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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Resistant fitting methods for statistical shape comparison

Lima, Verônica Maria Cadena January 2003 (has links)
No description available.
2

Facial expression recognition with temporal modeling of shapes

Jain, Suyog Dutt 20 September 2011 (has links)
Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) is a discriminative and supervised approach for simultaneous sequence segmentation and frame labeling. Latent-Dynamic Conditional Random Fields (LDCRFs) incorporates hidden state variables within CRFs which model sub-structure motion patterns and dynamics between labels. Motivated by the success of LDCRFs in gesture recognition, we propose a framework for automatic facial expression recognition from continuous video sequence by modeling temporal variations within shapes using LDCRFs. We show that the proposed approach outperforms CRFs for recognizing facial expressions. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) we study the separability of various expression classes in lower dimension projected spaces. By comparing the performance of CRFs and LDCRFs against that of Support Vector Machines (SVMs) and a template based approach, we demonstrate that temporal variations within shapes are crucial in classifying expressions especially for those with small facial motion like anger and sadness. We also show empirically that only using changes in facial appearance over time without using the shape variations fails to obtain high performance for facial expression recognition. This reflects the importance of geometric deformations on face for recognizing expressions. / text
3

Application of Clustering Method based on Orthogonal Procrustes Analysis to Analysis of Questionnaire Data

Furuhashi, Takeshi, Yamaga, Shinichiro, Yoshikawa, Tomohiro January 2008 (has links)
Session ID: TH-A4-3 / Joint 4th International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and 9th International Symposium on advanced Intelligent Systems, September 17-21, 2008, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
4

Time-Averaging and Morphology: Variability in Modern Populations and Fossil Assemblages of Mercenaria (Bivalvia)

Bush, Andrew Milton 04 September 1999 (has links)
The morphologic variability of a fossil assemblage is of interest in many paleontological studies. However, many fossil assemblages are time-averaged; that is, many generations of non-contemporaneous organisms are mixed into the same fossil bed. Assemblages of robust mollusk shells deposited in nearshore marine environments are often time-averaged over 100's to 1000's of years. Mixing many generations of a taxon can increase measured morphologic variability over that of a single generation if morphology is changing during the interval of time-averaging. If morphology is changing, time-averaging can also alter observed correlations between morphologic variables, as well as allometric growth patterns. If morphology is static, then time-averaging will not increase variability or otherwise obscure patterns of morphologic variability. Testing the effects of time-averaging on morphology will help determine the reliability of information derived from the fossil record. In this study, morphologic variability was compared between 6 standing crop, living populations of Mercenaria campechiensis (Bivalvia) and two fossil assemblages of M. campechiensis and M. permagna. One fossil sample was collected as a series of superposed units that could be analyzed individually or in aggregate. The x,y coordinates of 13 landmarks and pseudolandmarks were recorded on over 600 valves, and variability was calculated using Least Squares Procrustes Analysis. Once corrections were made for allometry, the variabilities of the samples drawn from single time-averaged fossil beds were indistinguishable from the variabilities of the recent samples. For this data set, the variabilities of the fossil samples could be used without reservation to estimate the variability of the standing crop populations from which they formed. Morphology was quite stable over the 100's to 1000's of years that likely passed as the assemblages accumulated. A small amount of analytical time-averaging of the samples increases variability slightly, but additional analytical time-averaging causes no further increase. Very slight morphologic fluctuations are evident at time spans exceeding 100's to 1000's of years. Lumping geographically separated samples and samples of different species also increases variability. Morphologic stasis is evident in Mercenaria over 100's to 1000's of years, but previous studies have indicated that evolutionary rates over this time frame are typically high. These studies are based on colonization events, however, and are biased towards high rates. Data gathered here and in previous studies suggest that local populations may evolve rapidly at their founding, but that stasis follows this initial burst of change. This model describes a pattern similar to Punctuated Equilibrium at a lower level of the genealogical hierarchy, and is here termed "Punctuated Equilibrium, Jr." This model can be further tested in empirical studies and should aid in determining the causes of species-level evolutionary patterns. / Master of Science
5

The relationship between volumetric airway dimension and temporomandibular joint integrity

