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Effects of tannins on protein digestibility and detoxification activity in gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis)Chung-MacCoubrey, Alice L. 05 December 2009 (has links)
Captive gray squirrels were fed acorns or diets containing commercial tannins to determine the effects of tannins on digestion and detoxification (glucuronidation) activity. In the Acorn experiment, Northern red oak acorns (Quercus rubra), white oak acorns (Q. alba), or rat chow were fed to squirrels. Levels of phenols, condensed tannins, and hydrolyzable tannins were higher in red oak acorns than white oak acorns and were likely responsible for the lower dry matter intake, lower apparent protein digestibility, lower digestible protein and energy intakes, and higher glucuronidation activity observed in squirrels fed red oak acorns. Although apparent protein digestibility and digestible protein intakes were reduced on a white oak acorn diet, this diet did not continuously suppress dry matter intake or stimulate glucuronidation. It appears that gray squirrels may not be able to subsist on red oak acorns alone, but may require other foods to dilute tannin intake and provide additional nutrients.
In the Tannin experiment, squirrels were fed rat chow containing no tannins, 4% or 8% tannic acid (hydrolyzable tannin), or 3% or 6% quebracho (condensed tannin). Apparent protein and energy digestibilities of tannic acid-containing diets were lower than the control. These reductions were likely due to the formation of strong complexes between protein and high molecular weight gallotannins. These complexes may have simultaneously protected these gallotannins from hydrolysis and allowed tannic acid to reduce digestive efficiency. Apparent protein and energy digestibilities of quebracho-containing diets were reduced, indicating protein complexing by these nonhydrolyzable tannins. Consistent with the hypothesis that hydrolyzable tannins are more likely to be broken down and absorbed internally than condensed tannins, only the 8% tannic acid diet tended to increase glucuronide excretion. / Master of Science
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Maintenance protein requirement of twelve month old female ratsSheehan, Patricia M. January 1978 (has links)
Ninety 12 month old female rats were used to determine a protein requirement for tissue maintenance. Diets contained 0.84 to 4.69 percent protein and were fed for 28 days. Liver composition, carcass composition and serum protein levels were determined, and a protein requirement level was also predicted.
Rats fed 0.84 and 1.86 percent protein had significantly lower serum protein values than a baseline group of rats sacrificed at the beginning of the study. Rats fed the two highest levels of dietary protein had serum protein values which were significantly higher than the baseline group and that of rats fed 2.81 percent protein was not significantly different from that of the baseline group.
Rats fed 0.84, 1.86 and 2.81 percent protein had excessive liver fat, indicative of protein deficiency. No group was found to have liver nitrogen values comparable to that of the baseline group.
All rats except those fed 0.84 percent protein had significantly more carcass fat than the baseline group. Total carcass nitrogen of rats fed 2.81, 3.77 and 4.69 percent protein were not significantly different from the baseline group indicating a general state of nitrogen equilibrium in these animals. Using linear regression, a protein requirement of 4.07 percent of the diet was predicted. Comparison of this value with other literature values was difficult due to differences in experimental design. It was suggested that in further research of this kind a longer study should be conducted and a concurrent baseline group should be used. / Master of Science
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Development and evaluation of polymer coated urea as a potential slow-release urea supplement for ruminantsUpton, Erlanda January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rate of hydrolysis of urea in the rumen of animals is a major limitation when
considering the substitution of natural protein with urea in the formulation of rations.
