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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
511

The accuracy of prostate biopsy to assign patients with low-grade prostate cancer to active surveillance

Ghleilib, Intisar Ali 12 March 2016 (has links)
PURPOSE: To determine the accuracy of prostate biopsy Gleason score (GS) compared to prostatectomy GS. To determine whether a biopsy is a satisfactory diagnostic procedure to offer active surveillance for patients with low-grade prostate cancer. METHODS: This study was conducted in Tuft Medical Center as retrospective cohort study over the period from 2007-2010. The study included 83 patients for whom biopsy and prostatectomy GS were available. MEASUREMENTS: Gleason scores of 6, 7, and 8-10 were assigned to low, moderate, and high-grades, respectively. The kappa statistic was calculated to assess the degree of agreement between biopsy and prostatectomy. The ROC curve was used to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of prostate biopsy for different Gleason grades. Also, compared whether the use of specific criteria for active surveillance (Johns Hopkins and UCSF) may decrease the level of up-grading in patient with low-grade prostate cancer using Chi-square test. RESULTS: The distribution of low, moderate, and high-grade cancer in biopsy (52%, 32%, 16%) and prostatectomy specimen (33%, 55%, 12%) showed fair agreement with weighted kappa 0.35. The prostate biopsy accurately predicted GS in 46%, up-graded in 38%, and down-graded in 16%. The patients with low-grade cancer and potentially eligible for active surveillance showed up-grading in 50% of cases. This up-grading reduced to 40% with the use of Johns Hopkins criteria and to 41% with the use of UCSF criteria. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of biopsy GS in predicting prostatectomy GS is severely limited and therefore biopsy is not enough diagnostic procedure to offer active surveillance.
512

Impactos do silenciamento do RNA não codificante PCA3 em células de câncer de próstata

Goulart, Ana Emília January 2014 (has links)
Submitted by Priscila Nascimento (priscila.nascimento@bio.fiocruz.br) on 2016-04-11T17:27:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado em Oncologia - INCa Ana Emília Goulart.pdf: 3332973 bytes, checksum: abe7cedda85b0558a252f168374ab1f4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Priscila Nascimento (priscila.nascimento@bio.fiocruz.br) on 2016-04-11T17:28:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado em Oncologia - INCa Ana Emília Goulart.pdf: 3332973 bytes, checksum: abe7cedda85b0558a252f168374ab1f4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-11T17:28:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado em Oncologia - INCa Ana Emília Goulart.pdf: 3332973 bytes, checksum: abe7cedda85b0558a252f168374ab1f4 (MD5) / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Tecnológico em Imunobiológicos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Introdução: O PCA3 é um RNA não codificante (ncRNA), expresso especificamente na próstata, estando envolvido no controle da sobrevivência de células de carcinoma de próstata (CaP), através da via de sinalização do receptor de androgênio (AR). Objetivo: Investigar se diversos genes relacionados ao câncer – incluindo os envolvidos na Transição Epitelial Mesenquimal (EMT), os que apresentam potencial stemness e os co-reguladores do AR – podem estar envolvidos no processo de resposta ao silenciamento do PCA3. Além disso, objetivamos promover o silenciamento estável do PCA3 através da construção de um vetor lentiviral carreando short hairpin RNA (shRNA) específico para este ncRNA, vislumbrando estratégias terapêuticas para o CaP. Metodologia: Empregamos small interfering RNA (siRNA) ou shRNA com expressão baseada em vetores lentivirais para diminuir a expressão de PCA3 em células LNCaP e avaliar os efeitos deste silenciamento na sobrevivência destas células. Para isto, analisamos por qRT-PCR a expressão do PCA3 e de diversos genes relacionados ao câncer. Utilizamos microscopia confocal para analisar a expressão da proteína vimentina. Empregamos citometria de fluxo para verificar o percentual de células LNCaP GFP+ e, azul de tripan para avaliar o número de células viáveis, após o silenciamento estável do PCA3. Resultados: Dentre os co-reguladores do AR, ARA 70, ARA 54, Smad3 e EBP1 apresentaram expressão aumentada nas células LNCaP interferidas com siPCA3 em relação às células LNCaP interferidas com siScrbl, enquanto Smad 4 e ciclina D1 apresentaram expressão diminuída. Dentre 84 genes relacionados ao câncer, 16 apresentaram expressão alterada em células LNCaP- siPCA3 em relação ao controle. Destes, 30% codificam moléculas de transdução de sinais e fatores de transcrição. Observou-se expressão aumentada de E-caderina, Claudina-3, Citoqueratina-18, Snail, Twist e Slug em células LNCaP -siPCA3 em relação ao controle, enquanto observou-se expressão diminuída de Claudina-4, Citoqueratina-8 e Vimentina. O padrão de marcação de vimentina foi similar em células LNCaP – siPCA3 e células LNCaP – siScrbl. Não foi detectada a expressão de genes com potencial stemness nas condições testadas. Células transduzidas com vetores lentivirais carreando shPCA3 apresentaram diminuição estável da expressão do PCA3. Foi observada redução estável de cerca de 60% de células LNCaP GFP+ transduzidas com shPCA3, além de redução no número de células viáveis. Conclusão: O silenciamento do PCA3 reduz o número de células viáveis, através de um processo que envolve moléculas de transdução de sinais e fatores de transcrição que podem orquestrar a sobrevivência das células de CaP. A diminuição no número de células viáveis após a transfecção com siPCA3 parece não ser modulada pelo programa EMT clássico, embora a reversão parcial deste programa possa estar regulando a diminuição da sobrevivência celular induzida por siPCA3. A desregulação da expressão de coreguladores do AR observada pode estar envolvida na inibição da expressão dos genes alvo do AR. Nossos dados sugerem que este ncRNA desempenha papel regulador na transcrição gênica, sendo capaz de modular a expressão de genes de diversas vias de sinalização relacionadas ao câncer. Nossos resultados sugerem ainda que a redução estável do PCA3 apresenta potencial aplicação em estratégia terapêuticas que visem modular negativamente a sobrevivência das células de CaP. / Introduction: PCA3 is a prostate specific non coding RNA (ncRNA), involved in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) cell survival, through modulating androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Objective: In order to better characterize the molecular mechanisms by which PCA3 is controlling LNCaP cell survival, we aimed to investigate whether several cancer related genes, including those involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness potential and AR co-regulators could be involved in this process in response to PCA3 downregulation. Moreover, we aimed to promote PCA3 stable silencing through a lentiviral vector containing a PCA3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) specific sequence. Methodology: We used small interfering RNA (siRNA) or lentivirus vectorbased shRNA to downregulate PCA3 expression and evaluate the effects of this ncRNA knockdown on LNCaP cell survival. After PCA3 downregulation, cells were analyzed by qRT-PCR to investigate PCA3 and several cancer related genes expression. Confocal microscopy was performed to analyze vimentin expression. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the percentage of LNCaP GFP positive cells and trypan blue staining to analyse the number of viable cells after PCA3 stable silencing. Results: Among AR co-regulators genes investigated, ARA70, ARA54, Smad 3 and EBP1 were upregulated in siPCA3- transfected cells in relation to scramble sequence LNCaP transfected cells, while Smad 4 and cyclin D1 were downregulated. We found that among 84 cancer-related genes tested, 16 were differentially expressed in LNCaP siPCA3-transfected cells when compared to transfected cells with a scramble sequence. Of these, 30% are genes coding for signal transduction molecules and transcription factors. Gene expression profile of EMT-related genes revealed that E-cadherin, Claudin-3, Cytokeratin-18, Snail, Twist and Slug are upregulated in LNCaP siPCA3-transfected cells compared to control, while Claudin-4, Cytokeratin-8 and Vimentin are downregulated. Vimentin expression staining patterns were similar between LNCaP siPCA3-transfect cells and control. Expression of stemness markers were not detected in these tested conditions. LNCaP cells transduced with lentiviral vectors carrying the GFP gene and shPCA3 stably dowregulated PCA3 expression, producing a reduction of 60% of LNCaP GFP+ cells compared to shScrbl transduced or non-transduced LNCaP cells. In addition, the number of viable cells was reduced after PCA3 stable silencing. Conclusion: PCA3 downregulation by RNAi leads to a loss of viability, through a process that involves key signal transduction molecules and transcription factors that could orchestrate PCa cells survival. Our results also suggested that the decrease in the number of LNCaP viable cells, observed after siPCA3 transfection, seems to don´t be modulated by the classical EMT program, although a partial reversion of this program could regulate the reduction of cell survival induced by siPCA3. Observed deregulated expression of AR co-regulators could be involved in the inhibition of the AR target genes expression. Our data suggest that that this ncRNA perform a regulatory role in gene expression, being able to modulate gene expression of several signaling pathways related to cancer. Moreover, our results suggest that the stable downregulation of PCA3 expression shows potential as a PCa therapeutic approach by negatively modulation cell survival.
513