Reardon, Gayle Jeanne Tieszen 01 December 2010 (has links)
Objective The goal of this project was to define and measure human volumetric airway dimensions with radiographic volumetric three-dimensional imaging and digital reconstruction of the pharynx using cone beam computed tomography to directly correlate these measurements with both normal and developmentally deficient jaw joints and their positions. The volume of the oropharynx was measured by creating a superior border connecting the 3-D midpoint of sella turcica and the posterior nasal spine and extending inferiorly to the level connecting the most infero-anterior point of C3 and the anterior hyoid bone as seen in the multi-planar views of the cone beam computed tomography image. The calculations were accomplished by using 3dMD software. Further extrapolation of this study'a data may be useful to establish the direct association of obstructive sleep apnea and deficiencies of jaw growth and airway development. Design In this retrospective study, 250 subjects were randomly selected from a pool of 800 referred for dental imaging at ddi Imaging Center in Sacramento, California. Digital images were captured using a low-radiation, rapid scanning cone beam computed tomography system (iCAT). Results A total of 250 subjects, 163 females and 87 males, were included in this study. Descriptive statistics were applied to the following variables: 1. Assessment of the relationship between total airway volume and several categorically independent variables: * For total airway volume, no significant difference was found between males and females; between the right temporomandibular positions; between right temporomandibular integrity; or between the left temporomandibular integrity. * There was a significant difference found between the left temporomandibular positions for total airway volume. 2. Assessment of the relationship between total airway volume and each cephalometric measurement: * Based on the Spearman correlation test, there were significant increasing relationships between total airway volume and several of the cephalometric measurements (p<0.05). * Correlation coefficients ranged from 0.13 to 0.22 indicating there were weak correlations between the two variables. 3. Assessment of the relationship between total airway volume and age: * Based on the Spearman correlation test, there was no significant relationship between total airway volume and age (p=0.8304). In addition, Spearman correlation showed no correlation between total airway volume and sex and skeletal growth pattern tendencies. Conclusions Three dimensional images of the airway offer the opportunity to serially examine individuals, acquire airway patency information, and improve the evaluation of sites of airway obstruction. Further studies to determine the effects of pharyngeal stenosis and other regional changes to the oropharynx upon physiologic response may be key to understanding the effects of biomechanical influences upon craniofacial form. Comprehension of structural inter-relationships will also help develop an understanding of how and why adaptive changes in airway shape and volume occur. Airway patency is related to many variables: head posture, the direction of mandibular rotation during growth and development, and hyoid bone position. Further studies may offer an increased understanding of these structural and positional interrelationships.
6

The application of statistics to the mesoscale study of wind speed and direction in the Canberra region

Johnson, M. E., n/a January 1986 (has links)
The temporal and spatial variability in wind speed and direction was investigated in a study of the mesoscale wind fields in the Canberra region. The statistical description of the winds was based on twelve months of three-hourly data at seventeen sites obtained in a joint program carried out by the Division of Land Use Research, CSIRO, the National Capital Development Commission, and the Bureau of Meteorology. The statistical analysis proceeded in stages. The first two stages were concerned with the determination and examination of averages and measures of dipersion. Information on the temporal variability in regional wind, defined as the average of the winds at the seventeen collection sites, provided the first insight into the important determinants of winds in the region. The data were then categorized on the basis of the information thus obtained, and the averages over time for each site were analysed in each category. The variation between sites revealed the extent of the spatial variability in the region. For each category, for each site, there were perturbations around the average state, and in the last stage of the study, the analysis examined how the perturbations were related across sites using correlation coefficients. Generalized Procrustes Analysis was used, followed by the extensive use of cluster analysis. Linear modelling techniques were used at all stages of the study, not only for wind speed, but also for wind direction which is an angular variate and thus required different modelling procedures. The models related the variables of interest to terrain features such as position, elevation and surface roughness. These models allowed an informed judgement to be made on the likelihood of accurately estimating the winds at other locations in the region using interpolation techniques.
7

Etude de la variabilité en fonction du sexe, de l'âge et de l'origine géographique de l'extrémité distale du fémur / Study of the sex, age and geography based variability in the distal femur

