This diploma thesis deals with short-fibre reinforced composites for dental applications. Particulate barium filler, short polyacrylonitryle fibres or short glass fibres were added to the dimethacrylate matrix to study their effect on the composite material properties. Methods used for this study were thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential compensation photocalorimetry (DPC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), three point bending, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The matrix curing was defined by heat of polymerisation, degree of conversion and polymerisation rate. Composite materials were characterized by the glass transition temperature, storage moduli at 35 °C and 100 °C, elastic modulus, strength, the critical value of stress intensity factor and the critical value of energy release rate. Fracture surface investigation is also included in this thesis.

L’utilisation des thermoplastiques renforcés de fibres de verre courtes pour la fabrication de pièces de structure dans l’industrie des transports est croissante pour des applications structurelles en environnements chauds. La conception de telles pièces nécessite le développement d’un outil de dimensionnement en fatigue à hautes températures. La prise en compte de la distribution d’orientation des fibres (DOF), dû au procédé d’injection, hétérogène est essentielle.Ces travaux de thèse, cofinancés par la Direction Générale de l’Armement et la région Poitou-Charentes, proposent une approche complétement intégrée de la simulation du procédé d’injection à la prédiction de durée de vie en fatigue, dans un cadre viscoélastique, de pièces injectées en thermoplastiques renforcés, à 110°C.Différentes étapes jalonnent la structure de l’outil numérique qualifié de « Through Process Modelling » (TPM). A partir de la connaissance de la DOF au sein d’une pièce obtenue par simulation du procédé d’injection, les propriétés effectives anisotropes locales sont estimées par homogénéisation viscoélastique. Les champs mécaniques hétérogènes, associés à différents types/niveaux de chargement et obtenus par simulation éléments finis, sont post-traités pour extraire la grandeur mécanique équivalente en entrée d’un critère de fatigue énergétique fournissant la durée de vie de la pièce pour chacune de ces conditions de chargement.L’identification des paramètres du critère de fatigue, puis la validation de l’ensemble de la méthodologie, s’appuient sur des essais de fatigue en traction uniaxiale à 110°C. Ces essais sont réalisés, en enceinte climatique, sur éprouvettes découpées dans des plaques injectées de PA66GF30 selon différentes orientations par rapport à la direction d’injection, pour 2 rapports de charge (R = 0,1 et R = -1) et à 2Hz.Les prédictions de durées de vie sont très satisfaisantes. L’influence de la qualité de prédiction de la DOF en entrée de la chaîne de calcul sur les résultats est aussi discutée. / The employment of short glass fibres reinforced thermoplastics is increasing in the automotive industry for hot environment applications. The design of components in such conditions and with this type of materials under fatigue loading must be optimized using a fatigue life assessment methodology. The heterogeneous fibres orientation distribution (FOD), due to the injection process should be considered.This work, funded by the Direction Générale de l’Armement et Région Poitou-Charentes, suggests an integrated approach from the injection process simulation to the assessment of the fatigue life at 110°C of injected components in a viscoelastic framework.The methodology here advanced is called “Through Process Modelling” (TPM). From the FOD in the component given by the injection simulation, the anisotropic effective local properties are estimated using viscoelastic homogenisation. The heterogeneous mechanical fields obtained by finite element simulations, for different types/levels of loading, are post-processed in order to get the input equivalent mechanical quantity of an energetic fatigue criterion giving the fatigue life of the component in each of these loading conditions.The identification of the fatigue criterion parameters and the validation of the whole methodology rely on an experimental fatigue database for a PA66GF30. Uniaxial tensile fatigue tests are carried out at 110°C in a climatic chamber, for 2 stress ratios (R = 0,1 and R = -1) and at 2Hz. They are performed for specimens cut out from injected plates with different orientations with respect to the flow direction.The methodology leads to very good predictions. The influence of the prediction of the FOD, input of the calculation chain, on the results is discussed.