La radiothérapie adaptative et guidée par imagerie avec la technologie Cone-Beam CT : mise en oeuvre en vue du traitement de la prostate / Adaptative and image-guided radiation therapy with Cone-Beam CT : a prostate treatment perspective

Octave, Nadia 28 September 2015 (has links)
L'imagerie est maintenant partie intégrante des traitements de radiothérapie. Avec la technologie CBCT embarquée sur les appareils de traitement, l'imagerie tomographique permet non seulement de repositionner fidèlement le patient tout au long de son traitement mais aussi d'adapter la planification initiale aux modifications quotidiennes de volume. C'est la radiothérapie adaptative, objet des travaux de cette thèse. Nous avons établi les limites techniques de précision de repositionnement des équipements utilisé. Ensuite, à partir des acquisitions CBCT quotidiennes de patients traités pour la prostate, nous avons élaboré une stratégie de traitement basée sur une banque de plans personnalisés. Nous avons mis au point une méthode semi-automatique de sélection du plan de traitement du jour qui a montré une efficacité supérieure à la sélection par des opérateurs expérimentés. Enfin, nous avons quantifié les doses additionnelles à la dose thérapeutique associées à l'utilisation quotidienne de l'imagerie CBCT. En conclusion, on peut dire qu'avec l'imagerie CBCT embarquée, on peut voir ce que l'on veut traiter, irradier ce que l'on a vu et contrôler ce qu'on a traité. / Imaging is now fully integrated in the radiation therapy process. With on-board CBCT systems, tomography imaging allows not only patient positioning but also treatment planning adaptation with patient anatomy modifications, throughout the entire treatment. This is called adaptive radiation therapy, and is the main subject of this PhD thesis. During this work, we measured the repositioning accuracy of the system used. We also developed a treatment strategy using daily CBCT images and a personalized plan database to adapt treatment plan to patient anatomy. We found a way to select the daily treatment plan that shows superiority over operator selection. Then we also quantified the additional dose delivered while using this technique and the impact with regards to the risks added to patients. As a conclusion, with CBCT imaging, radiation therapy has entered an era where one can see what need to be treated, can treat what has been seen and can control what has been treated.
514

Rôle du cholestérol et des récepteurs nucléaires LXRs dans le cancer de la prostate / Role of cholesterol and LXRs nuclear receptors in prostate cancer