Cavaignac, Étienne 10 November 2017 (has links)
La morphologie des os humains varie en fonction du sexe, de l'âge et de l'ethnie. Cette variabilité de l'anatomie humaine peut aider à déterminer le sexe, l'âge et l'ethnie. Les outils utilisés pour de telles analyses sont classiquement des méthodes ostéométriques (longueur, angle, rapport de longueur) qui peuvent être sujettes à des biais d'analyse ou d'interprétation. L'analyse morphométrique géométrique 3D (MG) permet de limiter ces biais. Elle étudie et compare la forme d'un ou plusieurs objets en éliminant les effets liés à la taille de celui-ci. Nous n'avons pas retrouvé d'analyse du dimorphisme sexuel, ethnique et lié à l'âge de l'extrémité distale du fémur à l'aide de cette méthode. Le fémur est pourtant un des plus gros os du corps et il est souvent bien conservé dans les restes humains. L'objectif de ce travail était de montrer qu'il existe une différence de forme du fémur distal en fonction de l'âge, du sexe et de l'ethnie visualisable grâce à MG. Nous avons réalisé une MG de 482 scanners d'extrémité distale de fémur de sujets vivant dans le sud de la France et dans la région de Chongqing (chine). Les sujets présentant une pathologie osseuse ou articulaires ont été exclus. Dix landmarks ont été positionnés sur des reconstructions tridimentionelles. Nous avons également réalisé une analyse ostéométrique " classique " en plus de MG afin d'évaluer la vraisemblance de nos résultats. Les données ont été analysées par deux observateurs à deux temps différents. Nous avons calculé pour chaque landmark la variabilité inter et intraobservateur. Les landmarks choisis permettaient de caractériser la forme de l'extrémité distale du fémur. La première étape a consisté en la réalisation d'une analyse généralisée procrustre (GPA). Les coordonnées dans l'espace des landmarks ont été analysées en utilisant une analyse en composant principal (PCA). Une analyse discriminante a permis de vérifier le pourcentage de cas dans lequel le sexe, l'âge ou l'ethnie estimés étaient les bons. GPA retrouve une différence de forme statistiquement significative entre les sexes, en fonction de l'âge et entre les ethnies. PCA retrouve une différence de forme en fonction de l'âge, du sexe ou de l'ethnie qui représente respectivement 54,4 ;58,6 et 61,9% de la variabilité observée. Les taux d'assignement correct avec cette méthode étaient de 80% (âge) ; 77,3% (sexe) et 82 % (l'ethnie). L'analyse ostéométrique " classique " retrouvait des valeurs comparables à celles retrouvées dans la littérature. Le pourcentage d'erreur intra et inter observateur pour l'ensemble des landmarks n'excédait jamais 2%. Nous avons démontré que l'analyse MG du fémur distal permettait de mettre en évidence une variabilité en fonction du sexe, de l'âge et de l'ethnie de ce segment osseux. La reproductibilité élevée et la vraisemblance des résultats valident notre méthodologie. Cette différence de forme a des retombées directes en anthropobiologie mais aussi en orthopédie. Cette méthode d'assignation ne donne pas de résultats suffisamment précis pour être utilisée seule. Cependant, elle a l'avantage de pouvoir être utilisée dans des contextes d'autopsie virtuelle ou in vivo. Par ailleurs, par la présente étude nous réactualisons les données morphométriques de population contemporaine du sud de la France et aussi de la région de Chongqing en chine. Cette méthodologie adéquate et reproductible va permettre de réaliser des comparaisons diachroniques ainsi qu'inter ethnique. La validation de l'utilisation d'examen d'imagerie médicaux ouvre un champ nouveau en anthropologie physique. En ce qui concerne l'aspect orthopédique, cette variabilité questionne sur la nécessité ou non d'implant spécifique et surtout sur la nécessité de réévaluer de manière régulière la forme des prothèses de genou. / The shape of human bones varies based on age, sex and ethnicity. This variability in human anatomy can be used to determine a person's age, sex and ethnicity. Historically, the tools used for such analyses are osteometric methods (length, angle, length ratio) that can be plagued by analysis or interpretation biases. Three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis (3D GM) can limit the impact of these biases. It is used to describe and compare the general shape of one or more objects by eliminating any size-related effects. To the best of our knowledge, this method has never been used to analyse the sexual dimorphism, ethnicity-related and age-related differences in the distal femur. The femur is one of the longest human bones and is often well preserved in human remains. The goal of this study was to demonstrate differences in the shape of the distal femur according to age, sex and ethnicity using GM. We carried out 3D GM on 482 CT scans of the distal femur of adults living in the South of France and in the Chongqing region of China. Subjects with bone or joint pathologies were excluded. Ten landmarks were defined on 3D reconstructions of the distal femur. A standard osteometric analysis was performed in addition to the GM analysis to evaluate the plausibility of our results. The data were analysed by two observers at two different times. This allowed us to calculate the inter- and intra-observer variability for each landmark. The chosen landmarks were used to characterise the shape of the distal femur. The first step consisted of a generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA). The landmarks' coordinates in space were analysed using a principal component analysis (PCA). A discriminant analysis was performed to determine the percentage of cases in which the sex, age or ethnicity was correctly estimated. The GPA found a statistically significant difference in the distal femur shape between different sexes, ethnicity groups and age groups. The PCA found that age, sex and ethnicity accounted for 54.4%, 58.6% and 61.9% of the observed variability in distal femur shape, respectively. Using this method, 80% of cases were assigned the correct age, 77.3% the correct sex and 82% the correct ethnic group. The results of the osteometric analysis were comparable to published values. The percentage error for the intra- and interobserver comparisons for all the landmarks was always less than 2%. In this study, MG analysis of the distal femur revealed age-related, sex-related and ethnicity-related variability in the distal femur. The high reproducibility and plausibility of our results validate our methodology. These shape differences have direct implications for anthropobiology and also orthopaedics. Although this method is not sufficiently accurate to be used alone, it has the advantage of being usable in the context of virtual or in vivo autopsy cases. Moreover, this study has updated the morphometric data for a modern population in the south of France and the Chongqing region of China. This reliable and accurate methodology can be used to perform diachronic and interethnic comparisons. Validation of this medical imaging modality opens new avenues in physical anthropology research. In the orthopaedics field, this variability means that the shape of implants used for knee arthroplasty should be re-assessed regularly and brings into question the need for gender-specific or ethnicity-specific implants.
8