Orientador: Inez Valeria Pagotto Yoshida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T13:38:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PachecoeSilva_Viviane_M.pdf: 4530394 bytes, checksum: 571677ec4e372aa12989ee8eada906a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

This diploma thesis examines the effect of short fiber reinforcement in particle composite with a polymer matrix and the effect of its structure on the mechanical properties. It studies the refraction toughness depending on the addition of short polyvinylalcohol fibers (PVAL), nanosilica and pulverized polymethylacrylate (PMMA) to a dimethylacrylate matrix. Matrix strengthening was characterised with the help of differential compensation photocalorimetry. The inner structure of the composite and the morphology of fracture were studied using a scanning electron microscope. For the tested samples, the modules of elasticity and toughness were measured, the critical values of stress intensity factor and the energy release rate were determined. The findings suggest that the limit value of short fibers content is 4 vol. %. This content of fibers significantly increases the tenacity of the material but at the same time the uniform distribution of fibers and the ease of preparation of the material decrease. Within the possible applications, the manipulation of this material worsens as well. The fibers content of 2 ± 0.5 vol. % is an acceptable compromise between good treatability, uniform distribution of fibers and the required mechanical properties. During the study of the fracture surfaces of the material, different types of fibers disruption were witnessed (extraction from the matrix, plastic deformation, fibrillation on the surface of the fibers, fracture) depending on the type of used matrix and filling.

In this work, the effect of adding short deformable polyvinylalcohol fibers into dimethacrylate resins on mechanical properties of composite materials was investigated. Furthermore, micro- or nano-fillers were added into the matrix. The effect of filler/short fibers combination on mechanical properties of so-called hybrid composites was studied. Composites were characterized by differential compensation photocalorimetry (DPC), termogravimetric (TGA) and dynamic mechanical (DMA) analysis. The fracture surfaces were examined using scanning electron (SEM) and confocal laser (CLSM) microscopy. Elastic modulus and strength, the critical value of stress intensity factor and strain energy release rate and the viscoelastic properties of composite materials were measured. The mechanical properties of composite materials are affected not only by the type of filler/reinforcement, but also by properties of the matrix. These properties also depend on the way of network formation during photo-initiated polymerization. For this reason, heat of polymerization, degree of conversion and the maximum polymerization rate of mixture of dimethacrylate monomers were determined.

Atualmente, o Brasil é o maior fabricante de celulose branqueada de eucalipto do mundo. Geralmente as fibras virgens de Eucalyptus spp. são utilizadas na fabricação de papéis para imprimir, tissue e especiais. Papéis para embalagens, tipicamente Kraftliners, precisam de uma grande resistência mecânica e são produzidos principalmente a partir de pastas Kraft de coníferas não branqueadas. Por outro lado, nanoceluloses fabricadas a partir de biomassa são consideradas um dos materiais sustentáveis mais interessantes para o século, com excelentes propriedades como baixa densidade, elevadas propriedades mecânicas, alta hidrofilicidade, grande área superficial com reatividade química e elevado valor econômico. Desde 2012 o uso de nanoceluloses na fabricação de papel ganhou impulso. As nanoceluloses têm sido adicionadas em pastas mecânicas e Kraft branqueadas para fabricação do papel, incrementando notavelmente as suas propriedades mecânicas, mas há preocupações sobre a diminuição da drenabilidade, da porosidade e da opacidade do papel. Poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos visando a aplicação de nanoceluloses em fibras não branqueadas, ainda que tenham aplicações em pastas branqueadas e/ou mecânicas. Portanto, o presente trabalho visa desenvolver o uso de nanoceluloses para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas em fibras não branqueadas. Em primeiro lugar, tomaram-se os finos primários