Our built environment has the power to influence where we live and work, how we transport ourselves, how and what we consume and many other behaviors in our everyday lives, in other words, it has a significant impact on our global environment and economy. Given the notable need for more sustainable development of both the global environment and economy, sustainability has become a critical factor also in the area of urban development. With this as a backdrop, the construction industry and its many actors, such as clients, contractors and suppliers, that collectively drive urban development, play a significant role in creating sustainable development. Innovation is a cornerstone to achieve development, so also in the construction industry. However, with its many interrelated organizations, projects and actors, innovation inevitably becomes inter-organizational. From an urban development perspective, inter-organizational innovation will happen in a multi-project context where several construction projects, led and executed by different actors from different organizations, become interdependent and are therefore required to collaborate. In any construction project, the client holds a key position and has been identified as a critical supporter for successful innovation and collaboration. On the back of these dynamics, the purpose of this licentiate thesis is to explore clients’ role in a multi-project context where inter-organizational innovation is initiated to drive sustainable urban development. From a contingency perspective, the purpose of this study has been explored through a multiple-case study where coordinated construction logistics, during the study, has been identified as inter-organizational innovation. The study has shown that coordinated construction logistics, developed for a multi-project context, must be developed and implemented differently than in a single project or organization. In other words, coordinated construction logistics can take the form of different types of construction innovation. The construction clients, in this thesis the building developers, are identified as being important to support innovation and collaboration within and between parallel and sequential projects. The study has also shown that different clients behave differently when inter-organizational innovation is present; whilst some are proactive to achieve development, others are hesitant and less supportive for change. The findings suggest that long-term committed clients take a more proactive stand for innovation, for example, by including innovation in their procurement strategies and reflecting on how to best implement it in their projects. Additionally, in a multi-project context, the collaboration between clients is found to be important in order to successfully implement innovation, for example to align procurement strategies with the next-door neighbors and to create opportunities to communicate with each other. A theoretical contribution from this thesis is that coordinated construction logistics, which is often seen from a supply-chain management perspective, could be considered as inter-organizational innovation. This conclusion expands the understanding of the empirical phenomenon and its context. Furthermore, adding to the on-going discussion on clients as innovation supporters, their role as a potential innovation supporter is established in a multi-project perspective, but where differences between different types of clients must be taken into account. The multi-project context also implies an increased need for client collaboration, which is often informal, why the clients themselves need to handle all the aspects of collaboration. Tentative findings indicate that in this context time, spatiality, innovation and requirements will affect this collaboration. From a practical side, the findings show that initiating and implementing inter-organizational innovation requires understanding of the context, such as project objectives and the system. For clients and governments active in urban development, the thesis can guide the understanding of the importance of collaboration and choosing procurement strategy for inter-organizational innovation. / <p>QC 20180508</p>

This thesis is about a special type of institutional treatment called family-work. It can be described as different ways to involve the families of the youth in their treatment programme. The locus of the study are special treatment homes which provide treatment for youth with serious social and behavioural problems. The study concerns three units at three institutions. The thesis has a qualitative and interpretative approach with using of observations, field studies, combined with interviews and field notes. The study focuses at the pre-conditions for the local "family projects" run by the care workers. With "project" means a process where different actions take place. The Theory of Action concept facilitates the understanding of these types of process and the importance of the internal(subjective) and external(objective) conditions in proportion to the space of action. Several local conditions influenced the pre-requisites for the staff to be able to carry out a "family project" and decide how to realize an intention. Important conditions were commissions given by the social services and the treatment focus at the units. The units are functioned as kinds of overall social "project contexts" with four basic characteristics: the treatment focus and structure, the professionalism and the organisation of the work. The conclusion from the study is that none of the "project contexts" at the three units provided good pre-requisites for family-work. "Family projects", realised by care workers were however professional and seem to have helped both the parents and the young persons, but "the project" were, in total, relatively few. It appeared that a successfully completed "family project" is the last step in a long process in which many different conditions contribute to the destiny of the "project". A clear family focused structured treatment at a unit can provide the employees with good conditions for realising the opportunities they see for working with families.