Skim, sweet buttermilk, and butter-derived aqueous phase components were used to re-emulsify low-melt butteroil into creams with a desired 20% milkfat. The implications of pasteurization process, homogenization sequence, and formulation on the physicochemical properties of reformulated and natural creams were investigated. Creams homogenized prior to pasteurization had significantly (p<0.05) greater amounts of milkfat surface material per gram of cream and per gram of lipid compared to creams homogenized after pasteurization. Significantly (p<0.05) higher percentages of available phospholipid also were associated with the milkfat surface material of creams homogenized prior to pasteurization. Phosphodiesterase, a marker enzyme within the native milkfat globule membrane, was in significantly (p<0.05) higher activity relative to protein on lipid globule surface when cream was homogenized prior to pasteurization. Creams that underwent pasteurization prior to homogenization had significantly (p<0.05) higher protein load associated with the milkfat surface material. Natural cream homogenized prior to pasteurization had significantly (p<0.05) greater milkfat surface material per gram lipid than natural cream homogenized after pasteurization and buttermilk / aqueous phase (AP) reformulated cream homogenized after pasteurization. In contrast, natural cream homogenized after pasteurization and BM / AP reformulated cream homogenized after pasteurization had significantly (p<0.05) greater amounts of protein per 10 mg of milkfat surface material than all other formulation / homogenization sequence combinations. In addition, natural cream homogenized prior to pasteurization, and skim milk (SM) reformulated cream pasteurized prior to or after homogenization had significantly (p<0.05) higher percentages of available phospholipid associated with the milkfat surface material than natural cream homogenized following pasteurization. Pasteurization temperature had a significant (p<0.05) effect on apparent viscosity of natural and reformulated creams. All UHT pasteurized natural and reformulated creams had significantly (p<0.05) greater apparent viscosities at all shear rates monitored than HTST pasteurized natural and reformulated creams. At a failing curve shear rate of 692 s-1 UHT pasteurized cream reformulated with BM / AP had significantly (p<0.05) greater viscosity than UHT pasteurized natural cream and cream reformulated with skim component. HTST pasteurized natural cream had significantly (p<0.05) greater viscosities than HTST pasteurized cream reformulated with skim component. Moreover, at a shear rate of 2769 s-1 and a rising shear rate of 1384 s-1 HTST pasteurized natural cream had significantly (p<0.05) greater viscosity than HTST pasteurized cream reformulated with buttermilk and aqueous phase. Creams formulated with skim component showed significant differences in creaming stability after 7 days of storage. On the other hand, natural cream and cream reformulated with buttermilk and aqueous phase showed significant differences in creaming stability after 9 days of storage. HTST pasteurized creams had greater creaming stability than UHT pasteurized creams. All creams feathered in a pH range of 5.09 to 5.31. Homogenization prior to UHT pasteurization resulted in creams rated "out of specification" because of poor sensory quality on day 1. Other processing sequences resulted in creams within sensory specifications. / Master of Science

This study investigates how post-processing effects affect the realism and aesthetics of digital game graphics. Four focus groups explored a digital game environment and were exposed to various post-processing effects. During qualitative interviews these focus groups were asked questions about their experience and preferences and the results were analysed. The results can illustrate some of the different pros and cons with these popular post-processing effects and this could help graphical artists and game developers in the future to use this tool (post-processing effects) as effectively as possible. / Denna studie undersöker hur post-processing effekter påverkar realismen och estetiken hos digital spelgrafik. Fyra fokusgrupper utforskade en digital spelmiljö medan olika post-processing effekter exponerades för dem. Under kvalitativa fokusgruppsintervjuer fick de frågor angående deras upplevelser och preferenser och detta resultat blev sedan analyserat. Resultatet kan ge en bild av de olika för- och nackdelarna som finns med dessa populära post-processing effekter och skulle möjligen kunna hjälpa grafiker och spelutvecklare i framtiden att använda detta verktyg (post-processing effekter) så effektivt som möjligt.

This thesis describes methods for lighting calculations of large scenes used in modern computer games. Forward shading and deferred shading methods are discussed and compared. Capabilities of raytracing are shortly described. There are some information about various methods for casting shadows, simulation of particle systems and applying post-processing effects. In the end there is a design of architecture for rendering complex scenes with use of XNA and description of implementation used in resulting game.

No / An extensive study of the fibre orientation structures developed in a transverse ribbed plate during injection moulding, and the use of these structures to investigate the effect of local fibre orientation state on crack initiation resistance, is reported. The fibre orientation results for the ribbed plate, measured using large area image analysis system developed at Leeds University, showed that after an initial settling down period, the central core region, where the fibres are aligned perpendicular to the flow direction, decreased in size monotonically, with an associated monotonic increase in the outer shell regions, where the fibres are aligned preferentially along the injection direction. Interestingly, the level of orientation in the two regions remained almost constant: only the proportions of the two regions were found to change with flow length. Across the plate, close to the gate, the central core region was found to have a lens-like shape, while at the other end of the plate the core was thinner and also consistent in thickness across the sample width. The transverse rib was found to cause little disturbance to the fibre orientation of the base plate. The different proportions of the shell and core regions at different locations over the ribbed plate provided an ideal case to test the proposition of Friedrich that the crack resistance of a short fibre reinforced material depends on the number of fibres that are perpendicular to the crack tip. The impact test results gathered in this way confirmed this hypothesis of Friedrich.