Messenger RNA (mRNA) posttranscriptional regulation has been implicated in the development and/or progression of several diseases including many types of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, vascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Differential regulation of Androgen Receptor (AR) mRNA has been associated specifically with prostate cancer progression. In this thesis, molecular beacons were developed to allow for the detection of the expression and localization of AR mRNA in live prostate cancer cells. These beacons were then applied as a tool for studying how AR mRNA regulation is involved in prostate cancer growth and advancement. Two AR mRNA targeted beacons were designed and tested in solution and in live cells to determine their functionality. The beacon-based approach for AR mRNA detection was then optimized through the use of the two beacons in tandem and alteration of their backbone chemistry. A series of validation tests were performed on these beacons, including testing their abilities to: 1) produce a feasible localization pattern, 2) discriminate between AR positive (AR+) and AR negative (AR-) prostate cancer cell lines and 3) follow stimulus-induced changes in AR mRNA expression. Based on these results, a dual chimeric beacon approach was selected to determine the role of AR mRNA regulation in two systems that represent important stages in prostate cancer growth and progression: 1) hormone stimulation of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells and 2) progression of androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells to the androgen-independent state. Our results suggest that changes in AR mRNA expression, organization, and localization may be indicative of molecular mechanisms involved in these critical transitions associated with prostate cancer progression. Taken together, this work provides a feasibility study for visualizing changes in AR mRNA state as a diagnostic measure for evaluating the aggressiveness of the disease and demonstrates the possible utility of therapeutically targeting AR mRNA regulation in order to prevent prostate cancer advancement.

Familial aggregation of prostate cancer has been demonstrated in studies conducted in a number of countries prior to the widespread adoption of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for prostate cancer detection. PSA testing leads to over-diagnosis of asymptomatic disease that may not have become clinically significant within a man’s normal lifetime. This increase in the number of asymptomatic men diagnosed might alter the magnitude of familial risk estimates and the importance of a prostate cancer family history. (For complete abstract open document)

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Tez (Tıpta Uzmanlık) - Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Üroloji Anabilim Dalı, 2007. / Bibliyografya var.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 367-392).

Thesis (M.Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009. / A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, Oncology. Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on October 24, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2006 Aug 16.

Thesis (Ph. D. in Cancer Biology)--Vanderbilt University, Aug. 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men in Europe and the USA. Some prostate tumours are regarded as stiffer than the surrounding normal tissue, and therefore it is of interest to be able to reliably measure prostate tissue stiffness. The methods presently used to detect prostate cancer are inexact, and new techniques are needed. In this licentiate thesis resonance sensor technology, with its ability to measure tissue stiffness, was applied to normal and cancerous prostate tissue. A piezoelectric transducer element in a feedback system can be set to vibrate at its resonance frequency. When the sensor element contacts an object a change in the resonance frequency is observed, and this feature has been utilized in sensor systems to describe physical properties of different objects. For medical applications it has been used to measure stiffness variations due to various pathophysiological conditions. An impression-controlled resonance sensor system was used to quantify stiffness in human prostate tissue in vitro using a combination of frequency change and force measurements. Measurements on prostate tissue showed statistically significant (p < 0.001) and reproducible differences between normal healthy tissue and tumour tissue when using a multivariate parameter analysis. Measured stiffness varied in both the normal tissue and tumour tissue group. One source of variation was assumed to be related to differences in tissue composition. Other sources of error could be uneven surfaces, different levels of dehydration of the prostates, and actual differences between patients. The prostate specimens were also subjected to morphometric measurements, and the sensor parameter was compared with the morphology of the tissue with linear regression. In the probe impression interval 0.5–1.7 mm, the maximum coefficient of determination was R2 ≥ 0.60 (p < 0.05, n = 75). An increase in the proportion of prostate stones (corpora amylacea), stroma, or cancer in relation to healthy glandular tissue increased the measured stiffness. Cancer and stroma had the greatest effect on the measured stiffness. The deeper the sensor was pressed, the greater, i.e., deeper, volume it sensed. It is concluded that prostate cancer increases the measured stiffness as compared with healthy glandular tissue, but areas with predominantly stroma or many stones could be more difficult to differentiate from cancer. Furthermore, the results of this study indicated that the resonance sensor could be used to detect stiffness variations in human prostate tissue in vitro, and especially due to prostate cancer. This is promising for the development of a future diagnostic tool for prostate cancer.