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Software process definition requires choosing the process elements that appropriately fulfil the tailoring requirements, such as to prevent risks or to satisfy quality goals. The selection of appropriate process elements is usually done manually, making this process complex, time-consuming and error-prone. Our main objective is to define a systematic approach to tailor software process and a tool support to simplify and to support the tailoring process, improving the selection process of reusable process elements. A systematic approach was developed to tailor the software process based on software architectures and process lines. The approach selects the most appropriate elements of processes according to the tailoring requirements. A web tool was developed to support the use of the proposed approach. Aiming to illustrate the approach proposed in this paper, an case study and an experiment were conducted. The case study describe projects with different characteristics and consequently are different generated tailoring processes. With experiment can be noted that the Software Process Line helped mainly in the sequencing process, optimizing resources and improving management process. The use of architecture provided the retrieval of a set of activities that have been prioritized according to the characterization of the project, defining required and optional elements and the accretion of tailoring requirements. Facilitating thus the adequacy of the process used for different contexts of projects. We concluded that the approach aids process engineer to make decisions for selecting a set of process elements suitable to the tailoring requirements and to the project context. / Definição de processos de software requer escolher os elementos de processo que apropriadamente satisfazem os requisitos de adaptação, tais como a prevenção de riscos ou para satisfazer as metas de qualidade. A seleção dos elementos de processos adequados é geralmente feita manualmente, tornando este processo complexo, demorado e sujeito a erros. O principal objetivo é definir uma abordagem sistemática para adequar o processo de software e uma ferramenta de apoio para simplificar e apoiar o processo de adaptação, melhorar a seleção dos elementos de processos reutilizáveis. Foi desenvolvido uma abordagem sistemática para adequar o processo de software com base em arquiteturas de processo de software e linhas. A abordagem seleciona os elementos de processos mais adequados de acordo com os requisitos de adaptação. Uma ferramenta web foi desenvolvida para suportar o uso da abordagem proposta. Visando exemplificar a abordagem proposta neste trabalho, foram realizados um estudo de caso e um experimento. O estudo de caso descreve projetos com diferentes características, e, consequentemente são gerados diferentes processos adaptados. Com o experimento pode-se notar que as Linha de Processos de Software auxiliaram principalmente no sequenciamento do processo, otimizando os recursos e melhorando o gerenciamento do processo. A utilização da arquitetura proporcionou a recuperação de um conjunto de atividades que foram priorizadas de acordo com a caracterização do projeto, definindo elementos obrigatórios e opcionais e o acréscimo de requisitos de adaptação. Facilitando, desta forma, a adequação do processo utilizado para diferentes contextos de projetos. Conclui-se que a abordagem auxilia o engenheiro de processos a tomar decisões na seleção do conjunto de elementos de processos mais adequados as exigências de adaptação e contexto do projeto.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Software development organizations are involved in different scenarios with distinct projects in relation to specific project characteristics and demands. There isn´t a software process model appropriate for all projects and/or organizations. The best process depends of the project context. Situational Method Engineering (SME) proposes the building of specific software development methods for each project according to its situational characteristics from method fragments stored in a repository. This work proposes a systematic approach for building a specific development software process for each project through tailoring process based on SME concepts, called OSPTA Octopus SME Process Tailoring Approach. OSPTA uses stored method fragments which include practices recommended by agile and planned process. These fragments are retrieved according to one or more tailoring criteria (tailoring process requirements) and are prioritized from contextual factors defined by Octopus Model. The technique used for this prioritization is Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique to guide the process engineers in choosing the best fragments to include into organization s standard software process (PSPO). A metamodel was proposed to define method fragments. A support tool was developed to validate the proposed approach through case studies which use project risks as tailoring criteria. / As organizações de desenvolvimento de software estão envolvidas em um ambiente dinâmico, com diferentes cenários de acordo com as características e demandas específicas de cada projeto de software. Não há um processo de software que atenda as necessidades específicas de todos os projetos e/ou organizações. Assim, a adequação de um processo de desenvolvimento de software depende do contexto do projeto. Situational Method Engineering (SME) propõe a construção de métodos de desenvolvimento de software específicos para cada projeto de acordo com as características situacionais dos mesmos a partir de fragmentos de métodos armazenados em um repositório. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem sistemática para a construção de processos de desenvolvimento de software específicos para cada projeto a partir da adaptação de processos, com base em conceitos de SME, chamada OSPTA Octopus SME Process Tailoring Approach. OSPTA utiliza fragmentos de métodos armazenados em um repositório, os quais incluem práticas preconizadas por processos ágeis e planejados. Tais fragmentos são recuperados de acordo com um ou mais critério de adaptação, ou requisitos para o processo adaptado, e são priorizados de acordo com fatores de contextualização de projetos de software definidos no Octopus Model. A técnica usada para esta priorização é Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), para guiar os engenheiros de processo na escolha dos melhores fragmentos para serem incluídos no processo de software padrão da organização (PSPO), dando origem ao processo adaptado, específico para o projeto. Um metamodelo foi proposto para a definição de fragmentos de métodos para serem utilizados na abordagem. Foi desenvolvida uma ferramenta para apoiar a abordagem proposta. Estudos de caso considerando riscos do projeto como critério de adaptação foram elaborados para validar a abordagem.