation of students divided in two groups. Firstly, to the experimental group it is applied the PBL methodology and to the control group, traditional methodology is developed, both exposed to a Cost Accounting course. At second step, groups are inverted and alternate in the teaching methods. Questionnaires, statements written by students and case studies solutions are utilized as pre and pos-tests providing data that feed analyzes on this research. To sum it up, this study has an exploratory feature when emphasize PBL as a Complex approach in education, and as well, this study has a correlacional feature when performs a quasi-experiment. The results show us that students participating in PBL Cost Accounting courses perceive more acquisitions of autonomy, knowledge and problem solving ability compared to students that participated in traditional courses. Results in Cost Accounting knowledge evaluation via pos-test and questionnaires, used as students perceptions confirmation tools, reaffirm the better performance of students exposed to PBL courses. Such methodology, despite the fact of being superior in the hypotheses tested in the research, it does not seem to be the traditional methodologies substitute; however, it fits more as a complement to existing tools, since in many learning profile there are students who take advantage from PBL potential and see it as valid option, but in some cases, there are people who do not present affinity with this methodology, according to students statements and performance.

An educational researcher sought to collaborate with a classroom instructor to introduce problem-based learning as a new teaching intervention. First, a classroom instructor was approached to consider how a problem-based learning instructional approach might fit with their existing curriculum plan. The researcher and the classroom teacher used a discussion framework to decide together how to best design a professional learning course meant to prepare the teacher to use the new techniques in their classroom. The teacher took the professional learning course and subsequently designed his own problem-based learning course. That course was then delivered to undergraduate students in a college senior thermo-fluids lab course. Quantitative and qualitative data describe how students recognized the connection between the lab course and their perceptions of a future career as engineers. Preliminary findings suggest the researcher and teacher professional learning codesign process contributed positively to the classroom teachers developing and delivering their own PBL course that was perceived by students to contribute positively to their content knowledge, motivation and perception of their future career as engineers.

Teaching journalism in tertiary institutions presents challenges, including how students learn to work in teams under the sort of pressure that characterizes workplace journalism. This thesis is a case study of how a group of students at AUT University, in Auckland, experienced taking responsibility for producing four editions of a student newspaper as part of their journalism training. Based on a series of individual student interviews, before, during and after their experience, this research suggests that the key factor in their learning was their being allowed, to a large extent, the power to make their own decisions about the appearance and content of their product, while still being charged with the responsibility of ensuring it reached a highly professional standard. The realities of life as a journalist, including recognizing the frequent need to prune, tighten or re-angle stories - even to reject them - and the vital role of co-operative teamwork, unparalleled in their other journalism studies, were driven home.The two tutors, interviewed after the last edition, put some of the student observations into context and provided insights into the discipline involved, as teachers, in maintaining training as a priority, while ensuring production to deadline of a series of reputable and legally safe newspapers.This case study suggests that while there are contrived aspects that cannot replicate a "real" newsroom - such as the students' assignment to editorial roles without the status of real editors or chief reporters - the learning experience resulted not only in advances in the students' technological skills but significant development in their critical thinking about the profession they were due to enter.

<p>In this study we wanted to have a closer look at how a specific working team of pedagogues in the senior part of elementary school works with student influence through a pedagogical concept created by themselves. We have used qualitative interviews as a method to achieve relevant information from the pedagogues, and from students teached by the same.</p><p>The purpose of the study was to investigate how the working team, through the concept, pursue real student influence within different school subjects and how the individual student is favored in his/her learning process. Another intention was to find out to what extent the students experience this influence. We also wanted to elucidate the advantages as well as the disadvantages of this concept, and to shed some light on how the informants view the future development of the concept.</p><p>The result shows that consensus prevails to a large extent among teachers and students regarding the signification of real student influence in the everyday learning situation. It also appears that the students’ abilities to exercise influence vary between different school subjects. The students seem to have understood and accepted the reasons for this.</p><p>The interaction between traditional teaching (in certain subjects) and the concept has resulted in the fact that students have succeeded in their learning process to a larger extent and that their engagement and sense of responsibility have increased significantly.</p>

In this study we wanted to have a closer look at how a specific working team of pedagogues in the senior part of elementary school works with student influence through a pedagogical concept created by themselves. We have used qualitative interviews as a method to achieve relevant information from the pedagogues, and from students teached by the same. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the working team, through the concept, pursue real student influence within different school subjects and how the individual student is favored in his/her learning process. Another intention was to find out to what extent the students experience this influence. We also wanted to elucidate the advantages as well as the disadvantages of this concept, and to shed some light on how the informants view the future development of the concept. The result shows that consensus prevails to a large extent among teachers and students regarding the signification of real student influence in the everyday learning situation. It also appears that the students’ abilities to exercise influence vary between different school subjects. The students seem to have understood and accepted the reasons for this. The interaction between traditional teaching (in certain subjects) and the concept has resulted in the fact that students have succeeded in their learning process to a larger extent and that their engagement and sense of responsibility have increased significantly.