do branqueamento de celulose de Pasta Kraft de Eucalipto como a matéria-prima para produzir dois tipos de nanocelulose. A celulose microfibrilada (MFC) é produzida diretamente por homogeneização mecânica utilizando equipamento Masuko. A celulose nanofibrilada (CNF) é produzida por oxidação mediada por TEMPO e homogeneizada por GEA. Em segundo lugar, selecionaram-se com as fibras virgens de Pasta Kraft Marrom de Pinho (PKPM) com número Kappa 36,1 e Pasta Kraft de Eucalipto Não Branqueada (PKEP), obtida na saída de estágio de deslignificação com oxigênio, com número Kappa 9,21, e todas as fibras foram refinadas até atingir o mesmo grau Shopper-Riegler (33±1 SR). Os experimentos com PKPM são conduzidas como uma referência a papéis Kraftliners tradicionais, com ou sem nanocelluloses. Também obteve folhas manuais com pasta branqueada Kraft de eucalipto, adicionando nanoceluloses, para compreender o efeito da lignina presente em PKEP. A receita e os aditivos químicos aplicados aqui são os mesmos que na produção industrial. Os principais resultados são: o uso de CNF (ou MFC) e agentes químicos, separadamente, na pasta PKEP, aumenta as resistências mecânicas dos papéis, no entanto, quando aplicadas CNF (ou MFC) em PKMP sem aditivos químicos, as resistências à tração e a estouro diminuem, e a resistência ao rasgo permanece constante. Como a terceira parte do estudo, delineamento de experimentos teve a configuração composto central com o ponto central em 1% de CNF (ou MFC) e 1% de agentes químicos (polímero+amido+cola), e seus pontos axiais foram 0,3%-1,7% de CNF (ou MFC), e 0,15%-0,85% de agentes químicos. O ponto ótimo de equilíbrio dos índices de rasgo (mN.m2/g) /estouro (kPa.m2/g) /tração (N.m/g) de (10,00/2,25/36,56 para CNF e 12,88/4,25/57,62 para MFC), obteve-se com a adição de 1,03% de CNF e 0,65% de amido, ou com a adição de menos de 0,01% de MFC e de 1% de amido. Finalmente, foram aplicadas CNF ou MFC por impregnação direta no centro da direção-z, considerando que o papel tem forças que interagem em 3D. Os resultados mostram que a PKEP atinge a qualidade do Kraftliner de pinus obtendo um índice de tração de 52,58 N.m/g utilizando 1% de CNF, ou 47,40 N.m/g utilizando 1% de MFC. Também, o custo de utilização do CNF ou MFC na fabricação do papel é avaliado, resultando em estimativas de 0,9494 US$/kg ou 0,3036 US$/kg, com a adição de 1% de CNF ou 1% de MFC, respectivamente, em pasta PKEP. Este trabalho mostra que a aplicação de nanocelulose em Kraftliner tradicional com fibras de pinus com todos os agentes químicos não tem vantagens reais. No entanto, o uso de CNF e MFC tecnicamente e economicamente tem vantagens superiores em pasta Kraft de eucalipto não branqueada (e deslignificada com oxigênio), obtendo-se propriedades superiores às de fibras longas. / Nowadays, Brazil is the largest manufacturer of Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp in the world. Mostly the Eucalyptus spp. virgin fibres are used in papermaking to manufacture printing, tissue and specialty papers. Packaging papers, typically Kraftliners, have high demands for mechanical strength and are made mostly from Unbleached Softwood Kraft Pulp. Other side, nanocelluloses from biomass are considered one of the most interesting sustainable materials for the Century, with excel properties such as low density, high mechanical properties, high hydrophilicity, large surface area with chemical reactivity and high economic value. Since 2012 the use of nanocellulose in papermaking experienced a great momentum. Nanocelluloses are added in bleached or mechanical pulp in papermaking to increase significantly the mechanical properties, but there are concerns about the decreasing of the drainability, the porosity and the opacity of the paper. A very few studies were developed on the application of nanocelluloses in an unbleached Kraft pulp, even there are its applications on bleached pulps and mechanical pulps. Therefore, the present work aims to develop the application of nanocelluloses to increase the mechanical properties of the unbleached fibers, specifically for Kraftliners, and show the way to replace the softwood fibers with the low-cost hardwood fibers. Firstly, the primary fines from bleaching area of Eucalyptus Kraft pulp, obtained from an industrial residue, was the raw material for nanocellulose production of two nanocelluloses. The microfibrillated celluloses (MFC) are produced