<p>Background: A large number of companies works as a link between manufacturers and final users. These companies buys and stores goods to be able to deliver when a need comes up later in the chain. The storage could have a negative effect on profitability and therefore places great demands on the management control systems. ABC as a method has been used with some success in manufacturing for over ten years. In wholesale companies the method is not frequently used. </p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this report is to study the design and the effects of ABC in wholesale companies. </p><p>Method: The base for this study is a company for which an ABC-model was constructed. This company also worked as an object of study to create understanding for the line of business itself (wholesale). To this base interviews with three other wholesalers who already have implemented ABC were added. These interviews were used to verify the model of the first company and to study the effect of in wholesale companies. </p><p>Results: The study have shown how an ABC-model can be designed for a wholesale company. The design should start with nature and size of the company and clearly show that it is for a wholesale company. The effects visible in two underlying aspects, line of products and customers, which after management of these leads to higher profits for the company.</p>

Background: A large number of companies works as a link between manufacturers and final users. These companies buys and stores goods to be able to deliver when a need comes up later in the chain. The storage could have a negative effect on profitability and therefore places great demands on the management control systems. ABC as a method has been used with some success in manufacturing for over ten years. In wholesale companies the method is not frequently used. Purpose: The purpose of this report is to study the design and the effects of ABC in wholesale companies. Method: The base for this study is a company for which an ABC-model was constructed. This company also worked as an object of study to create understanding for the line of business itself (wholesale). To this base interviews with three other wholesalers who already have implemented ABC were added. These interviews were used to verify the model of the first company and to study the effect of in wholesale companies. Results: The study have shown how an ABC-model can be designed for a wholesale company. The design should start with nature and size of the company and clearly show that it is for a wholesale company. The effects visible in two underlying aspects, line of products and customers, which after management of these leads to higher profits for the company.

Den här undersökningen beskriver hur den svenska skivbranschen skall överleva vid nya teknikskiften. Syftet med undersökning är att genom en fallstudie få en djup förståelse och kunskap om hur branschen och dess externa faktorer ser ut, och därefter analysera och utvärdera tre företag i skivbranschen och dess långsiktiga strategier. Genom att ha genomfört intervjuer med tre personer från tre olika skivbolag har syftet kunnat besvaras. Intervjuerna som genomfördes var ostrukturerade och ej standardiserade, detta för att få en djup kunskap och förståelse för branschen som undersöks, samt att få ut så mycket relevant information som möjligt. I undersökningens analys har empirin analyserats utifrån de variabler som har tagits ut från de valda teorierna. De svenska skivbolagen befinner sig på en marknad där konkurrensen är hög, vilket bolagen inte har uppmärksammat. Omstruktureringar har varit nödvändiga i organisationerna på grund av den nya digitala tekniken. Skivbolagen befinner sig i en situation där nyskapande och flexibilitet är viktiga utgångspunkter för framgång. Skivbolagen började sent utnyttja möjligheten att sälja sin musik via distributions- och försäljningskanaler på Internet. Om bolagen utsätts för samma fenomen en gång till måste de bli mer flexibla och agera snabbare för att inte hamna i den situation som de befinner sig i idag. En annan aspekt som kommer att ha stor betydelse i framtiden är kommunikationen inom företagen så att de anställda är uppdaterade när det gäller utvecklingen inom den digitala tekniken.

Software product lines provide enhanced means for systematic reuse when constructing systems within a particular domain. In order to achieve this, systems in a product line are expected to have a significant amount of commonality. Variability is what distinguishes these systems from one another and is spread across various product line artifacts. This thesis focuses on modeling and managing product line variability. The concept of concerns is proposed as a means of variability modeling. Another proposal is related to the use of context free grammars to represent product line variability and to guarantee that any application derived according to the variability framework thus defined will be a valid one. This approach is evaluated for an example domain, in the light of novel evaluation criteria that are also introduced in the scope of this thesis.

