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Media law aspects of the news-gathering function of journalists in a conflict zoneWelgemoed, Anton Christo 30 June 2007 (has links)
The function of a journalist is not only to inform but also to investigate. Since the public has a right to information, jurists need to protect journalists that report from dangerous war-torn regions in order to keep the world informed. As the primary reliable source and often eyewitness to humanitarian atrocities a journalist has a duty to report such atrocities. There has for several decades now been uncertainty regarding the fact whether journalists should be granted special protection or not. On the one hand it is argued that journalists should be protected in terms of humanitarian law due to their humanitarian function, the service that they render in facilitating the free flow of information to the world and the role that journalists play in society. On the other hand, some argue that the protection of journalists is not the responsibility of the international community but rather their individual national governments or local news organisations. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.
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[pt] MEDIANDO PROTEÇÃO?: OS ASSISTENTES DE LIGAÇÃO COMUNITÁRIA DA ONU E A POLÍTICA DA TRADUÇÃO / [en] MEDIATING PROTECTION?: THE UN COMMUNITY LIAISON ASSISTANTS AND THE POLITICS OF TRANSLATIONVICTORIA MOTTA DE LAMARE FRANCA 06 June 2023 (has links)
[pt] Esta dissertação analisa como a Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU)
tenta estabilizar e justificar um significado ambivalente de proteção e seus papéis
sociopolíticos na agenda de Proteção de Civis (PoC). Atravessada por diferentes
noções de tradução, esta pesquisa toma os Assistentes de Ligação Comunitária
(CLAs) como um prisma analítico para complexificar os esforços para construir
representações de proteção. Os CLAs, criados juntamente com a Missão das Nações
Unidas para a Estabilização da República Democrática do Congo (MONUSCO),
são funcionários locais encarregados de melhorar o engajamento da missão com a
população local nas atividades de PoC, dadas as suas supostas habilidades
linguístico-culturais. Assim, os CLAs também são parte do movimento das missões
de estabilização na doutrina da ONU. Essa virada sinaliza a utilização de táticas de
contra insurgência, cujo entendimento sobre linguagem e a cultura como armas
objetiva obter inteligência e o apoio da população local. Seguindo uma abordagem
pós-estruturalista e pós-colonial particularmente inspirada nas obras de Jacques
Derrida e Homi K. Bhabha, esta dissertação se propõe a desconstruir as
representações aplicadas aos CLAs por meio da análise dos discursos presentes nos
relatórios e documentos doutrinários da ONU. Para tal, investiga-se como se espera
que os CLAs traduzam linguisticamente e/ou culturalmente a visão de proteção da
ONU para a população local. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa promove diálogos com
os Estudos de Tradução e Interpretação ao explorar o caráter político da tradução
para as Relações Internacionais ao mesmo tempo que se aprofunda em um ator
geralmente negligenciado na doutrina da ONU e nos Estudos de Operações de Paz. / [en] This thesis analyzes how the United Nations (UN) attempts to stabilize and
justify an ambivalent meaning of protection and its sociopolitical roles in the
Protection of Civilians (PoC) agenda. Traversed by different notions of translation,
this research takes the Community Liaison Assistants (CLAs) as an analytical prism
to complexify the efforts to construct representations of protection. The CLAs,
created alongside the United Nations Stabilization Mission in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), are local staff tasked with improving the
mission s engagement with the local population in PoC activities, given their
supposed linguistic-cultural skills. Thus, the CLAs are also part of the stabilization
missions movement in UN doctrine. This turn signals the use of counterinsurgency
tactics, whose understanding of language and culture as weapons seeks to obtain
intelligence and support of the local population. Following a poststructuralist and
postcolonial approach inspired mainly by the works of Jacques Derrida and Homi
K. Bhabha, this thesis proposes deconstructing the representations applied to the
CLAs through the analysis of the discourses presented in the UN reports and
doctrinal documents. To this end, it is investigated how the CLAs are expected to
translate linguistically and/or culturally the UN vision of protection to the local
population. In this sense, this research promotes dialogues with Translation and
Interpretation Studies by exploring the political character of translation for
International Relations while delving into a generally denied actor in UN doctrine
and Peace Operations Studies.