with direct mechanical homogenization using Masuko. The nanofibrillated cellulose (NCF) is produced with oxidation mediated by TEMPO and homogenization using GEA. Secondly, as virgin fibers were selected the Unbleached Pine Kraft Pulp (USKP) with Kappa number 36.1 and the Unbleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp (UEKP) just after the oxygen delignification stage with the Kappa number 9.21. All the fibres (USKP and UEKP) was refining at the same Shopper-Riegler (33±1 SR). USKP experiments are conducted as reference to traditional Kraftliners, with or without nanocelluloses. Also the virgin bleached Eucalyptus Kraft pulp with nanocelluloses addition for the handsheet paper helps to understand the role of lignin in UEKP. The recipe and chemicals applied here are the same of the industrial production. The main results are: the use CNF (or MFC) and chemical agents, separately, in UEKP, promote the mechanical resistances, however when applied CNF (or MFC) in UPKP without chemicals, the tensile and burst properties decreased and tear remains constant. As the third group of the study, the design of the experiments was conducted in the star configuration with centre point as 1% CNF (or MFC) and 1.00% chemical agents (polymers+starch+chemical agents) and, the axial points were 0.3%-1.7% NCF (or MFC) and 0.15%-0.85 of chemical agents. The optimum point from the balanced tear (mN.m2/g) /burst (kPa.m2/g) /tensile (N.m/g) index point of view with 10.00/2.25/36.56 for (1.03% CNF and 0.65% starch) and 12.88/4.25/57.62 for (<0.001% MFC and 1% starch). Finally, it is applied here the direct impregnation of the center of z-direction with 1% of CNF and MFC, considering that the paper has 3D interacting forces. The results show that the UEKP reaches the pinus Kraftliner quality with 52.58 N.m/g (Tensile Index) using 1% CNF or 47.40 N.m/g using 1% MFC. Also, the cost of use CNF or MFC in papermaking is evaluated, resulting in the estimates of 0.9494 US$/kg or 0.3036 US$/kg, the addition of 1% CNF or 1% MFC in UEKP. This work shows that the application of nanocellulose in traditional Kraftliner with pinus fibres with all chemical agents has no real advantages. However, the use of CNF and MFC technically and economically has superior advantages in Eucalyptus unbleached (and oxygen delignified) Kraft pulp, resulting in such properties superior to those of long fibres.

Atualmente, o Brasil é o maior fabricante de celulose branqueada de eucalipto do mundo. Geralmente as fibras virgens de Eucalyptus spp. são utilizadas na fabricação de papéis para imprimir, tissue e especiais. Papéis para embalagens, tipicamente Kraftliners, precisam de uma grande resistência mecânica e são produzidos principalmente a partir de pastas Kraft de coníferas não branqueadas. Por outro lado, nanoceluloses fabricadas a partir de biomassa são consideradas um dos materiais sustentáveis mais interessantes para o século, com excelentes propriedades como baixa densidade, elevadas propriedades mecânicas, alta hidrofilicidade, grande área superficial com reatividade química e elevado valor econômico. Desde 2012 o uso de nanoceluloses na fabricação de papel ganhou impulso. As nanoceluloses têm sido adicionadas em pastas mecânicas e Kraft branqueadas para fabricação do papel, incrementando notavelmente as suas propriedades mecânicas, mas há preocupações sobre a diminuição da drenabilidade, da porosidade e da opacidade do papel. Poucos estudos foram desenvolvidos visando a aplicação de nanoceluloses em fibras não branqueadas, ainda que tenham aplicações em pastas branqueadas e/ou mecânicas. Portanto, o presente trabalho visa desenvolver o uso de nanoceluloses para melhorar as propriedades mecânicas em fibras não branqueadas. Em primeiro lugar, tomaram-se os finos primários do branqueamento de celulose de Pasta Kraft de Eucalipto como a matéria-prima para produzir dois tipos de nanocelulose. A celulose microfibrilada (MFC) é produzida diretamente por homogeneização mecânica utilizando equipamento Masuko. A celulose nanofibrilada (CNF) é produzida por oxidação mediada por TEMPO e homogeneizada por GEA. Em segundo lugar, selecionaram-se com as fibras virgens de Pasta Kraft Marrom de Pinho (PKPM) com número Kappa 36,1 e Pasta Kraft de Eucalipto Não Branqueada (PKEP), obtida na saída de estágio de deslignificação com oxigênio, com número Kappa 9,21, e todas as fibras foram refinadas até atingir