Base commonality of the Software Product Line (SPL) Engineering processes is to analyze commonality and variability of the product family though, SPLE defines many various processes in different abstraction levels. In this thesis, a new approach to configure (according to requirements) components as building blocks of the architecture is proposed. The main objective of this approach is to support domain design and application design processes in SPL context. Configuring the products is made into a semi-automatic operation by defining a Domain Specific Language (DSL) which is built on top of domain and feature-component binding model notions. In order to accomplish this goal, dependencies of the components are extracted from the software by using the dependency injection method and these dependencies are made definable in CASE tools which are developed in this work.

In this thesis, a new modeling technique is proposed for minimizing regression testing effort in software product lines. The &ldquo / Product Flow Model&rdquo / is used for the common representation of products in application engineering and the &ldquo / Domain Service and Object Model&rdquo / represents the variant based relations between products and core assets. This new approach provides a solution for avoiding unnecessary work load of regression testing using the principles of sub-service decomposition and variant based product/sub-service traceability matrices. The proposed model is adapted to a sample product line targeting the banking domain, called Loyalty and Campaign Management System, where loyalty campaigns for credit cards are the products derived from core assets. Reduced regression test scope after the realization of new requirements is demonstrated through a case study. Finally, efficiency improvement in terms of time and effort in the test process with the adaptation of the proposed model is discussed.

SANTOS, Ismayle de Sousa. Um ambiente para geração de cenários de testes para linhas de produtos de software sensíveis ao contexto. 2013. 135 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Computação, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-07-01T19:23:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_issantos.pdf: 3899116 bytes, checksum: 671b1907d9f723390441a5b8ed58142c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-07-01T19:25:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_issantos.pdf: 3899116 bytes, checksum: 671b1907d9f723390441a5b8ed58142c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T19:25:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_issantos.pdf: 3899116 bytes, checksum: 671b1907d9f723390441a5b8ed58142c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / A Context-Aware Software Product Line (CASPL) is a product line for developing context-aware applications, which dynamically change their behavior or provide services based on context information. With this kind of line, the productivity can be increased and the development costs of the context-aware application can be cut down. In this scenario, the testing activity needs to deal with the peculiarities of both context-aware applications and the product line development paradigm. Through the complexity involved in testing a CASPL is essential to have methods or tools for supporting this activity, especially with the goal of creating tests from requirements. The aim of this early testing generation is to identify and fix the defects in the early stages of development. Therefore, this work aims to propose an environment for generating test scenarios for a CASPL that takes into account the presence of context information and seeks to maximize the testing reuse. This environment consists of a testing scenario generation method, a template for textual use case specification and a support tool. The method uses as input textual use cases especifications with information about: funcionality, variability, and how the context afect the final products. The environment also has a use case template that supports the use of the method and a tool support, which allows the modeling of use cases according to this template and implements the proposed method. In order to verify the benefits of the environment as a way to testing generation for a Context-Aware Software Product Line, an assessment in the form of controlled experiment is conducted. Based on the collected results, it is observed that: the use of the template makes easy the understanding of a Context-Aware Software Product Line use case; the method favors the creation of a set of tests with higher coverage than a non-systematic testing generation; and the tool is the necessary support for the method / Uma Linha de Produto de Software Sensível ao Contexto (LPSSC) é uma linha de produto para o desenvolvimento de aplicações sensíveis ao contexto, que alteram dinamicamente o comportamento ou que proveem serviços com base em informações de contexto. Nesse cenário, a atividade de testes precisa lidar ao mesmo tempo com as peculiaridades das aplicações finais, que são sensíveis ao contexto, e com o paradigma de desenvolvimento em linha de produto. Mediante a complexidade envolvida nos testes de uma LPSSC, é fundamental a existência de métodos ou ferramentas de suporte a essa atividade, especialmente com a intenção de criar testes a partir dos requisitos da linha. O objetivo dessa geração precoce dos testes é permitir a identificação e correção dos defeitos nos estágios iniciais de desenvolvimento. Dessa forma, esta dissertação tem por objetivo propor um ambiente de geração de cenários de testes para uma LPSSC que utiliza especificações textuais de casos de uso com informações de contexto e que possibilita a reutilização dos testes. Este ambiente é constituído pela proposta de um método de geração de cenários de testes, de um template para especificação textual de casos de uso de uma LPSSC e de uma ferramenta de apoio. O método utiliza como base especificações textuais de casos de uso com informações sobre: funcionalidade, variabilidade da linha, e como o contexto afeta os produtos finais. O ambiente também contém o template para caso de uso que fornece suporte ao uso do método e a ferramenta de apoio, que permite a modelagem de casos de uso segundo esse template e implementa o método proposto. Com a intenção de verificar os benefícios do ambiente, proposto nesta dissertação, quanto a geração de cenários de testes para uma LPSSC, conduziu-se uma avaliação preliminar na forma de experimento controlado. Baseado nos resultados coletados nessa avaliação percebeu-se que: o template favorece o entendimento de um caso de uso de uma LPSSC; o método favorece a criação de um conjunto de testes com uma maior cobertura para uma LPSSC, se comparado a criação de testes de forma não sistemática; e a ferramenta representa um suporte necessário.