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[pt] CAMPOS DE PROTEÇÃO, ESPAÇOS DE EXCEÇÃO: UMA LEITURA DOS PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS SITES DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS NO SUDÃO DO SUL / [en] CAMPS OF PROTECTION, SPACES OF EXCEPTION: A READING OF THE UNITED NATIONS PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS SITES IN SOUTH SUDANANA CAROLINA MACEDO ABREU 29 October 2020 (has links)
[pt] Esta dissertação procura analisar as diferentes abordagens à proteção de civis (PoC, da sigla em inglês) mobilizadas por agentes policiais/militares e humanitários em situações de conflito armado e emergências humanitárias onde há presença de operações de paz das Nações Unidas. Inspirada pelas estratégias de análise de discurso pós-estrutural, a dissertação se concentra nos PoC sites no Sudão do Sul, espaços que abrigam civis deslocados pela violência e perseguição desde a conflagração do conflito armado em curso, em dezembro de 2013. Tais espaços de proteção têm integrado as estratégias e práticas de proteção avançadas tanto por humanitários quando pela Missão das Nações Unidas no Sudão do Sul (UNMISS) e são tomados como um microcosmo privilegiado para a análise do(s) discurso(s) de proteção, dada a coexistência de diferentes racionalidades de proteção que os caracteriza. Orientada por um arcabouço teórico-conceitual foucaultiano, a dissertação mobiliza os conceitos de poder soberano, governamentalidade e biopolítica desenvolvidos por Michel Foucault e trabalhados por literaturas críticas às operações de paz e ao humanitarismo. Defende-se que as racionalidades de proteção avançadas pelos setores humanitário e de segurança seguem a racionalidade do poder policial, entendido como um conjunto de tecnologias e técnicas quem mantêm a ordem e protegem a vida no nível da população, mas também decidem sobre a suspensão da lei. Apontando para a relação entre proteção, policiamento e excepcionalidade desenvolvida nos PoC sites, tais espaços serão analisados a partir do conceito de campo de Giorgio Agamben: espaços de normalização da excepcionalidade em que a vida nua é governada. / [en] This thesis analyses different approaches to the protection of civilians (PoC) as mobilized by police/military and humanitarian actors in contexts of armed conflict and humanitarian emergencies where a United Nations peacekeeping operation is deployed. Inspired by the strategies of post-structural discourse analysis, the thesis focuses on the PoC sites in South Sudan, which have sheltered civilians fleeing from violence and persecution since armed conflict broke out in that country, in December 2013. These protected sites have been an integral part of protection strategies and practices advanced by both humanitarian actors present in the country and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) and are taken here as a privileged analytical microcosm for assessing protection discourse(s) due to the colocation of different protection rationales that characterizes those spaces. Grounded on a Foucauldian theoretical-conceptual framework, this work mobilizes the concepts of sovereign power, governmentality and biopolitics developed by Michel Foucault and employed by critical literature on peacekeeping operations and humanitarian action. It is argued in the thesis that the rationales of protection advanced by both the humanitarian and security sectors work according to the rationality of police power, understood as an ensemble of technologies and techniques that maintains order and protects life among populations but also decides on the suspension of law. Pointing to the particular relationship between protection, policing and exceptionality unraveled in the context of PoC sites, these spaces will be treated as Giorgio Agamben s camps: as spaces of normalized exceptionality where bare life is managed.
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Humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect: questions of abuse and proportionalityOsei-Abankwah, Charles 28 April 2017 (has links)
The aim of this thesis is to discuss the concepts of humanitarian intervention and the responsibility to protect (R2P), and; to investigate how best to apply the concepts in the face of humanitarian crises, in order to address concerns about their implementation. The failure of the Security Council to react to grave human rights abuses committed in the humanitarian crises of the 1990s, including Iraq (1991), Somalia (1992), Rwanda (1994), Bosnia (1993-1995) Haiti (1994-1997), and Kosovo (1999),triggered international debatesabout: how the international community should react when the fundamental human rights of populations are grossly and systematically violated within the boundaries of sovereign states, and; the need for a reappraisal of armed humanitarian intervention. Central to the debate was whether the international community should continue to adhere unconditionally to the principle of non-intervention enshrined in Article 2(7) of the UN Charter, or take a different course in the interest of human rights. The debate culminated in the establishment of the Canadian International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2000, with the mandate to find a balance between respect for sovereignty and intervention, for purposes of protecting human rights.
Much of the scholarly literature on military intervention for human protection purposes deals with the legality and legitimacy of the military dimension of the concepts. The significance of the thesis is that: it focusesthe investigation on the potential abuse of the use of force for human protection purposes, when moral arguments are used to justify an intervention that is primarily motivated by the interests of the intervener, and; the propensity to use disproportionate force in the attainment of the stated objective of human protection, by powerful intervening states. The central argument of the thesis is that there are double standards, selectivity, abuses, andindiscriminate and disproportionate use of force in the implementation of R2P by powerful countries, and; that, whether a military intervention is unilateral, or sanctioned by the UN Security Council, there is the potential for abuse, and in addition, disproportionate force may be used.The thesis makes recommendations to address these concerns, in order to ensure the survival of the concept. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL.D.
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