Pommier, Aurélien 30 November 2010 (has links)
Au cours de ces dernières décennies, l’augmentation de la consommation de glucides, d’acides gras et de cholestérol liée aux changements des habitudes alimentaires dans la plupart des pays industrialisés est à l’origine de nombreuses pathologies telles que l’obésité, les troubles cardiovasculaires, le développement du diabète de type II et la survenue de cancers. Plusieurs arguments bibliographiques suggèrent notamment que le cholestérol puisse être un élément à risque dans la survenue du cancer de la prostate. D’une part, l’hypercholestérolémie est associée à une augmentation des cas de cancer de la prostate et, d’autre part, les cellules cancéreuses présentent des dérèglements du métabolisme des lipides associés à l’accumulation de cholestérol dans les tumeurs solides. Les objectifs de ces travaux ont été d’analyser le rôle du cholestérol dans le développement du cancer de la prostate et d’étudier le rôle des récepteurs nucléaires LXRs (liver X receptors), régulateurs fondamentaux de l’homéostasie du cholestérol, dans les mécanismes associés à l’initiation et à la progression tumorale. Nos résultats montrent qu’une accumulation de cholestérol, induite par un régime chez les souris déficientes en LXRs, peut initier les premières étapes du développement tumoral par des mécanismes épigénétiques mettant en jeu l’action répressive de l’histone méthyltransférase EZH2 sur des gènes suppresseurs de tumeur. En parallèle, l’activation pharmacologique des LXRs dans des cellules cancéreuses humaines réduit la croissance tumorale en augmentant la mort des cellules par des mécanismes faisant intervenir les rafts lipidiques. Au total, nos travaux révèlent l’existence d’une relation entre la consommation excessive de cholestérol et la modification d’empreintes épigénétiques, mécanisme de plus en plus associé aux processus carcinogéniques. Nos données indiquent également que les LXRs, en s’opposant à l’accumulation de cholestérol intracellulaire, ralentissent l’initiation et la progression du cancer de la prostate. Ainsi, toute stratégie thérapeutique visant à diminuer le cholestérol intra-tumoral, telle que l’activation pharmacologique des LXRs, peut être considérée comme une piste thérapeutique dans le cadre du cancer de la prostate. / In the recent decades, increased consumption of carbohydrates, fatty acids and cholesterol, linked to changes in dietary habits in most industrialized countries, is the cause of various diseases such as obesity, cardio-vascular troubles, development of type II diabetes and the onset of cancer. Literature reveals several arguments suggesting that cholesterol may be a risk factor in the occurrence of prostate cancer. First, hypercholesterolemia has been associated with an increased incidence of prostate cancer and, second, cancer cells exhibit deregulations of lipid metabolism associated with cholesterol accumulation in solid tumors. The objectives of this work were to analyze the role of cholesterol in the development of prostate cancer and to study the role of nuclear receptors LXRs (liver X receptors), fundamental regulators of cholesterol homeostasis, in the mechanisms associated with tumor initiation and progression. Our results show that cholesterol overload induced by a diet in lxr knockout mice may initiate the early stages of tumor development by epigenetic mechanisms involving the repressive action of histone methyltransferase EZH2 on tumor suppressor genes. In parallel, the pharmacological activation of LXRs in human cancer cells reduced tumor growth by increasing cell death through mechanisms involving lipid rafts.Taken together, our data reveal the existence of a relationship between environmental factors such as diet consumption of cholesterol and changes of epigenetic imprinting, a mechanism increasingly associated with carcinogenic process. Our data also indicate that LXRs protect from the initiation and progression of prostate cancer by blocking the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. Thus, all therapeutic strategies leading to intra-tumoral cholesterol lowering, such as pharmacological activation of LXRs, may be relevant treatments of prostate cancer.
515

Considération de la dosimétrie Monte-Carlo et de l'oedème dans la planification inverse en curiethérapie prostate / Introduction of Monte Carlo dosimetry and edema in inverse treatment planning of prostate brachytherapy

Mountris, Konstantinos 05 September 2017 (has links)
Le cancer de la prostate est le deuxième plus fréquent cancer chez les hommes. La France occupe le troisième rang du taux d’incidence. La curiethérapie bas-débit dose (LDR) est une option de traitement largement utilisée. Au cours de la curiethérapie LDR, des graines radioactives sont implantées en permanence dans la prostate afin de délivrer une dose thérapeutique de façon locale dans la zone cancéreuse tout en épargnant les organes voisins à risque (OAR). Malgré son taux de réussite élevé (75% à 91%), les effets secondaires restent élevés. La dose délivrée à la tumeur dépend des positions d’implantation des graines, ce qui implique que la planification est essentielle. Les systèmes cliniques de planification fournissent automatiquement les positions d’implantation. Cependant, cette prédiction est basée sur un modèle dosimétrique simplifié où le corps humain est considéré comme un volume d’eau. Un autre facteur des erreurs est l’apparition d’un oedème de la prostate impliquant un changement volumétrique. L’oedème peut entraîner une sous-estimation du D90 par exemple il est de 13.6% pour un changement volumétrique de 20%. De plus, l’oedème varie (10% à 96%) entre les patients. Aujourd’hui le mécanisme exact de l’apparition de cet oedème reste inconnu. Nous proposons un système de traitement inverse pour la curiethérapie prostate qui tient compte d’une personnalisation précise de la dosimétrie et de l’oedème. Ces travaux peuvent également être utilisés dans d’autres contextes cliniques, tel que la curiethérapie haut-débit, mais également être adapté pour traiter d’autres organes. Dans le futur, nos travaux porteront sur la personnalisation du modèle biomécanique de la prostate proposé à chaque patient en utilisant des mesures d’élasticité via l’élastographie. En raison des limitations inhérentes à la FEM, l’incorporation du modèle biomécanique de l’oedème dans le système de planification du traitement est coûteuse en temps de calcul. Une méthode alternative, serait de proposer un modèle sans maillage afin d’améliorer la simulation de l’oedème. / Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. Two-thirds of the cases are diagnosed in developed countries and France is ranked third in incidence rate. Low-dose-rate (LDR) brachytherapy is a widely used treatment option. During LDR brachytherapy, radioactive seeds are implanted permanently in the prostate to deliver a therapeutic dose locally in the cancerous region while sparing the organs at risk (OARs). Despite its high success rate (75% to 91%), the side-effects (sexual and urinary problems) remain high. The dose delivered to the tumor depends on the implantation positions of the seeds, which implies that treatment planning is essential. Clinical inverse planning systems automatically provide optimal implantation positions. However, this prediction is based on a simplified dosimetric model where the human body is considered an infinite volume of water. Another important factor that induces treatment errors is the occurrence of prostate edema during brachytherapy that involves volumetric changes of the organ. Edema can lead to a significant underestimation of the D90, for example, by 13.6% for a volumetric change of 20%. Moreover, the edema magnitude varies considerably (10% to 96%) between patients. Today the exact mechanism of edema formation remains unknown. We propose in this thesis a system of inverse treatment for prostate brachytherapy which considers a precise personalization of the dosimetry but also of the prostate edema. This work can also be used in other clinical contexts, such as high-dose-rate brachytherapy, but also be adapted to treat other organs. In the future, our work will focus on the study of the ability to adapt the proposed prostate biomechanical model to each patient using elastic measurements via prostate elastography. Due to the inherent limitations of FEM, the incorporation of the biomechanical model of edema into the treatment planning system is costly in computation time. An alternative method would be to propose a new meshless model to improve the simulation of edema during intraoperative planning.
516