o mesmo grau Shopper-Riegler (33±1 SR). Os experimentos com PKPM são conduzidas como uma referência a papéis Kraftliners tradicionais, com ou sem nanocelluloses. Também obteve folhas manuais com pasta branqueada Kraft de eucalipto, adicionando nanoceluloses, para compreender o efeito da lignina presente em PKEP. A receita e os aditivos químicos aplicados aqui são os mesmos que na produção industrial. Os principais resultados são: o uso de CNF (ou MFC) e agentes químicos, separadamente, na pasta PKEP, aumenta as resistências mecânicas dos papéis, no entanto, quando aplicadas CNF (ou MFC) em PKMP sem aditivos químicos, as resistências à tração e a estouro diminuem, e a resistência ao rasgo permanece constante. Como a terceira parte do estudo, delineamento de experimentos teve a configuração composto central com o ponto central em 1% de CNF (ou MFC) e 1% de agentes químicos (polímero+amido+cola), e seus pontos axiais foram 0,3%-1,7% de CNF (ou MFC), e 0,15%-0,85% de agentes químicos. O ponto ótimo de equilíbrio dos índices de rasgo (mN.m2/g) /estouro (kPa.m2/g) /tração (N.m/g) de (10,00/2,25/36,56 para CNF e 12,88/4,25/57,62 para MFC), obteve-se com a adição de 1,03% de CNF e 0,65% de amido, ou com a adição de menos de 0,01% de MFC e de 1% de amido. Finalmente, foram aplicadas CNF ou MFC por impregnação direta no centro da direção-z, considerando que o papel tem forças que interagem em 3D. Os resultados mostram que a PKEP atinge a qualidade do Kraftliner de pinus obtendo um índice de tração de 52,58 N.m/g utilizando 1% de CNF, ou 47,40 N.m/g utilizando 1% de MFC. Também, o custo de utilização do CNF ou MFC na fabricação do papel é avaliado, resultando em estimativas de 0,9494 US$/kg ou 0,3036 US$/kg, com a adição de 1% de CNF ou 1% de MFC, respectivamente, em pasta PKEP. Este trabalho mostra que a aplicação de nanocelulose em Kraftliner tradicional com fibras de pinus com todos os agentes químicos não tem vantagens reais. No entanto, o uso de CNF e MFC tecnicamente e economicamente tem vantagens superiores em pasta Kraft de eucalipto não branqueada (e deslignificada com oxigênio), obtendo-se propriedades superiores às de fibras longas. / Nowadays, Brazil is the largest manufacturer of Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp in the world. Mostly the Eucalyptus spp. virgin fibres are used in papermaking to manufacture printing, tissue and specialty papers. Packaging papers, typically Kraftliners, have high demands for mechanical strength and are made mostly from Unbleached Softwood Kraft Pulp. Other side, nanocelluloses from biomass are considered one of the most interesting sustainable materials for the Century, with excel properties such as low density, high mechanical properties, high hydrophilicity, large surface area with chemical reactivity and high economic value. Since 2012 the use of nanocellulose in papermaking experienced a great momentum. Nanocelluloses are added in bleached or mechanical pulp in papermaking to increase significantly the mechanical properties, but there are concerns about the decreasing of the drainability, the porosity and the opacity of the paper. A very few studies were developed on the application of nanocelluloses in an unbleached Kraft pulp, even there are its applications on bleached pulps and mechanical pulps. Therefore, the present work aims to develop the application of nanocelluloses to increase the mechanical properties of the unbleached fibers, specifically for Kraftliners, and show the way to replace the softwood fibers with the low-cost hardwood fibers. Firstly, the primary fines from bleaching area of Eucalyptus Kraft pulp, obtained from an industrial residue, was the raw material for nanocellulose production of two nanocelluloses. The microfibrillated celluloses (MFC) are produced with direct mechanical homogenization using Masuko. The nanofibrillated cellulose (NCF) is produced with oxidation mediated by TEMPO and homogenization using GEA. Secondly, as virgin fibers were selected the Unbleached Pine Kraft Pulp (USKP) with Kappa number 36.1 and the Unbleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp (UEKP) just after the oxygen delignification stage with the Kappa number 9.21. All the fibres (USKP and UEKP) was refining at the same Shopper-Riegler (33±1 SR). USKP experiments are conducted as reference to traditional Kraftliners, with or without nanocelluloses. Also the virgin bleached