Planning is a very important manager work which is necessary for governing and functioning every society. The aim of this diploma paper is to analyse the system of financial plans, define planning of society, whether it is effective and reliable, describe setting short run and long run plans. For these case study was chosen a leasing company which plans on the base of accountancy of international standards, the medium {--} term plan and at that time also the contemporary plan is checked. The medium {--} term plan relates with expenses and profits. The plan is effected by the market share, environment and the market competition. The leasing company planes for three forefronts {--} cars, consumer goods and direct loans. Significant influence on the product, if it is profitable or not, has delinquency, which is the highest in the first year of the repayment. The company creates provisions for delinquent contracts. In the first phase of ratification insurance some products is necessary to be a part of the products. The Planning department and Department of Control are in charge of following forefronts of individual product. Conclude that the leasing company is in its planning and implementation successful. Profitable products of all product forefronts are the result. Cars, with their highest position in the market, are the star of the company. Nonprofitable products are cancelled and there are substituted by other products. Liquidity is not followed much because the company is owned by a multinational company.

Linha de produtos de software (LPS) corresponde a uma das mais bem sucedidas formas de reúso, pois permite a reutilização de requisitos e arquitetura. Embora o desenvolvimento, manutenção e evolução de uma LPS ainda possua um custo alto quando comparado ao desenvolvimento de sistemas únicos (single systems), um lucro significativo pode ser obtido com a venda de diversos produtos derivados da LPS. No projeto de uma LPS analisa-se os sistemas coletivamente, ou seja, o domínio. Geradores de aplicações são ferramentas capazes de gerar artefatos a partir de uma especificação, e no caso de se ter a especificação de um domínio, é possível gerar aplicações para esse domínio. Web services representam uma tecnologia promissora para disponibilização de serviços na Web e desenvolvimento de software com arquitetura flexível e de fácil manutenção. Neste trabalho é proposta uma abordagem de desenvolvimento de linha de produtos com arquitetura orientada a serviços, na qual a geração de produtos é apoiada por um gerador de aplicações. A abordagem chama-se SoProL-WS e possui o objetivo de reduzir os custos e prazos de desenvolvimento da LPS e facilitar a sua manutenção, evolução e derivação de seus membros. SoProLWS apresenta as atividades e artefatos necessários para partir dos requisitos da LPS, projetar, implementar, configurar um gerador de aplicações e gerar seus membros a partir do gerador ou por meio de uma configuração manual. Além disso, é apresentado um estudo de caso com o desenvolvimento de uma linha de produtos de leilões Web seguindo os passos da abordagem, bem como são discutidas as alternativas de projeto relevantes para esse tipo de desenvolvimento / Software product lines (SPL) is a successful reuse technique that fosters requirements and architecture reuse. Although SPL costs with development, maintenance and evolution increases when compared to single system development, significant profit can be obtained by selling many products derived from SPL. In a SPL project, systems are analised collectively like a domain. Application generators are tools capable of generating artifacts based on an specification, in case of a domain specification, it is possible to generate applications in this domain. Web services represent a technology to make services available over a network and to develop a flexible and adaptable software architecture. This work presents an approach, called SoProL-WS, to develop SPL using service oriented architecture, where product derivation is supported by an applicator generator. The aim of this approach is to enhance flexibility, reuse and consequently decrease SPL development costs. In addition, this work presents a case study where SoProL-WS is applied to develop a Web auctions SPL