Desenvolvimento da próstata masculina e feminina do gerbilo da Mongólia submetido à exposição no período embriofetal e pós-natal de etinilestradiol / Development of male and female prostate of the Mongolian gerbil submitted to the exposure embryofetal period and postnatal ethinylestradiol

Perez, Ana Paula da Silva, 1984- 16 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Sebastião RobertoTaboga / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T22:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perez_AnaPauladaSilva_M.pdf: 6001319 bytes, checksum: e128a337509c2f2d797523dafdca8524 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nos machos, a morfogênese prostática é um evento comandado por andrógenos, que agem diretamente via fatores parácrinos secretados pelo mesênquima. Nas fêmeas, o desenvolvimento embriológico da próstata parece ocorrer em níveis baixos de hormônios esteróides, porém a presença desses hormônios no organismo adulto induz a diferenciação e atividade secretória das células prostáticas. A exposição precoce a estrógeno no período de desenvolvimento embrionário e neonatal tem sido relacionada a distúrbios permanentes na morfofisiologia de vários órgãos do sistema reprodutor de ambos os sexos. Estudos epidemiológicos indicam que homens expostos a componentes estrogênicos durante o desenvolvimento intra-uterino apresentam maior probabilidade de serem inférteis e de desenvolverem câncer de testículo e próstata, enquanto as mulheres tornam-se mais susceptíveis a desenvolver câncer de mama, útero e vagina. Porém, como a exposição precoce a hormônios esteróides é capaz de alterar permanentemente vários órgãos reprodutivos, torna-se questionável se esses agentes também podem interferir com a estrutura e fisiologia da próstata feminina. Com base nesses relatos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o comportamento da próstata ventral masculina e da próstata feminina de gerbilos adultos que foram expostos ao estrógeno sintético, etinilestradiol durante o desenvolvimento pré-natal, além de analisar a ação pós-natal de andrógenos exógenos sobre ambas as glândulas que foram submetidas à estrogenização do desenvolvimento. Para isso, foram realizadas as análises sorológicas para a quantificação dos hormônios esteróides e as próstatas de gerbilos machos e fêmeas adultos foram submetidas às análises morfológicas, morfométrico-estereológica e imunocitoquímica. Os resultados mostraram que a exposição intra-uterina ao etinilestradiol elevou os níveis séricos de estradiol em ambos os sexos durante a vida adulta, promovendo assim alterações na próstata ventral masculina como neoplasia intra-epitelial prostática (NIP) e irregularidades no epitélio prostático feminino, além de observar o aumento das fibras reticulares e colágenas em ambas as glândulas. A análise imunocitoquímica revelou aumento da imunorreatividade de ?-actina na camada muscular que envolve regiões de lesões prostáticas, e o aumento da imunorreatividade de receptores andrógenos (AR) nas próstatas de ambos os sexos. Os animais que sofreram estrogenização durante o desenvolvimento e mediante aplicação de testosterona na vida pós-natal tiveram os níveis de estradiol normalizado, ainda assim apresentaram lesões prostáticas. Várias dessas alterações são mediadas pelo ER? que foi constatado pela alta imunorreatividade nas próstatas tratadas de ambos os sexos. Com os dados percebeu-se que o tratamento realizado durante o período pré-natal com etinilestradiol promoveu alterações na próstata ventral masculina e na próstata feminina de gerbilos adultos. Porém essas alterações foram mais efetivas na próstata ventral masculina, estando estas associadas aos níveis anormais de estradiol observados nos machos adultos. / Abstract: In males, prostatic morphogenesis is an event controlled by androgens, which act directly via paracrine factors secreted by the mesenchyme. In females, the embryological development of the prostate appears to occur in environment low levels of steroid hormones, but the presence of these hormones in the adult life induces differentiation and secretory activity of prostatic cells. The early exposure to estrogen during the embryonic and neonatal development has been related to disturbances in the permanent morphophysiology of the reproductive system of both sexes. Epidemiological studies indicate that men exposed to estrogenic components during the pre natal development have a higher probability to be infertile and develop and testicular and prostate cancer, while women become more susceptible in developing breast, uterus and vagina cancer. However, as early exposure to steroid hormones can permanently alter various reproductive organs, it is questionable whether these agents can also interfere with the structure and physiology of the female prostate. Based on these reports, the aim of this study was to verify the behavior of gerbil ventral male and female prostates which were exposed to synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol (EE) during embryonic development, as well as analyze the postnatal action of exogenous androgens on both glands that were submitted to estrogenization. For this were carried out serologic analysis for the measure of steroid hormones and prostate of male and female gerbils adults were subjected to analysis to morphological, morphometric-stereological and immunocytochemical analysis. The results showed that EE intrauterine exposure increased the estradiol serum levels in both sexes, thus promoting alterations in the male prostate such as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and irregularities in the female prostatic epithelium. Additionally, it was observed an increase of reticular fibers and collagen in both glands. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed increased imunnoreactivity of ?-actin in the muscle layer surrounding regions of prostatic lesions, and increased imunnoreactivity of androgen receptor (AR) in both male and female prostates. The animals that suffered development estrogenization and with the application of testosterone in postnatal life had estradiol levels normalized, still presented prostatic lesions. In addition, in these animals it was verified an increase in the imunnoreactivity of estrogenic receptors (ER?). Several of these alterations are mediated by ER? was verified by high immunoreactivity in prostates treated in both sexes. With the data we noticed that the treatment performed during the prenatal period with ethinyl estradiol promoted alterations in male ventral prostate and female prostate of adult gerbils. But these changes were most effective in the male ventral prostate, these being associated with abnormal levels of estradiol observed in adult males. / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
517

