Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 112 p. : ill. (some col.). Document provides links to supplementary files in Pro/E, AI0WIN, Step, and Excel. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 110-112).

The primary goal of this work is to develop a PSCAD/EMTDC simulation model which can emulate the reclosing capabilities of an actual reclosing relay. The first part of this work will demonstrate the capabilities of a commercially available, microprocessor-based reclosing relay, the SEL-551c. Next, a computer simulation model of this relay's reclosing capability will be developed in PSCAD/EMTDC and validated. The performance of the model will be compared to the performance of the SEL-551c. Because it is impractical to test the relay operation under fault conditions in a real distribution system, fault characteristics will be determined in PSCAD. Utilizing a test system for the SEL relay, we can show the accuracy of the PSCAD recloser model compared to the SEL-551c relay for similar fault scenarios. The validation is done by analyzing the data from the simulation and experiment. The results show that both the PSCAD recloser model and SEL-551c operate close to the expected theoretical values. The primary contribution of this work is the development of a PSCAD recloser model and validation with a real world reclosing relay. In previous works where recloser analysis was done in PSCAD, such as [14], recloser operation was manually accomplished. However, the recloser model developed in this work allows the user to enter any standard TCC equation that may be programmed into an actual relay and achieve similar results. The model is useful when analyzing larger distribution systems with multiple reclosers. Additionally, validating the PSCAD recloser model with a real world device provides confidence that the simulations provide reasonable and meaningful results. / text

The pursuit of cultural heritage conservation is particularly problematic in China as the country has been undergoing substantial changes in its governance processes in the post-reform era. As the regime becomes less authoritarian and more pluralized, a multitude of stakeholders (both state and non-state), are now involved in promoting, constructing, challenging and safeguarding a variety of meanings and values in heritage. This thesis incorporates an urban governance lens to examine the policy and practical problems in conserving urban built heritage in contemporary China. This approach offers a new perspective in understanding the distribution of authority and power between the state and society as well as its effect on the management of public affairs. The reconfigurations of the role of the state, market and civil society have ushered in a new phase of urban politics that have enormous implications for built heritage conservation practices. As a result of reforms, conventional stakeholders have assumed new roles in politics; meanwhile, an increasing variety and number of new stakeholders connected to the non-state sector have also emerged; and their relationships and interactions with the state have become increasingly complex. An urban governance perspective draws attention to the new arrangements embedded in these relationships, which have profoundly impacted the decision-making processes in conservation, re-shaped the interpretation of heritage values, re-defined the scope of heritage and re-thought the use of heritage in Guangzhou. By employing a case-study approach, this thesis provides a detailed analysis of the conservation efforts undertaken by various stakeholder groups in Guangzhou in the post-reform era. Guangzhou is one of the country’s designated historic cities; it is also the provincial capital of Guangdong and has experienced rapid marketization over the past three decades. Three district-specific cases are selected to provide an in-depth analysis on the changing relationships among concerned stakeholders. The case of Shamian Island demonstrates the rigidity and constraints of central-local relation; while the case of Xinhepu discloses the evolving state-market relation. Finally, the case of Enning Road examines the rise of non-state stakeholders and their power struggle against the state. These cases were selected because each of them covers a particular heritage aspect that is directly related to the three-pronged national conservation hierarchical framework. The findings in the three cases respectively reveal the intricacies of conservation politics: the bureaucratic politics in the management and conservation of designated heritage; the struggle between state and society over what legitimate type of history is considered as “national” history and the maintenance of its local significance; and the operation-cum-conservation of heritage assets by market forces in China’s transitional economy. The findings of this thesis contribute to a broadened understanding of the changing roles and functions of the state, market and civil society in China’s transitional period; thus revealing the major deficiencies in the existing institutional and managerial frameworks for built heritage conservation in Guangzhou. This thesis also documents the impacts and outcomes of the actions of various state and non-state stakeholders on the prospect of built heritage conservation at an urban scale in China. / published_or_final_version / Geography / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

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Die Studie befasst sich mit den Möglichkeiten der ländlichen Entwicklung zur Unterstützung eines dezentralen Hochwasserschutzes. Sie basiert vorrangig auf der Beschaffung, Aufbereitung und Auswertung entsprechender Fachliteratur. Darüber hinaus wurden wasserbauliche- und landeskulturelle Maßnahmen, die im Rahmen der ländlichen Entwicklung in Sachsen realisiert wurden, hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für den Hochwasserschutz bewertet. Aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse zu erosionsmindernden Bodenbearbeitungsverfahren, die in die Studie einflossen, wurden hausintern vom Fachbereich 4 – Pflanzliche Erzeugung, Referat Bodenkultur, zur Verfügung gestellt. Die zusammengetragenen Inhalte bilden die fachliche Basis zur Anfertigung von Informationsmaterial über die Möglichkeiten der Einflussnahme auf den vorbeugenden Hochwasserschutz durch die Akteure des ländlichen Raumes (landwirtschaftliche Unternehmen, Grundeigentümer, Gemeinden, Zweckverbände, Teilnehmergemeinschaften u. a.).

