Herbage and cattle production in semi-arid regions are primarily controlled by climate variation particularly rainfall variability and secondarily by disturbances such as drought, grazing and fire. These factors interact at different spatial and temporal scales in a complex manner difficult to observe or comprehend and, reduce availability and quality of herbage and cattle productivity. Variables for quantifying rangeland productivity are thus rarely available and unreliable yet options for sustainable management are limited. Grazing experiments have provided useful insight about ecological and management factors involved in rangeland functioning, but they have limited scope to deal with high environmental variation. This highlights the need for a systems approach for monitoring rangeland and cattle productivity at the appropriate spatial and temporal scales to enable productivity to be maximised whilst risk to climate variation is minimised. This study explored two broad objectives: to determine the ranch-scale impacts of rainfall variability and drought on herbaceous aboveground biomass (AGB) using optical remote sensing; and to parameterise, evaluate and apply a systems model, the Sustainable Grazing Systems (SGS) whole farm model to complement grazing experiments in assessing the effects of grazing strategies on beef cattle production. To determine rainfall variability impacts, twenty regression models were firstly developed between measured herbaceous AGB and, classical and extended multispectral vegetation indices (MVIs) derived from a Landsat 8 image. End-of-season herbaceous AGB was predicted with high accuracy (r2 range = 0.55 to 0.71; RMSE range = 840 to 1480 kgha-1). The most accurate model was used to construct a regression between rainfall and AGB derived from peak-season Landsat images available between 1992 and 2017. Standardised precipitation index and standardised anomalies of herbaceous AGB production were then used in a convergence of evidence approach to determine the response of AGB to rainfall variability and drought intensity. Total wet season rainfall revealed high variability (33 to 41 % CV) and subsequent herbaceous AGB production were 18 to 35 % more variable. Spatial heterogeneity of AGB production across herbaceous communities were high and deviated from mean AGB by 51 to 69 %. Landscape-level temporal variation of AGB production remained stable despite the increase of climate variability experienced in the region in the past 50 years. Climate inputs and parameter sets for upper-, mid- and foot- slope land types and key grass species, Urochloa mosambicensis and Eragrostis curvula were developed by integrating spatial data with previous soil surveys and extensive reviews of published experiments. A simulation experiment was conducted between 1992 and 2017 for all combinations of land types and grass species to analyse the extent of improvement resulting from parameter adjustments. The SGS model predicted the growth pattern known for grasses native to dry regions of southern Africa. The model represented measured herbaceous biomass moderately well (r2 = 0.57), at low average error (RMSE, 820 kg DM ha-1) despite huge discrepancies in summary statistics for measured (mean, 3877 kg DM ha-1) and simulated (mean, 3071 kg DM ha-1) biomass and residuals. Model predictions were also significantly correlated with remotely sensed AGB (r2 = 0.46) at reasonable overall performance error (RMSE, 981 kg DM ha-1). The integrated workflow developed for parameterising and calibrating the SGS pasture-simulation model can benefit model users in data-constrained environments. Animal growth parameters specific to Brahman weaner steers were defined in the SGS model to enable evaluation of impacts of recommended (10 haLU-1) and other three stocking rates (7, 15 and 20 haLU-1) and multi-paddock grazing systems (2-, 3- and 4- paddocks per herd) on rangeland productivity. Overall, there were no observable differences in herbage production and dry matter intake irrespective of stocking rate and multi-paddock grazing system. But stocking rate effects on animal production were more pronounced compared to multi-paddock grazing systems. To maximise cattle productivity in semi-arid rangelands, management should be emphasised on manipulation of stocking rates over multi-paddock grazing systems. Keywords Rangeland monitoring, climate risk, sustainability, animal productivity, grazing strategies / Thesis (PhD (Animal Production Management))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / National Research Foundation of South Africa / University of Pretoria Department of Research and Innovation Support / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / PhD / Unrestricted

This Thesis presents a framework for modelling species-specific site quality index (SQI) at a spatial resolution of 250 m by integrating biophysical variables of growing degree days (GDD), soil water content (SWC), and incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in descriptions of potential tree growth. Development of GDD maps is based on processing and blending remotely-sensed data acquired with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor on the Terra satellite and ETM+ sensor on Landsat-7 satellite at spatial resolutions of 250 m and 28.5 m. Descriptions of SWC are based on a temperature-vegetation wetness index (TVWI) that relies on MODIS-based optical and thermal image products. PAR is estimated with an existing solar-radiation distribution model. SQI is defined as a function of species vital attributes and species environmental response to GDD, TVWI, and PAR. The methods are applied to a balsam fir [bF; Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] dominated region in northwest New Brunswick. Comparisons between SQI and field-based estimates of site index and enhanced vegetation index showed that about 66 and 88% of the values corresponding to a series of Forest Development Survey lines (691 in total) were within 16% of SQI values. On average 92.1% of high bF-content stands (> 50% composition) in the area fell on medium-to-very high SQI values (> 0.50). Based on these agreements, SQI can be perceived as a good predictor of potential tree-species growth in the selection of optimal sites for biomass and wood fibre production.