Analyse de la variation inter-populationnelle du canal obstétrique au sein de trois populations génétiquement différentes

Singh, Rajit K. 04 1900 (has links)
La dystocie représente une des causes principales de la mortalité maternelle et fœtale lors de l’accouchement. Une relation trop étroite entre les dimensions maternelles et fœtales résultent souvent en une césarienne d’urgence. Les manuels obstétricaux actuels proposent qu’une forme gynoïde de la cavité obstétricale est normale car elle favorise une descente fœtale sans difficulté lors de la parturition parce qu’elle est arrondie. Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l’étude de la variation inter-populationnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique chez trois populations génétiquement différentes pour tester si ces populations ont toutes une forme gynoïde ou si elles sont variables morphologiquement. Les cavités pelviennes analysées sont constituées de 59 bassins d’Américaines d’origine européenne, 74 bassins d’Américaines d’origine africaine et 19 bassins de Sadlermiuts. Vingt points anatomiques sur la cavité pelvienne ont été digitalisés à partir du bassin articulé pour permettre une visualisation tridimensionnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique. Une analyse Procrustes suivie d’une analyse en composantes principales ont été faites pour faire ressortir les composantes qui permettent de faire des distinctions entre les trois populations. L’existence d’une relation d’une part entre la taille et/ou la masse et d’autre part la morphologie du canal obstétrique a aussi été explorée. Résultats : La morphologie qui décrit les Sadlermiuts est la forme platypelloïde, soit un diamètre médio-latéral plus grand que le diamètre antéro-postérieur, et ce à tous les détroits. Les Américaines africaines présentent une morphologie qui tend vers une forme gynoïde aux détroits supérieur et moyen, et les Américaines européennes démontrent une morphologie intermédiaire entre les formes gynoïde et androïde au détroit supérieur. Seule la taille du bassin (taille centroïde) est corrélée à des changements de la forme du canal obstétrique pour les détroits supérieur et moyen. Discussion: La forme gynoïde n’est pas représentative de la cavité obstétricale chez les trois populations. Il est possible que la forme platypelloïde des Sadlermiuts soit une conséquence de comportements induisant des changements morphologiques lors du développement squelettique. D’autres études sont requises pour évaluer cette hypothèse. / Dystocia, the tightness of fit between the maternal and fetal dimensions within the birth canal, is one of the main causes of mortality during birthing. A majority of obstetrical manuals postulate that a gynecoid (round) form of the pelvic inlet is generally associated with birthing ease and that it is the normal form of the obstetrical canal. This memoir focuses on the analysis of the variation of the obstetrical canal within three genetically different populations and their possible relationship with size. The skeletal sample consists of the pelves of 74 African Americans, 59 Americans of European descent, and 19 Sadlermiuts. Twenty anatomical points have been digitized in three dimensions on the articulated pelvis defining the birth canal. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis followed by a Principal Component Analysis allowed the visualization of the morphological variations of the birth canal among the three populations. The possible relationship between size and canal form have been explored. Results: The Sadlermiuts have a birth canal that is platypelloid, i.e. wide mediolateraly and contracted anteroposteriorly, at all pelvic planes. The African Americans demonstrate a tendency for a gynecoid (round) pelvic inlet and the European Americans seem to possess an intermediate form between a gynecoid and an android morphology of the pelvic inlet. Only pelvic size (centroid size) was correlated with changes in the pelvic morphology of the pelvic inlet and midplane. Discussion: The gynecoid morphology is not the most common shape in the populations included in this study. One possible explanation for the platypelloid shape of the Sadlermiut population may be a result of behavioral activities that induce morphological changes during growth. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