This dissertation examines the era of slavery amelioration while situating the significance of this project to reform slavery within the longer history of the British Empire. While scholars of British slavery have long debated the causes of both the abolition of the slave trade (1807) and the abolition of slavery (1833), they have overlooked the ways that both abolitionists and politicians attempted to "reform" slavery - extending both baseline protections and a civilizing mission toward slaves - as a prelude toward broader emancipation. This attempted amelioration of slavery influenced both the timing and form that emancipation took. By focusing on the island where metropolitan officials first attempted to exert an ameliorative agenda, this dissertation uncovers the forgotten influence of Spanish laws and practices on British abolitionism. Trinidad was captured from Spain in 1797 during the heyday of abolitionist agitation, during an era when Spanish slave codes were gaining newfound attention among British reformers for their reputed benevolence. Despite local planter opposition, metropolitan officials elected to retain the island's Spanish legal structure following the Peace of Amiens. The Trinidad template for amelioration would be framed around the island's Spanish laws, notably the office of Protector of Slaves. This individual was imagined as an intermediary between master and slave, metropole and colony, epitomizing an attempt to infuse the slave regime with a modicum of imperial regulation. The ideas behind amelioration survived the abolition of slavery. After Caribbean slavery was abolished between 1833 and 1838, the reforms that had been attempted in Trinidad and elsewhere over the previous decades came to inform the regulation of labor relationships, particularly immigrant labor, following in its wake. The process of negotiating reform - of slavery, indentured labor, and relations with indigenous peoples - had taught Colonial Office officials to distrust the instincts and activities of white colonial subjects. The Protector model proliferated in contexts of continued distrust during an era when metropolitan officials remained reluctant to exert more direct authority than necessary. This model would break down only in the wake of repeated failure. Until then, metropolitan officials hoped that local watchdogs would "protect" nonwhite and laboring subjects from abuse. / History

The high particulate association of PAH in aquatic systems has often been attributed to the hydrophobic nature of the compounds leading to adsorption. Results presented i n this thesis strongly suggest that a significant proportion of PAH in the Tamar are particle-incorporated and unavailable for dynamic partition and physical, chemical and biological fates. The generally uniform PAH composition identified throughout the estuary is highly indicative of a combustion or road and urban runoff source. PAH distrubution in a dated Tamar Estuary sediment core showed an exponential decrease with depth and identified dramatic increases in PAH flux during the last 20 years. This suggests an association with motor vehicles probably via road runoff. No significant trends of change in PAH composition with depth were apparent, indicating unifoinnlty of source and the unimportance of PAH degradation mechanisms in the anoxic-sediment. Ibrylene displayed an anomalous distribution that could be attributed to its biogenic origin. A survey of PAH distribution in the estuarine water column identified two areas exhibiting high concentrations. The first was observed at the turbidity maximum at the head of the estuary (by virtue of particle-associated PAH) and the second as a result of an emission in the urban region during the, sampling period. A similar distribution was identified in the estuarine surface sediments which are shown to act as a sink for both riverine and urban PAH. Suspended particulates in the water column, in general, contain similar levels and compositionally reflect the higher molecular weight PAH (M>200) in the sediments. Ihis underlines the importance of particulate transport and indicates that degradation of these PAH in the water column, is of minor significance, with sediment incorporation as their primary fate. Lower MW PAH (MW<200)were enriched in soluble forms in the water column. Microbial heterotrophic degradation and volatilisation are proposed as important environmental fates of these low MW compounds.

Objectives: When used as a cardioplegic solution, Custodiol® HTK solution is typically administered in a single-dose, allowing the operation to be performed continuously. This is an advantage over alternative cardioplegic solutions that may have to be re-administered every 20-30 minutes. Although Custodiol is widely used as a cardioplegic solution in Europe, its use for myocardial protection remains an off-label indication in the United States. Thus, the aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of Custodiol to standard 4:1 blood cardioplegia in adult cardiac cases. METHODS: This study was a single-center retrospective review of prospectively collected data. Adult cardiac cases performed between November 2011 and August 2013 using Custodiol® were compared to cases using standard Plegisol® 4:1 blood cardioplegia. Twenty-six primary intra-operative and post-operative endpoints were compared including 30-day mortality, 30-day hospital readmission, prolonged mechanical ventilation time, and renal failure. RESULTS: Of the 229 cases identified, 63 cases used Custodiol and 166 used 4:1 blood cardioplegia. Demographics were similar in both groups with a mean patient age of 65.27±15.07 years for Custodiol and 66.72±12.85 years for 4:1 blood cardioplegia. The average cardiopulmonary bypass time for Custodiol and 4:1 blood cardioplegia was 124.76±61.45 and 137.93±54.05 minutes respectively. The Custodiol group had a greater incidence of prolonged ventilation (>24 hours), 20.6% versus 15.1% respectively, and this approached statistical significance with a p value of 0.052. Intra-operative blood usage was significantly higher in the Custodiol group compared to the blood cardioplegia group, with 44.4% of patients receiving fresh frozen plasma during the operation compared to only 25.3% in the blood cardioplegia group (p=0.005). The results revealed no statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality, 30-day hospital readmission, renal failure, and stroke. CONCLUSION: Despite the distinct advantage of long-term ischemic tolerance, Custodiol use was associated with an increased requirement for fresh frozen plasma during the perioperative period when compared to blood cardioplegia.

The objective of this study was to formulate a management system for improving early Quebec tomato yields through the use of polyethylene row tunnels and the screening of three tomato genotypes for their performance under a tunnel system of growing. / Three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, Springset (early, cold-tolerant), Celebrity (standard), and Hope No. 1 (early, heat-tolerant), were grown under clear or white perforated polyethylene row tunnels that were either vented ten days prior to anthesis to maintain temperatures below 30$ sp circ$C or nonvented. Controls had no tunnel treatment. / Springset had the highest harvest index and subsequent highest early yield. Celebrity had the highest total yield. Hope was not suited to producing early yield under the frequent low temperature conditions occurring during the spring in Quebec. Tunnels did not improve early or total yield. / Further research is required before tunnels can be recommended for producing early tomatoes in Quebec.