Dans le cadre de l’étude de l’évolution du système climatique terrestre, comprendre la composition gazeuse et particulaire de l’atmosphère est un enjeu majeur dans notre compréhension de la Terre et de son atmosphère, de son passé et de son évolution à venir. Les aérosols secondaires, i.e. formés par nucléation, représentent la source la plus importante en nombre des aérosols atmosphériques mais prédire où, quand et en quelle proportion ces aérosols sont formés dans l’atmosphère demeure à ce jour un exercice peu fiable. C’est dans ce contexte que cette étude s’est attachée à compléter nos connaissances des processus conduisant à la formation et à la croissance des particules atmosphériques secondaires. Des études réalisées à partir de mesures de terrain à long terme sur différents sites d’altitude en Europe ont permis de mettre en évidence différentes spéciations verticales de la nucléation démontrant que ce phénomène semble être jusqu’à deux fois plus fréquents à la frontière avec la basse troposphère libre que dans la couche limite planétaire. D’autre part ces mêmes études ont pu mettre en évidence que les mécanismes conduisant à la nucléation de nouvelles particules se différencient avec l’altitude impliquant un rôle plus important de la voie de formation induite par les ions ainsi que des composés organiques volatils. La contribution de cette dernière famille de composés à la nucléation a été également testée durant plusieurs campagnes d’expérimentation en systèmes réactifs ainsi qu’en chambre de simulation atmosphérique. Différents comportements et paramétrisation de la nucléation selon la nature chimique du composé parent ont pu être mis en évidence. Enfin, des études numériques réalisées à partir de données de terrain et d’expérimentation ont permis d’explorer, d’infirmer, de confirmer et de proposer différentes approches numériques afin de simuler les évènements de formation des aérosols secondaires. / As part of the study of the evolution of Earth’s climate system, understanding the composition of gaseous and particulate atmospheric matter is a major issue in our understanding of Earth and its atmosphere, its past and its evolution. The secondary aerosols, i.e. formed from nucleation, represents the largest source in a number concentration of atmospheric particles but predicting, where, when and in what proportion these aerosols are formed in the atmosphere are still challenging. It is in this context that this study focused to complete our understanding of the process leading to the formation and growth of atmospheric secondary particles. Investigations conducted from long term field measurements at different altitude sites across Europe have made possible to highlight different vertical speciation of the nucleation process and that this phenomenon seems to be occur two times more frequently at the interface between the planetary boundary layer and the free troposphere than in the low planetary boundary layer. In addition these studies have been able to show that different nucleation path are enhanced according to the altitude, implicant a greater role in the process of formation induced by ions and volatile organic compounds at altitude sites. The contribution of this last family of compounds to the nucleation has also been examinated through numerous experimenal campaigns using reactive system as well as smog chambers experiments. Different behaviors of the new particle formation and nucleation parametrization depending on the chemical nature of the parent compound were pointed out. Finally, numerical studies based on both field and smog chamber experiments were conducted to confirm or explore, different numerical approaches to simulate the new secondary aerosol formation.