Margens cirurgicas na prostatectomia radical : comparação entre cirurgia retropubica e laparoscopica / Positive margins in radical prostatectomy : comparison between retropubic and laparoscopy surgery

Silva, Elcio Dias, 1951- 20 February 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Ubirajara Ferreira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T11:07:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_ElcioDias_M.pdf: 1742572 bytes, checksum: db8e0fccf7f5b7dd66a71b32ca51cacc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Introdução: margem cirúrgica comprometida ou positiva é definida como tumor estendendo-se na superfície de corte do cirurgião. A porcentagem deste evento, resultante de incisão capsular, varia de 1,3 a 71 % (EPSTEIN, 2001). O objetivo deste estudo é comparar o comprometimento das margens cirúrgicas nas prostatectomias radicais realizadas por via retropúbica e laparoscópica, em dois serviços de referência no Brasil. Pacientes e Métodos: foram analisados os exames anátomo-patológjcos de 179 pacientes submetidos a prostatecomia radical por adenocarcinoma de próstata, 89 por via retropúbica e 90 por via laparoscópica. Critérios de inclusão: pacientes com PSA (antígeno específico da próstata) igual ou menor que 15 ng/ml (nanogramas por mililitro) e Gleason igual ou menor que 7 na biópsia prostática, estádio clínico máximo T2. Resultados: houve comprometimento de margem cirúrgica em 41,57 % dos pacientes submetidos à PRR (prostatectomia radical retropúbica), distribuídos da seguinte maneira: 34,21 % nos estádios pT2 (7,69 % no pT2a, zero no pT2b e 40,98 % no pT2c) e 84,61% nos estádios pT3 (77,77 % no pT3a e 100 % no pT3b). Nos pacientes submetidos a PRL (prostatectomia radical laparoscópica) houve margens cirúrgicas positivas em 24,44 % dos pacientes, distribuídos da seguinte maneira: 20,98 % nos estádios pT2 (11,11 % no pT2a, 27,27 % no pT2b e 21,31 % no pT2c) e 55,55 % nos estádios pT3 (zero % no pT3a e 62,50 % no pT3b). Conclusão: nas amostras analisadas, a proporção de margem cirúrgica positiva foi maior nas prostatectomias radicais realizadas pela via retropúbica do que pela laparoscópica (p= 0,023), em dois serviços de referência nas respectivas técnicas, no Brasil. No entanto, o fato das cirurgias retropúbicas serem realizadas por médicos residentes, em instituição de ensino, e as laparoscópicas realizadas por um único cirurgião experiente, e os exames anátomo-patológicos realizados por técnicas e patologistas distintos, não permite a generalização dos resultados. Maior número de pacientes em estudo prospectivo e randomizado seria necessário para uma melhor comparação entre os grupos / Abstract: Introduction: Compromised or positive surgical margin is defined as a tumor extending at the surgeon cutting surface. A percentage from this event, resulted from capsular incision, varies from 1.3 to 71% (EPSTEIN, 2001). The goal of this study is to compare the compromising of surgical margins at the radical prostatectomies performed through both retropubic and laparoscopic way, in two reference medical services in Brazil. Patients and Methods: pathological examinations were analyzed from 179 patients who underwent to radical prostatectomy by prostate adenocarcinoma, 89 patients by retropubic and 90 patients by laparoscopic way. Inclusion criteria: patients with PSA (prostate specific antigen) equal or less than 15 ng/ml (nanograms by miiiliter) and Gleason score equal or less than 7 at the prostate biopsy, maximum clinical T2 stage. Results: There has been compromising of the surgical margin in 41,57% of the patients who underwent to RRP (radical retropubic prostatectomy), distributed in the following way: 34,21% at pT2 stage (7,69% at pT2a, 0% at pT2b and 40,98% at pT2c) and 84,61% at pT3 (77,77% at pT3a and 100% at pT3b) stage. In the patients who had undergone to LRP (Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy), there have been positive surgical margins in 24,44% of the patients as following: 20,98% at pT2 stage (11,11% at pT2a. 27,27% at pT2b and 21,31% at pT2c stage) and 55,55% at pT3 stage (0% at pT3a and 62,50% at pT3b) Conclusion: At the analyzed samples, the proportion of positive surgical margin was greater at the radical prostatectomy performed by retropubic route than by laparocospic one (p=0,023), in two reference medical services using the respective techniques in Brazil. However, the fact that the retropubic surgeries were performed by resident doctors, in teaching school-hospital institution, while the laparoscopic ones were performed by a single expert surgeon and that the pathological examinations were performed by both distinct techniques and pathologists, the result generalization is not allowed. A greater number of patients in a randomized and prospective study would be necessary for a better comparison between the groups / Mestrado / Cirurgia / Mestre em Cirurgia
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Cancer da prostata : estudo da graduação de Gleason em biopsias de agulhas e especimes de prostatectomia radical / Prostate cancer : Gleason histologic grading in needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy specimens

