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Decisions to interfere with the natural path of lava are constrained by geological, engineering and logistical factors; and legal, environmental and socio-cultural considerations. Lava flows erupted from several volcanoes around the world have threatened people and their property, motivating them to take actions to prevent or slow its advance by diverting the flow direction using channels, berms and explosives or obstructing the lava by quenching with water or armoring. Property to be protected has included government, public, commercial and private property ranging from cities and harbors to personal property. The earliest known attempt to influence the path of lava occurred in 1669 on Mount Etna, Italy, but more recent experience there occurred in the 1980s-90s. Several eruptions at Kīlauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawai‘i also provided abundant experience (1881, 1935, 1942, 1955, 1960 and several times during the on-going 1983- present eruption of Kīlauea). Additional experience relates to experimental tests and an untested berm on Mauna Loa. Most recently though, local businessmen on Kīlauea constructed earthen berms to protect their property and the local utility authority constructed novel protective structures around electric utility poles. Decisions to use mitigation strategies may be based on expert scientific opinion, but public opposition has been reported to alone be able to prevent lava mitigation. In 2014, public opinions about the use of traditional mitigation strategies (diversion by berms or bombing) to protect commercial and residential areas of Puna were mixed among residents, but there appeared to be no opposition to a new mitigation strategy that protected key areas of the electrical infrastructure and supply of electricity. To help understand public opinion about this and various mitigation strategies and people’s acceptance of additional risk to personal property to help protect important elements of their community, we conductied questionnaire surveys among residents on Kīlauea and Mauna Loa as part of a multi-university NSF Hazards SEES project. We evaluated crisis experience, hazard zonation, and community bondedness, in addition to socio-demographic and cultural factors, with beliefs concerning mitigation, including effectiveness of mitigation strategies for lava flows and others hazards; financial and legal considerations; and requirements for specialized knowledge, skills and cooperation.

Objective: To assess the effects of wearing a protective mouthguard during exercise on ventilation and oxygen consumption. Design and Setting: All participants performed a graded maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer to determine peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Each participant also performed 6 submaximal exercise tests while wearing one of two facemasks (nasal or non-nasal breathing) and one of three mouthguard conditions (no mouthguard, boil and bite, custom-fit). Steady-state VO2, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and other ventilatory values were measured at 60% and 80% of VO2max during each submaximal exercise test. All 6 submaximal exercise tests were completed within a 2-week period using a randomized 6x6 balanced Latin square design. Subjects: Twenty-four subjects (age = 20.41 ± 1.99) who were members of the Brigham Young University lacrosse team participated in this study. Measurements: Data were analyzed using a random coefficients growth curve. The full models for all variables included fixed effects for mask, work level, mouthguard, time, and all interactions of the above. Full models were also assumed to have random subject coefficients for the intercepts and slopes relative to time. Results: For VO2 there was a significant effect for facemask type (p<.0001, F = 24.30, df = 1680), mouthguard (p = .0177, F = 4.04, df = 1680), and work (p<.0001, F = 5428.16, df = 1680). For VO2 there was also a significant interaction for mask*work (p = .0280, F = 4.84, df = 1680). For RPE there was a significant effect for facemask type (p = .0005, F = 12.28, df = 1657) and for work (p<.0001, F = 4040.53, df = 1657). For RPE there were also significant interactions for mask*mouthguard (p<.0001, F = 11.82, df = 1657) and for mask*work (p<.0001, F = 18.88, df = 1657). For VE there were significant interactions for mask (p< 0.0001, F = 16.49, df = 1680), mouthguard (p < 0.0001, F = 19.98, df = 1680), and work (p < 0.0001, F = 9122.33, df = 1680). For VE there were also significant interactions for mask*mouthguard (p < 0.002, F = 6.25, df = 1680), and mask*work (p < 0.0001, F = 17.77, df = 1680). Conclusions: Although statistical significance was found for a number of effects, we speculate that the very small differences in the physiological responses to wearing a mouthguard are of little practical significance and would not effect performance. Wearing a mouthguard during exercise does not alter physiological responses and complaints of reduced ventilation are probably psychological.

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This thesis investigates the interactions of several characteristics of serial production lines that contribute to production line performance. A full factorial experimental design of computerized simulations is conducted with three levels of downtime, four levels of variability, three levels of line length, three levels of constraint location, three levels of work-in-process, and six levels of protective capacity. This study enlarges upon recent four-workstation investigations and extends the knowledge to longer production lines. Some generalizations for the amount and location of protective capacity are drawn from the results, as a guide for process improvements and new production line design. An approximating regression model is constructed for prediction of cycle time outcomes with various values of contributing factors.

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No description available.