9

Analyse de la variation inter-populationnelle du canal obstétrique au sein de trois populations génétiquement différentes

Singh, Rajit K. 04 1900 (has links)
La dystocie représente une des causes principales de la mortalité maternelle et fœtale lors de l’accouchement. Une relation trop étroite entre les dimensions maternelles et fœtales résultent souvent en une césarienne d’urgence. Les manuels obstétricaux actuels proposent qu’une forme gynoïde de la cavité obstétricale est normale car elle favorise une descente fœtale sans difficulté lors de la parturition parce qu’elle est arrondie. Ce mémoire de maîtrise porte sur l’étude de la variation inter-populationnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique chez trois populations génétiquement différentes pour tester si ces populations ont toutes une forme gynoïde ou si elles sont variables morphologiquement. Les cavités pelviennes analysées sont constituées de 59 bassins d’Américaines d’origine européenne, 74 bassins d’Américaines d’origine africaine et 19 bassins de Sadlermiuts. Vingt points anatomiques sur la cavité pelvienne ont été digitalisés à partir du bassin articulé pour permettre une visualisation tridimensionnelle de la forme du canal obstétrique. Une analyse Procrustes suivie d’une analyse en composantes principales ont été faites pour faire ressortir les composantes qui permettent de faire des distinctions entre les trois populations. L’existence d’une relation d’une part entre la taille et/ou la masse et d’autre part la morphologie du canal obstétrique a aussi été explorée. Résultats : La morphologie qui décrit les Sadlermiuts est la forme platypelloïde, soit un diamètre médio-latéral plus grand que le diamètre antéro-postérieur, et ce à tous les détroits. Les Américaines africaines présentent une morphologie qui tend vers une forme gynoïde aux détroits supérieur et moyen, et les Américaines européennes démontrent une morphologie intermédiaire entre les formes gynoïde et androïde au détroit supérieur. Seule la taille du bassin (taille centroïde) est corrélée à des changements de la forme du canal obstétrique pour les détroits supérieur et moyen. Discussion: La forme gynoïde n’est pas représentative de la cavité obstétricale chez les trois populations. Il est possible que la forme platypelloïde des Sadlermiuts soit une conséquence de comportements induisant des changements morphologiques lors du développement squelettique. D’autres études sont requises pour évaluer cette hypothèse. / Dystocia, the tightness of fit between the maternal and fetal dimensions within the birth canal, is one of the main causes of mortality during birthing. A majority of obstetrical manuals postulate that a gynecoid (round) form of the pelvic inlet is generally associated with birthing ease and that it is the normal form of the obstetrical canal. This memoir focuses on the analysis of the variation of the obstetrical canal within three genetically different populations and their possible relationship with size. The skeletal sample consists of the pelves of 74 African Americans, 59 Americans of European descent, and 19 Sadlermiuts. Twenty anatomical points have been digitized in three dimensions on the articulated pelvis defining the birth canal. A Generalized Procrustes Analysis followed by a Principal Component Analysis allowed the visualization of the morphological variations of the birth canal among the three populations. The possible relationship between size and canal form have been explored. Results: The Sadlermiuts have a birth canal that is platypelloid, i.e. wide mediolateraly and contracted anteroposteriorly, at all pelvic planes. The African Americans demonstrate a tendency for a gynecoid (round) pelvic inlet and the European Americans seem to possess an intermediate form between a gynecoid and an android morphology of the pelvic inlet. Only pelvic size (centroid size) was correlated with changes in the pelvic morphology of the pelvic inlet and midplane. Discussion: The gynecoid morphology is not the most common shape in the populations included in this study. One possible explanation for the platypelloid shape of the Sadlermiut population may be a result of behavioral activities that induce morphological changes during growth. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
10