Guimarães, Marbele Santos 07 February 2007 (has links)
Orientador: Athanase Billis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T07:48:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guimaraes_MarbeleSantos_M.pdf: 9766799 bytes, checksum: 89baad38db3ebd410ea20926179eb1b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Há evidências mostrando que a graduação de Gleason para carcinoma da próstata é um dos mais importantes fatores prognósticos de comportamento biológico e um dos mais influentes fatores para determinar o tratamento do câncer da próstata. Este trabalho tem por finalidade comparar: a graduação de Gleason nas biópsias de agulha com a graduação nas prostatectomias radicais correspondentes; correlacionar a graduação de Gleason nas biópsias de agulha com a extensão tumoral nas prostatectomias radicais correspondentes; correlacionar a graduação de Gleason na prostatetomia radical com extensão tumoral, margens cirúrgicas comprometidas e estádio patológico; e, comparar a progressão bioquímica (PSA) da moléstia (recorrência e/ou metástase) pós-prostatectomia radical entre pacientes com: Gleason grau baixo/intermediário (contagem final < 7) vs grau alto (contagem final=7); contagem final 3+4 vs 4+3; e, grau predominante 4 ou 5 vs grau predominante menor que 4. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo baseado em 200 espécimes de prostatectomias radicais e de biópsias correspondentes provenientes de pacientes operados no Hospital das Clínicas da FCM-Unicamp no período de 1997 a 2004. A extensão tumoral foi estimada por um método semiquantitativo de contagem de pontos. A progressão bioquímica (recorrência e/ou metástase) da moléstia pós-prostatectomia radical estabelecida pelo Serviço de Urologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Unicamp é o valor de PSA igual ou maior que 0,5 ng/mL. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente utilizando Statistica 5.5 (StatSoft,Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). Foi considerado significante o valor de p =0,05. Houve exata correspondência em 47,1% dos casos quando comparada contagem final de Gleason na biópsia de agulha com a contagem final na prostatectomia correspondente. A contagem de Gleason foi subestimada em 40,6% dos casos e superestimada em 12,3% nas biópsias de agulha. A correlação entre contagem final de Gleason nas biópsias de agulha com a extensão tumoral nas prostatectomias radicais correspondentes mostrou-se altamente significante (p<0.001). A correlação da graduação histológica de Gleason na prostatectomia radical foi altamente significante com extensão tumoral (p<0,001), margens cirúrgicas positivas (p<0,001) e estádio patológico (p<0,001). O tempo de recorrência bioquímica (PSA) livre de doença comparando pacientes com Gleason contagem final < 7 vs contagem final >7 (log-rank, p=0,2674); contagem final 3+4 vs 4+3 (log-rank, p=0. 3207); e, grau predominante 4 ou 5 vs grau predominante menor que 4 (log-rank, p=0,1759) não foi estatisticamente significante. Contagens finais maiores na graduação de Gleason na prostatetomia radical se correlacionam com maior extensão tumoral, margens cirúrgicas comprometidas e estádio patológico mais avançado. A maioria dos pacientes mostraram igual ou maior contagem final comparando a contagem final de Gleason na prostatectomia com a biópsia de agulha correspondente. Em nosso estudo, não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em relação à progressão bioquímica quando comparados contagem final <7 vs =7, contagem final 3+4=7 vs 4+3=7 e grau predominante <4 vs =4. predominante 4 ou 5 vs grau predominante menor que 4 (log-rank, p=0,1759) não foi estatisticamente significante / Abstract: There are evidences showing that Gleason grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most powerful predictors of biological behavior and one of the most influential factors used to determine treatment for prostate cancer. The aim of the current report was to compare Gleason score on needle biopsy to Gleason score in the correspondent surgical specimen, correlate Gleason score on needle biopsy to tumor extent in surgical specimen, correlate Gleason score in the specimens to several clinicopathologic variables, and compare biochemical (PSA) progression following surgery between patients with Gleason low-grade vs high-grade, Gleason score 3+4 vs 4+3 and Gleason predominant grade <4 or >4. The study population consisted of 200 consecutive patients submitted to radical prostatectomy. Tumor extent was evaluated by a point-count method. Biochemical progression was defined as PSA = 0.5ng/mL. Time to PSA progression was studied using the Kaplan-Meier product-limit analysis. There was exact correspondence in 47.1% of cases, when Gleason score on the biopsy was compared to the correspondent surgical specimen. Gleason score was higher in the specimen in 40.6% of cases and lower in 12.3%. High-grade Gleason score on the biopsy significantly correlated to higher tumor extent (p<0.001). High-grade Gleason score in the surgical specimen significantly correlated to more extensive tumors (p<0.001), positive margins (p<0.001) and extraprostatic extension (pT3a/pT3b) (p<0.001). Time of biochemical (PSA) progression-free survival comparing patients with Gleason score <7 vs =7 (log-rank, p=0.2674), Gleason score 3+4=7 vs 4+3=7 (log-rank, p=0.3207) and Gleason predominant grade <4 vs >4 (log-rank, p=0.1759) was not statistically significant. High-grade Gleason score significantly correlates with more extensive tumors in the surgical specimen, positive margins, and more advanced pathologic staging. Most of the patients show either an exact Gleason score or a higher score in the surgical specimen comparing to the needle biopsy. In our study, time of biochemical (PSA) progression-free survival between patients with Gleason score <7 vs =7, Gleason score 3+4=7 vs 4+3=7 and Gleason predominant grade <4 or >4 was not statistically significant / Mestrado / Anatomia Patologica / Mestre em Ciências Médicas
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Efeitos da exposição ao metilparabeno sobre a próstata de gerbilos adultos (Meriones unguiculatus) / Effects of methylparaben exposure on the adult gerbil prostate (Meriones unguiculatus)