While there is a growing recognition of the importance of System of Systems (SoS), there is still little agreement on just what they are or on by what principles they should be constructed. Actually, there are numerous SoS definitions in the literature. The difficulty in specifying what are the constituent systems, what they are supposed to do, and how they are going to do it frequently lead SoS initiatives to complete failures. Guided by a sample SoS that comprises all the distinguishing SoS characteristics and a generic SoS Engineering (SoSE) process, this thesis explores the SoS development from different Software Engineering (SE) perspectives that include requirements, analysis, design, and reengineering. For the Requirements Engineering (RE), we propose a scene-based RE approach to describe the SoS progressively as an arrangement of elementary but meaningful related behaviors named scenes. The objective is making easier the description and the understanding of the SoS dynamism. For the analysis, we propose extensions to statecharts to visually improve the modeling of systems interactions. They are symbolic notations that result from an analogy with multi-layer Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). The resulting diagrams are named PCBstatecharts. For the design, we propose an extension to the conventional SPLE process in such a way that SPL can become a natural source of SoS members. Domain engineering is extended to deliver components able to share abilities in SoS environments. Then, application engineers can design families of products that comply with different SoS requirements and still improve their products using the abilities of other SoS members. For the reengineering, we propose an approach extension to evolve legacy systems to SPL and then to SoS members. We demonstrate that when legacy systems are reengineered properly, they can share useful abilities, work cooperatively, and compose SoS / Apesar do crescente reconheciimento da importância de Sistemas de Sistemas (SoS) ainda não há um consenso sobre o que eles são um para que princípios devem ser construídos. De fato, existem várias definições de SoS na literatura. A dificuldade de especificar quais são os sistemas constituintes, as suas tarefas e como eles irão realizá-las frequentemente conduzem iniciativas de SoS ao completo fracasso. Guiados por um exemplo que inclui todas as características distintas de um SoS e um processo genérico de engenharia de SoS (SoSE), esta tese explora o desenvolvimento de SoS a partir de diferentes perspectivas da engenharia de software (SE), que incluem requisitos, análise, projeto e reengenharia. Para a engenharia de requisitos (RE) é proposta uma abordagem para descrever progressivamente um SoS como um arranjo de comportamentos mais simples, porém significativos, denominados \'cenas\'. O objetivo é facilitar a descrição e o entendimento do SoS e seu dinamismo. Para a análise, propõe-se as extensões de statecharts para melhorar a modelagem das interações entre sistemas. Elas são notações simbólicas que resultam de uma analogia com placas de circuito impresso multi camadas (PCB). Os diagramas resultantes são denominados PCB-statecharts. Para o projeto, é proposta uma extensão para o processo convencional de engenharia de linha de produtos (SPLE), de tal forma que linhas de produto (SPL) possam se tornar uma fonte natural de membros para SoS. A engenharia de domínio é estendida para prover componentes capazes de compartilhar habilidades em ambientes de SoS. Desta forma, engenheiros de aplicação podem projetar famílias de produtos complacentes com diferentes requisitos de SoS e ainda melhorar seus produtos usando habilidades de outros membros de um SoS. Para a reengenharia propõe-se extensão de uma abordagem existente para evoluir legados para SPL e depois para membros de um SoS. O objetivo é demonstrar que quando sistemas legados são tratados apropriadamente, eles podem compartilhar habilidades úteis, trabalhar de maneira cooperativa e compor SoS