Les tumeurs locales de la prostate sont associées à une évolution lente et une bonne survie, alors que les stades plus avancés révèlent dans 80% des cas des métastases osseuses incurables. La découverte de gènes de fusion issus de remaniements chromosomiques, tel que TMPRSS2:ERG dans plus de 50% des cas, a ouvert une nouvelle voie dans la compréhension du processus de cancérisation de la prostate. La présence de ce gène de fusion peut être associée à un mauvais pronostic dans de nombreuses études cliniques. Cependant, son rôle précis au cours de la cancérisation et de la progression du cancer de la prostate reste à déterminer. Le gène Erg (Ets related gene) code un facteur de transcription dont l’expression est notamment associée à la mise en place du cartilage, et plus largement du squelette. Ceci suggère un rôle potentiel du gène de fusion impliquant ce facteur, et de ses gènes cibles, dans la formation des métastases osseuses du cancer de la prostate.Pour notre étude, nous avons utilisé des lignées de cellules tumorales prostatiques PC3 et PC3c, exprimant stablement le gène de fusion TMPRSS2:ERG et précédemment établies au laboratoire. Dans un premier temps, en utilisant un modèle d’injections intratibiales chez les souris SCID, nous avons démontré que l’expression ectopique de la fusion améliore la capacité d’induction de lésions ostéocondensantes en inhibant l’ostéolyse dans le modèle PC3 ostéolytique, et en stimulant l’ostéoformation dans le modèle PC3c mixte (ostéolytique et ostéocondensant). Cette expression ectopique de la fusion augmente également l’ostéomimétisme dans les deux modèles cellulaires, c’est-à-dire l’acquisition d’un phénotype semblable aux cellules osseuses leur conférant des avantages de survie et de propagation dans la moelle osseuse. En outre, trois nouveaux gènes cibles de TMPRSS2:ERG ont été mis en évidence : ET-1 (Endothelin-1), stimulant la différenciation ostéoblastique et inhibant la résorption osseuse ostéoclastique, ALPL (Alkaline Phosphatase Liver/Bone/Kidney), marqueur de différenciation des ostéoblastes, et COL1A1 (Collagen Type 1 Alpha 1), composant de la matrice osseuse, témoignant d’un rôle du gène de fusion dans la formation de métastases ostéocondensantes du cancer de la prostate.Par ailleurs, deux autres gènes ont été étudiés, codant soit une protéine impliquée dans la stabilisation de structures particulières appelées invadopodes, soit une protéine impliquée dans le métabolisme des lipides. L’ensemble de ces résultats contribue à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de cancérisation et d’évolution métastatique du cancer de la prostate, en particulier l’influence de l’expression du gène de fusion TMPRSS2:ERG dans les métastases osseuses du cancer de la prostate. / Local prostate cancers are associated with slow progression and good survival, while advanced stages reveal incurable bone metastases in 80% of cases. The discovery of fusion genes resulting from chromosomal rearrangements, such as TMPRSS2:ERG in more than 50% of cases, opened a new way in understanding the process of prostate cancer. The presence of this fusion gene may be associated with poor prognosis in many clinical studies. However, its precise role during cancerization and progression of prostate cancer remains to be determined. The Erg gene (Ets related gene) encodes a transcription factor whose expression is associated in particular with embryonic skeleton development. This suggests a potential role of the fusion gene involving this factor, and its target genes, in the formation of prostate cancer bone metastases.In this study, we used prostate cancer cell lines PC3 and PC3c, stably expressing the TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene and previously established in the laboratory. First, using a model of intratibial injections in SCID mice, we demonstrated that ectopic expression of the fusion enhances the ability to induce osteoblastic lesions by inhibiting osteolysis in the osteolytic PC3 model, and by stimulating osteoformation in the mixed PC3c model (osteolytic and osteoblastic). This ectopic expression of the fusion also increases osteomimicry in both cell models, meaning the acquisition of a bone-cell-like phenotype which gives them advantages of survival and spread in the bone marrow. In addition, three new TMPRSS2:ERG target genes have been described: ET-1 (Endothelin-1), stimulating osteoblastic differentiation and inhibiting osteoclastic bone resorption, ALPL (Alkaline Phosphatase Liver/Bone/Kidney), a marker of the osteoblasts differentiation, and COL1A1 (Collagen Type 1 Alpha 1), a component of the bone matrix, providing novel insights into the role of the fusion gene in the formation of osteoblastic metastases of prostate cancer.In addition, two other genes have been studied, encoding either a protein involved in the stabilization of particular structures called invadopodia, or a protein involved in lipid metabolism.All these results contribute to decipher the mechanisms of cancerization and metastatic progression of prostate cancer, in particular the influence of the expression of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene in prostate cancer bone metastases.