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WindSim Study of Hybrid Wind Farm in Complex TerrainHines, Paul January 2012 (has links)
A annual nergy production analysis was undertaken to compare wind resources and annual energy production as estimated by WAsP and Windsim. Nordex Sverige AB has designed a wind farm with the help of WAsP and this study will involve the examination of this site with Windsim. Two site formations are of interest, one with the same class of turbine and one with a mix of two turbine types. The study is interested in the effect on annual energy production as estimated by the different software of employing a hybrid layout using wind turbines of different height.The results showed that whilst initial estimations of total energy production without wake losses appear very similar between WAsP and Windsim the ways in which the software are treating individual turbines within the planned farm can be quite different because of different physics. The analysis of the „hybrid‟ turbine layout showed significant increases in estimated annual energy production when a turbine with a higher tower and larger rotor diameter was used in a hybrid arrangement. Estimated annual energy losses on the turbines that were not changed in favour of a larger turbine were small. However, no great benefit in estimated turbine efficiency was achieved through the mixing of turbine types with different hub heights. The gains in annual energy production estimated by both software are however significant with increased production of 18 % across the entire farm when comparing the „hybrid‟ layout to a farm based on only the smaller of the two turbine types.
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Contribution à l'estimation et à l'amélioration de la production de l'énergie photovoltaïque / Contribution to the estimation and to the improvement of the photovoltaic energy productionCaldeira Nabo, Adelphe 03 July 2013 (has links)
Ces travaux de thèse consistent à proposer des outils matériels et logiciels pour estimer et améliorer le rendement énergétique de la chaine de conversion d’énergie photovoltaïque pour les applications de l’habitat. Nous avons dans un premier temps proposé une nouvelle architecture mixte d’onduleur à 5 niveaux. Ce type de structure, fondé sur un couplage d’un onduleur en pont complet et d’une architecture NPC, permet de diminuer le THD de la tension de sortie du convertisseur tout en limitant les niveaux de courant de fuite induits par les modules photovoltaïques. Ce type d’architecture est constitué d’un nombre limité de dispositifs à semi-conducteurs par rapport à une structure NPC et permet d’améliorer la robustesse de l’onduleur. Ces premiers résultats de test à puissances réduite permettent de valider le concept proposé. On s’intéresse ensuite à l’étude des paramètres environnant du système pouvant impacter la production d’énergie. Il est mis en évidence l’influence de la variation du coefficient d’échange convectif avec la vitesse du vent. Pour cela, un outil flexible d’estimation de production a été développé. Il est alors possible de quantifier et de qualifier l’impact des conditions météorologiques sur la production d’énergie photovoltaïque. / This study deals with the development of hardware and software tools to estimate and improve the efficiency of the PV energy conversion chain for household photovoltaic applications. We firstly proposed a new mixed 5-level inverter. This type of structure, based on the mixture of a full bridge inverter and NPC architecture, reduces the converter output voltage THD while reducing levels of leakage current induced by the PV modules. This architecture consists of a limited number of semiconductor devices with respect to a NPC structure and improves the robustness of the inverter. Several test results in reduced power validate the concept proposed. Finally, we focus on some parameters that could perturb the system and impact the energy production. It is highlighted that the impact of the convective heat transfer coefficient variation with wind speed is important. For this purpose, a flexible tool was developed to estimate the PV production. It is then possible to quantify and qualify the impact of wind speed on the photovoltaic energy production.
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Padrão espectro-temporal da cultura do crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) e estimativa de rendimento de grãos por sensores terrestres / Spectral-temporal crambe crop behavior (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) and grain yield estimation by terrestrial sensorsViana, Octavio Henrique 12 December 2017 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2017-12-12 / Crambe is an annual crop with high oil content in the seeds. Cultivated in winter, it presents a short cycle and low implantation cost. The extracted oil is used in the production of industrial lubricants, biofuels and electrical insulating fluids. In Brazil, several researches have been carried out mainly choosing experiments that evaluate grain yield in different regions. However, data related to the spectral-temporal behavior of the crambe during the developmental phases are non-existent. The knowledge of these data enables the monitoring of the crop by remote sensing techniques, which subsidize official organisms in the estimation of grain crops of the country. In this context, the present study aims to (i) characterize the spectral-temporal pattern of crambe obtained by terrestrial sensors in the city of Cascavel, state of Paraná; and (ii) to evaluate the relationship between spectral bands and vegetation indices obtained in different stages phenological measurements by terrestrial spectral sensors, with the grain yield of the crambe crop. The experiment was carried out in Cascavel, PR in the winter crops of 2014 and 2015. During these two years hyperspectral information was collected with the FieldSpec® 4 Hi-Res (FS4) terrestrial sensor through the phenological phases of crambe development, generating