Eucalyptus Kraft pulp with nanocelluloses addition for the handsheet paper helps to understand the role of lignin in UEKP. The recipe and chemicals applied here are the same of the industrial production. The main results are: the use CNF (or MFC) and chemical agents, separately, in UEKP, promote the mechanical resistances, however when applied CNF (or MFC) in UPKP without chemicals, the tensile and burst properties decreased and tear remains constant. As the third group of the study, the design of the experiments was conducted in the star configuration with centre point as 1% CNF (or MFC) and 1.00% chemical agents (polymers+starch+chemical agents) and, the axial points were 0.3%-1.7% NCF (or MFC) and 0.15%-0.85 of chemical agents. The optimum point from the balanced tear (mN.m2/g) /burst (kPa.m2/g) /tensile (N.m/g) index point of view with 10.00/2.25/36.56 for (1.03% CNF and 0.65% starch) and 12.88/4.25/57.62 for (<0.001% MFC and 1% starch). Finally, it is applied here the direct impregnation of the center of z-direction with 1% of CNF and MFC, considering that the paper has 3D interacting forces. The results show that the UEKP reaches the pinus Kraftliner quality with 52.58 N.m/g (Tensile Index) using 1% CNF or 47.40 N.m/g using 1% MFC. Also, the cost of use CNF or MFC in papermaking is evaluated, resulting in the estimates of 0.9494 US$/kg or 0.3036 US$/kg, the addition of 1% CNF or 1% MFC in UEKP. This work shows that the application of nanocellulose in traditional Kraftliner with pinus fibres with all chemical agents has no real advantages. However, the use of CNF and MFC technically and economically has superior advantages in Eucalyptus unbleached (and oxygen delignified) Kraft pulp, resulting in such properties superior to those of long fibres.

No / An extensive study of the fibre orientation structures developed in a transverse ribbed plate during injection moulding, and the use of these structures to investigate the effect of local fibre orientation state on crack initiation resistance, is reported. The fibre orientation results for the ribbed plate, measured using large area image analysis system developed at Leeds University, showed that after an initial settling down period, the central core region, where the fibres are aligned perpendicular to the flow direction, decreased in size monotonically, with an associated monotonic increase in the outer shell regions, where the fibres are aligned preferentially along the injection direction. Interestingly, the level of orientation in the two regions remained almost constant: only the proportions of the two regions were found to change with flow length. Across the plate, close to the gate, the central core region was found to have a lens-like shape, while at the other end of the plate the core was thinner and also consistent in thickness across the sample width. The transverse rib was found to cause little disturbance to the fibre orientation of the base plate. The different proportions of the shell and core regions at different locations over the ribbed plate provided an ideal case to test the proposition of Friedrich that the crack resistance of a short fibre reinforced material depends on the number of fibres that are perpendicular to the crack tip. The impact test results gathered in this way confirmed this hypothesis of Friedrich.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é o desenvolvimento de formulações e de códigos computacionais que possibilitem a análise bidimensional estática de meios contínuos anisotrópicos viscoplásticos reforçados ou não por fibras. Especificamente, as análises numéricas envolvem aplicações dos métodos dos elementos de contorno (MEC) e dos elementos finitos (MEF), comparando-se os resultados obtidos com respostas analíticas e experimentais, disponíveis na literatura, buscando-se assim, subsídios teóricos que permitam o entendimento de problemas mais gerais envolvendo meios anisotrópicos. Para tanto são empregados elementos finitos triangulares com aproximações cúbica e quadrática para os deslocamentos na modelagem dos domínios. Na consideração do reforço com fibras, elementos finitos de barras simples são empregados. A formulação desenvolvida proporciona também a consideração de distribuição randômica das fibras imersas no meio sem qualquer aumento dos graus de liberdade do problema analisado, diferindo-se assim, das formulações conhecidas até o momento. Com