Nasal aperture shape and its application for estimating ancestry in modern South Africans

McDowell, Jennifer Leigh 08 July 2012 (has links)
With both a heterogeneous population and a large number of unidentified persons in South Africa, an accurate method to estimate ancestry is needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate variation in nasal aperture shape in black, white and coloured South Africans, using linear measures and geometric morphometrics (GM), the latter which includes both procrustes analysis (GPA) and elliptical fourier analysis (EFA). To test statistical significance among groups, discriminant function analysis (DFA) and principal component analysis (PCA) was used. A total of 310 (164 male, 145 female) crania of black, white and coloured South Africans were used. Thirteen standard landmarks, namely, glabella, nasion, nasale superior, dacryon, nasale inferius, alare, most inferior nasal border and subspinale, were digitised with a MicroScribe G2™ (Immersion: San Jose, CA). Five linear measures, nasion-dacryon angle (NDA), nasal breadth (NLB), nasal height (NLH), inter-orbital breadth (DKB) and nasion-dacryon subtense (NDS), were calculated. For EFA, photographs were taken in a frontal plane of skulls that had been positioned in the Frankfort horizontal plane on a craniophore. All classification accuracies for all groups were better than chance. Using linear measures and GPA, black South Africans classified 55-71% correctly, coloured classified 53-61% correctly and whites classified 85-95% correctly. Black and coloured South Africans demonstrated bell-shaped nasal apertures with nasal spines superior to the inferior nasal border. White South Africans had pear-shaped nasal apertures with a nasal spine inferior of the inferior nasal border. Using EFA black South Africans classified 62% correctly. While coloured South Africans only classified 39% correctly, which demonstrates high within group variability. Due to their unique historical development, large variation (heterogeneity) within the coloured group was expected. White South Africans had the highest correct classification accuracy of 85%. For all methods, misclassification rarely occurred between white and non-white (black and coloured) groups and most difficulties arose in distinguishing non-white groups from each other. High rates of misclassification was also noted between sex designations within a group, which suggests less or an absence of sexual dimorphism for these variables The distinct separation of white South Africans may reflect the mid-to late 20th century political and social separation of white and non-white groups in South Africa. Nasal aperture shape, alone, is less useful for separating groups such that all groups have relatively intermediate nasal aperture shapes; however the pinched nasal bone structure of white South Africans clearly separates them from the other groups. When using nasal bone and aperture landmarks, linear measures are as accurate as the modern geometric techniques in distinguishing groups. All methods are feasible to use in the estimation of ancestry on modern South Africans, with craniometry a sensible solution as the data can be rapidly collected, accurately analysed and compared to current reference samples. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Anatomy / unrestricted

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