spectral-temporal and temporal profile of vegetation indexes by normalized difference (NDVI) and adjusted to soil (SAVI). The daily averages of the temporal profiles were submitted to the exploratory analysis of the data. In 2015, spectral information was collected with active and passive ground sensors (FS4 and Greenseeker® 505 Handheld) during all phenological phases of the plant. Separated in spectral bands of red, near and medium infrared and generated indices NDVI, SAVI, and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI). At the maturation stage, plants were collected to determine grain yield. Linear regression models between spectral data and crop yield were elaborated and evaluated. During the seedling and vegetative growth phases the spectral band of red showed higher reflectances, due to the soil present in the sensed area. In the vegetative growth and early flowering phases, the highest reflectance in the near infrared (NIR) occurred, related to the green biomass of the canopy. Phases of granulation and maturation were characterized by the reduction in reflectance in the IVP and medium infrared (SWIR), due to leaf senescence and loss of cellular water content. The temporal profiles of NDVI and SAVI demonstrate linear growth up to the vegetative peak of the crambe, characterized between the end of the phenological phase of the vegetative growth and the beginning of the flowering. The model generated by NDMI in 66 days after sowing (DAS), at the beginning of flowering, showed a negative correlation with grain yield (R2adj: 0,49; RMSE: 134,80 kg ha-1). The spectral range of red (648 to 672 nm) in 66 DAS presented positive linear correlation with grain yield (R2adj: 0.36; RMSE: 151.38 kg ha-1). The flowers present in the canopy of the plant, in the flowering phase, contributed to the increase of reflectance in the spectral range of red and infrared. The data of terrestrial sensors enabled the spectral-temporal characterization of the crambe crop, generating subsidy for the delimitation of the cultivated areas with the culture by orbital sensors. Excessive precipitation and wind during the flowering, granulation, and maturation phases during the 2015 harvest contributed to variability in grain yield, reducing the explanatory capacity of production with the models. / O crambe é uma cultura anual, com alto teor de óleo nas sementes. Cultivada no inverno, apresenta ciclo curto e baixo custo de implantação. O óleo extraído é empregado na produção de lubrificantes industriais, biocombustíveis e fluidos isolantes elétricos. No Brasil, diversas pesquisas vem sendo realizadas visando principalmente experimentos que avaliam o rendimento de grãos em diversas regiões. Contudo, dados relacionados ao comportamento espectro-temporal do crambe durante as fases de desenvolvimento são inexistentes. O conhecimento destes dados possibilita o monitoramento da cultura por técnicas de sensoriamento remoto, que subsidiam órgãos oficiais na estimativa de safras de grãos do país. Neste contexto, o presente estudo tem por objetivos (i) caracterizar o padrão espectro-temporal do crambe obtido por sensores terrestres, no município de Cascavel, Paraná; e (ii) avaliar a relação entre faixas espectrais e índices de vegetação, obtidos em diferentes estágios fenológicos por sensores espectrais terrestres, com o rendimento de grãos da cultura do crambe. O experimento foi implantado em Cascavel, PR nas safras de inverno de 2014 e 2015. Nos dois anos foram coletadas informações hiperespectrais com o sensor terrestre FieldSpec® 4 Hi-Res (FS4) durante as fases fenológicas de desenvolvimento do crambe, gerados padrão espectro-temporal e perfil temporal dos índices de vegetação por diferença normalizada (NDVI) e ajustado ao solo (SAVI). As médias diárias dos perfis temporais foram submetidas à análise exploratória dos dados. Em 2015, foram coletadas informações espectrais com sensores terrestres ativo e passivo (FS4 e Greenseeker® 505 Handheld) durante todas as fases fenológicas da planta. Separadas nas faixas espectrais do vermelho, infravermelho próximo e médio e gerados os índices NDVI, SAVI e o índice de umidade de diferença normalizada (NDMI). Na fase de maturação foram coletadas plantas para determinar o rendimento de grãos. Foram elaborados e avaliados modelos de regressões lineares entre dados espectrais e rendimento da cultura. Durante as fases de plântula e início do crescimento vegetativo, a banda espectral do vermelho apresentou maiores reflectâncias devido ao solo presente na área sensoriada. Nas fases de crescimento vegetativo e início da floração ocorreram as maiores reflectâncias no infravermelho próximo (IVP), comportamento relacionado à biomassa verde do dossel. Fases de granação e maturação foram caracterizadas pela redução na reflectância no IVP e infravermelho médio (IVM), devido a senescência de folhas e perda de conteúdo de água celular. Os perfis temporais de NDVI e SAVI demonstram crescimento linear até o pico vegetativo do crambe, caracterizado entre o fim da fase fenológica do crescimento vegetativo e o início da floração. O modelo gerado em 2015 pelo NDMI em 66 dias após a semeadura (DAS), no início da floração, apresentou correlação negativa com rendimento de grãos (R2adj: 0,49; RMSE: 134,80 kg ha-1). A faixa espectral do vermelho (648 a 672 nm) em 66 DAS apresentou correlação linear positiva com rendimento de grãos (R2adj: 0,36; RMSE: 151,38 kg ha-1). As flores presentes no dossel da planta, na fase de floração, contribuíram para o aumento da reflectância na faixa espectral do vermelho e infravermelho. Os dados de sensores terrestres possibilitaram a caracterização espectro-temporal da cultura do crambe, gerando subsídio para delimitação das áreas cultivadas com a cultura por sensores orbitais. Excesso de precipitação e ventos nas fases de floração, granação e maturação durante a safra de 2015 contribuíram para a variabilidade no rendimento de grãos, reduzindo a capacidade explicativa da produção com os modelos.
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