Costa, Janaína Ribeiro 25 October 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-01-02T16:23:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaína Ribeiro Costa - 2016.pdf: 3702249 bytes, checksum: c5c72df64f423c647fbe09f7ed58d147 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2017-01-02T16:40:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaína Ribeiro Costa - 2016.pdf: 3702249 bytes, checksum: c5c72df64f423c647fbe09f7ed58d147 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-02T16:40:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Janaína Ribeiro Costa - 2016.pdf: 3702249 bytes, checksum: c5c72df64f423c647fbe09f7ed58d147 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The prostate is an accessory gland of the mammalian reproductive system with important role in reproduction. The prostatic tissue is regulated by hormones with its homeostasis dependent on a balanced hormonal interaction. The exposure to environmental chemicals with hormonal activities can cause disorders in the prostate increasing the probability of this gland to develop major lesions. Hormonally active chemicals are present in the environment in substantial amounts and forms. Amongst them are the parabens, a class of preservatives with antifungal and antimicrobial activities commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industry. They are known for affecting the reproductive system and act as endocrine disruptors that mimics the physiological effects of estrogens. Up their, it is unclear whether the exposure to parabens alters the prostate morphophysiology. Therefore, it is relevant to comprehend whether the methylparaben can lead to the development of lesions in the prostate in adult gerbils. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the prostate of adult gerbils exposed to methylparaben. For this, males and females aging 90 days received, through gavage, 500 mg/kg of methylparaben diluted in 1% hydroxyethyl cellulose. These animals were divided into three subgroups that were euthanized after 3 (3P), 7 (7P) and 21 days of treatment (21P). The prostates were collected for structural, cytochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. The results demonstrated that the exposure to methylparaben reduced the body weight of males of 3P and 7P groups, and testis weight of 7P and 21P groups. In the females we observed an increase in the prostatic complex weight of the 21P group. In both sexes, Gömöri’s reticulin staining showed a remodeling of the stromal compartment with reticular fibers disorganization and collagen fibers increase. Besides, males and females presented important morphological alterations as hyperplasic growth foci. In females, it was observed the presence of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, stromal inflammatory foci and an increase of ERα-positive cells. Immunohistochemical data showed an increase of ARpositive cells and in the proliferation rates for both genders. Altogether, these data demonstrate that methylparaben was capable to interfere in androgenic and estrogenic receptors, suggesting that this chemical might have estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity in the prostate. In males there was an intense immunostaining for MGMT in all treated groups whereas in females only in the 3P group. The immunostaining for MGMT in the prostate of males and females suggests that the exposure to methylparaben made the gland more susceptible to epigenetic modifications. The results obtained with this study are alarming, as they indicate that the increasing consumption of parabens by urban population can be related with the arising of morphophysiological alterations in prostate. / A próstata é uma glândula acessória do aparelho reprodutor dos mamíferos e tem importante função na reprodução. O tecido prostático é regulado por hormônios esteroides, sendo que sua homeostase depende de uma interação hormonal equilibrada. A exposição a químicos ambientais que apresentam atividade hormonal pode ocasionar distúrbios na próstata, aumentando a probabilidade dessa glândula desenvolver lesões. Compostos químicos hormonalmente ativos estão presentes em grande quantidade e de diversas formas no meio ambiente. Dentre estas substâncias estão os parabenos, uma classe de conservantes com ação antimicrobiana e antifúngica amplamente utilizada na indústria cosmética, farmacêutica e alimentícia. Os parabenos são conhecidos por perturbar o sistema reprodutivo e agir como desreguladores endócrinos que mimetizam os efeitos fisiológicos dos estrógenos. Até o momento, não está claro se os parabenos podem alterar a morfofisiologia da próstata. Portanto, é relevante entender se o metilparabeno pode predispor a próstata a desenvolver lesões na idade adulta. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a próstata de gerbilos adultos expostos ao metilparabeno. Para isto, machos e fêmeas com 90 dias de idade receberam, por gavagem, 500 mg/kg de metilparabeno diluídos em hidroxietil-celulose a 1%. Estes animais foram divididos em três subgrupos que foram sacrificados após 3, 7 e 21 dias de tratamento. As próstatas foram coletadas para análises estruturais, citoquímicas e imunohistoquímicas. Os resultados monstraram que a exposição ao metilparabeno diminuiu o peso dos testículos dos grupos 7 e 21 dias. Nas fêmeas houve aumento do peso do complexo prostático do grupo de 21 dias. Em ambos os sexos, a Reticulina de Gömöri mostrou um remodelamento do compartimento estromal com desorganização das fibras reticulares e aumento das fibras colágenas. Além disso, machos e fêmeas apresentaram alterações morfológicas importantes como focos de crescimento hiperplásico do epitélio secretor. Nas fêmeas observou-se a presença de neoplasia intraepitelial prostática, focos inflamatórios estromais, e aumento de células ERα- positivas. Houve um aumento do número de células AR-positivas, e aumento das taxas de proliferação celular em ambos os sexos. Em conjunto, estes dados indicam que o metilparabeno foi capaz de interferir com receptores androgênicos e estrogênicos, sugerindo que este químico pode ter atividade estrogênica e antiandrogênica na próstata. Nos machos houve uma intensa imunomarcação para MGMT (O6-Metilguanina-DNAMetiltransferase) em todos os grupos tratados e nas fêmeas apenas no grupo 3P. A imunomarcação para MGMT na próstata masculina e feminina sugere que a exposição ao metilparabeno tornou a glândula mais suscetível a modificações epigenéticas. Os resultados obtidos com este estudo são relevantes, pois demonstram que o consumo crescente de parabenos pelas populações humanas pode estar relacionado com o surgimento de alterações morfofisiológicas da próstata.
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O papel dos genes do pepsinogênio C (PGC) e do antígeno de membrana específico da próstata (PSMA) no diagnóstico do câncer da próstata / The role of Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) and Pepsinogen C (PGC) gene tissue expression as an adjunctive method to prostate cancer diagnosis