o MEC, a análise de plasticidade e viscoplasticidade em meios com anisotropia geral é feita de maneira original no trabalho, destacando-se a consideração de lei de fluxo plástico não-associativa e o tratamento de viscosidade apenas com integrais de contorno, sem a utilização de aproximações de domínio. Uma quantidade significativa de exemplos é apresentada, possibilitando a verificação da eficiência das formulações e dos códigos desenvolvidos / The objective of the present work is the development of formulations and computational codes that enable the static bidimensional analysis of the viscoplastic anisotropic medias reinforced, or not, by fibers. Specifically, the numerical analysis involve applications of the boundary elements method (BEM) and finite elements (FEM), comparing the results obtained with analytical and experimental solutions available in the literature, allowing the understanding of general problems in anisotropic media. Two-dimensional finite elements with cubic and quadrate approximations for the displacements are used to model domains. Reinforcements are modeled by truss finite elements. The developed formulation provides the consideration of random distribution of the fibers, without any additional degree of freedom of the problem. With the BEM, the plasticity and viscoplasticity analysis in general anisotropic medias is originally developed in the present work, emphasizing the consideration of non-associative plastic flow and the treatment of viscosity just with boundary integrals, without domain approximation. Various examples are shown in order to verify the efficiency of the proposed formulation and developed computational codes

O objetivo do presente trabalho é o desenvolvimento de formulações e de códigos computacionais que possibilitem a análise bidimensional estática de meios contínuos anisotrópicos viscoplásticos reforçados ou não por fibras. Especificamente, as análises numéricas envolvem aplicações dos métodos dos elementos de contorno (MEC) e dos elementos finitos (MEF), comparando-se os resultados obtidos com respostas analíticas e experimentais, disponíveis na literatura, buscando-se assim, subsídios teóricos que permitam o entendimento de problemas mais gerais envolvendo meios anisotrópicos. Para tanto são empregados elementos finitos triangulares com aproximações cúbica e quadrática para os deslocamentos na modelagem dos domínios. Na consideração do reforço com fibras, elementos finitos de barras simples são empregados. A formulação desenvolvida proporciona também a consideração de distribuição randômica das fibras imersas no meio sem qualquer aumento dos graus de liberdade do problema analisado, diferindo-se assim, das formulações conhecidas até o momento. Com o MEC, a análise de plasticidade e viscoplasticidade em meios com anisotropia geral é feita de maneira original no trabalho, destacando-se a consideração de lei de fluxo plástico não-associativa e o tratamento de viscosidade apenas com integrais de contorno, sem a utilização de aproximações de domínio. Uma quantidade significativa de exemplos é apresentada, possibilitando a verificação da eficiência das formulações e dos códigos desenvolvidos / The objective of the present work is the development of formulations and computational codes that enable the static bidimensional analysis of the viscoplastic anisotropic medias reinforced, or not, by fibers. Specifically, the numerical analysis involve applications of the boundary elements method (BEM) and finite elements (FEM), comparing the results obtained with analytical and experimental solutions available in the literature, allowing the understanding of general problems in anisotropic media. Two-dimensional finite elements with cubic and quadrate approximations for the displacements are used to model domains. Reinforcements are modeled by truss finite elements. The developed formulation provides the consideration of random distribution of the fibers, without any additional degree of freedom of the problem. With the BEM, the plasticity and viscoplasticity analysis in general anisotropic medias is originally developed in the present work, emphasizing the consideration of non-associative plastic flow and the treatment of viscosity just with boundary integrals, without domain approximation. Various examples are shown in order to verify the efficiency of the proposed formulation and developed computational codes