Alberto Azoubel Antunes 08 October 2008 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O diagnóstico do câncer de próstata em pacientes com níveis séricos do antígeno prostático específico persistentemente elevados após biópsia prostática negativa representa um grande desafio para urologistas e patologistas. A baixa especificidade do antígeno prostático específico e a baixa sensibilidade da biópsia prostática guiada por ultra-som são os maiores obstáculos observados na prática clínica. Apesar do uso de diversos métodos para prever a presença de câncer na glândula, nenhum deles tem precisão absoluta, obrigando os pacientes a realizar novas biópsias. Neste contexto, a descoberta de novos marcadores diagnósticos para o câncer da próstata tornase necessária. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor diagnóstico da expressão de seis genes no tecido prostático de pacientes com câncer de próstata clinicamente localizado. MÉTODOS: O estudo consistiu na análise de 50 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer da próstata, submetidos à prostatectomia radical por doença localizada. A seleção dos genes foi baseada em um estudo prévio que utilizou a tecnologia de microarray (Agilent Technologies 44k whole human genome, two-color) em pacientes com câncer de próstata, divididos de acordo com as características clínico-patológicas. Entre os 4.147 genes com expressão diferenciada entre os casos de câncer de próstata, seis genes (PSMA, TMEFF2, GREB1, TH1L, IgH3 e PGC) foram selecionados. Estes genes foram então testados quanto a seu valor diagnóstico no câncer da próstata através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa com transcriptase reversa. Na primeira etapa do estudo, amostras de tecido maligno de 33 pacientes com câncer de próstata foram avaliadas. O grupo controle foi composto de nove pacientes com hiperplasia benigna da próstata. Na segunda etapa do estudo foram analisadas amostras de tecido benigno dos demais 17 pacientes com câncer da próstata. O mesmo grupo controle foi utilizado para comparação. RESULTADOS: A análise demonstrou que o PSMA estava super-expresso (em média nove vezes) e o PGC sub-expresso (em média de 1,3 x 10-4 vezes) no tecido neoplásico de todos os casos de câncer quando comparados com os casos de hiperplasia benigna. Os demais genes demonstraram um padrão de expressão variado, não permitindo a diferenciação entre os tecidos malignos e benignos. Quando estes resultados foram testados no tecido prostático benigno dos pacientes com câncer, o PGC manteve o mesmo padrão de expressão em todos os casos e o PSMA, apresentou-se super-expresso em 88% dos pacientes (média de 12 vezes), em relação aos casos de hiperplasia benigna. CONCLUSÃO: A combinação da super-expressão do PSMA e sub-expressão do PGC no tecido prostático pode representar uma evidência objetiva de presença de Cap. Análises clínicas prospectivas adicionais são necessárias para confirmar estes resultados / Introduction and objective: Prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis in men with persistently increased PSA after a negative initial prostate biopsy has become a great challenge for urologists and pathologists. Despite the use of several methods to increase the sensitivity of prostate biopsy, the false-negative rates remain substantial, leading many patients to undergo repeated procedures. We analyzed the diagnostic value of six genes in the prostatic tissue of patients with clinically localized PCa, in order to predict the presence of cancer. Methods: The study was comprised by 50 patients with clinically localized PCa who underwent radical prostatectomy. Gene selection was based on a microarray analysis of patients with PCa. Among the 4,147 genes with different expressions between two groups, six genes (PSMA, TMEFF2, GREB1, TH1L, IgH3 and PGC) were selected. These genes were tested for its cancer diagnostic role using the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. In the first part of the study, malignant tissue samples from 33 patients were analyzed, and in the second part we analyzed benign tissue samples of the other 17 patients with PCa. The control group was comprised of prostatic tissue samples of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Results: The analysis of malignant prostatic tissue by qRTPCR showed that PSMA was over-expressed (mean nine times) and PGC was under-expressed (mean 1.3 x 10-4 times) in all cases when compared to BPH. The other four tested genes showed a variable expression pattern not allowing a differentiation between benign and malignant cases. When we tested these results in the benign prostate tissues from patients with PCa, PGC maintained the expression pattern, and PSMA, despite over-expression in most cases (mean 12 times), two cases (12%) presented under-expression. Conclusions: PGC under-expression and PSMA over-expression in the tissue may represent an objective evidence of prostate cancer and constitute a powerful adjunctive method in patients with negative prostate biopsy. Further prospective clinical analyses are necessary to confirm theses results

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