The aim of this study was to evaluate polymer coated urea prills with variable coating
thickness and evaluate its potential as a slow-release NPN compound. A new slowrelease
urea compound, made by coating prilled feedgrade urea with a co-polymer
of urea-formaldehyde resin and a castor-coconut alkyd was initially evaluated for
urea-nitrogen concentration in distilled water in order to evaluate its potential as a
slow-release urea product for ruminants. Amino/alkyd or polyester blends are
among the cheapest of the modern synthetic systems and are considered because it
is non-toxic, low-cost, biodegradable and easy to manufacture. A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
factorial design was used and 16 individual products were made and evaluated. The
Wurster method was used to encapsulate urea prills. The slopes of the urea release
curves represented the release rate of the encapsulated products and were
compared to identify the process variables, which had an effect on release rate. Two
of the coating variables, coating weight and alkyd: resin ratio, had a major effect (P =
0.0001) on the release rate of urea. The crushing strength of encapsulated products
was significantly (P = 0.0001) higher than that of untreated urea. Results motivated
the evaluation of the products in the rumen of sheep in terms of rumen ammonia and
blood urea N concentrations. Four slow-release products were made after
interpreting results from the first study, and differed on account of the coating weight and the composition of the co-polymer. Fifteen fistulated wethers were randomly
allotted into 5 groups and intraruminally received an equivalent of 15g urea. Rumen
ammonia and blood ammonia were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48
h after administration of the various treatments. Slow release urea (SRU) resulted in
significantly lower rumen ammonia peaks (P = 0.0001) than untreated urea, while the
peaks were also significantly delayed. Untreated urea resulted in the maximum
concentration at two hours after administration of the urea (P = 0.0685) while the
SRU's reached a maximum at six hours after administration in the rumen. No
significant differences between the four different SRU types were found. Responses
in blood urea-N was similar to that observed for rumen ammonia nitrogen. The
encapsulation was effective in decreasing the rate of ammonia release from the urea
for up to six hours after administration. In a third trial four Dehne Merino wethers
were used in a 2 x 2 Latin square design. They received a SRU product equivalent to
0.4 g urea per kg body weight orally. Rumen liquor and blood samples were taken at
0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48 h after intake. Difficulty was initially
experienced with ingestion and palatability of the SRU products due to the strong
formaldehyde and butanone odour present in the coating. The maximum rumen
ammonia (NH3) concentration for the SRU were lower than that of untreated urea
(17.5 mg N/dl vs. 66.9 mg N/dl). The time to reach blood urea levels also differed
considerably (6 h vs. 24 h for blood urea nitrogen) between treatments.
The encapsulation of urea prills shows potential solutions to reduce the solubility of
urea and also reduce the hygroscopic nature of urea and improve the palatability and
storage characteristics thereof.
Keywords: Slow-release urea, encapsulate, copolymer, urea formaldehyde rumen
ammonia, blood urea nitrogen, solubility, palatability, storage characteristics. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vinnige tempo waarteen ureum in die rumen na ammoniak omgesit word, is die
grootste beperking in die optimale benutting van ureum, as vervanging van
natuurlike protein in herkouerrantsoene. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n
stadig vrystellende ureumproduk te ontwikkel wat die rumenammoniakvlak
gedurende 'n aansienlike periode van die dag bokant 'n sekere vlak kan hou. 'n
Nuwe stadig vrystellende ureumproduk, vervaardig deur ureumkorrels met 'n
kopolimeer van ureum-formaldehiedhars en 'n kastor-en klapperalkied te bedek, is
geevalueer om die potentiaal as stadig vrystellende nie-protein stikstof (NPN)-produk
vir herkouers te ondersoek. Die veiligheid, biodegradeerbaarheid, lae koste en
maklike vervaardiging van amino/alkied-kopolimere maak dit een van die
goedkoopste sintetiese sisteme om vir stadig vrystellende sisteme te oorweeg. 'n 2
x 2 x 2 x 2 Faktoriale antwerp is gebruik om 16 individuele produkte te vervaardig.
Die Wurster-metode is gebruik om individuele korrels te enkapsuleer met die
polimeer en die potentiaal van die produkte is aanvanklik geevalueer deur die
ureumstikstofvrystelling in gedistilleerde water te meet. Die hellings van die
vrystellingsgrafieke is vergelyk om die veranderlikes te bepaal wat die grootste
invloed op die vrystellingstempo van ureum uit die ge·inkapsuleerde produkte het.
Resultate dui dat twee verandelikes 'n betekenisvolle effek het op die vrystellingstempo, nl. dikte van die omhulsel, en die samestelling van die kopolimeer
(P = 0.0001 en P = 0.0135, onderskeidelik) het. Die samedrukbaarheid van die ge
·lnkapsuleerde produkte was ook betekenisvol hoer (P = 0.0001) as die van
onbehandelde ureumkorrels, wat lei tot verbeterde bergings- en
hanteringseienskappe. lnterpetering van resultate lei tot die vorming van vier stadig
vrystellende produkte. Vyf groepe van 3 volwasse rumengefistuleerde
Dohnemerinohamels is in 'n proef gebruik om die potentiaal van die produkte verder
te ondersoek. 'n Ekwivalent van 15 g ureum is direk in die rumen van elke dier
geplaas en ammoniak-en bloed monsters is 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 & 48
ure na dosering geneem. Die stadig vrystellende ureumprodukte het 'n betekenisvol
laer maksimum waardes vir beide ammoniak-en bloedstikstofureum getoon (P =
0.0001 ). Onbehandelde ureum het 'n maksimum rumenammoniakstikstof
konsentrasie reeds twee ure na toediening bereik in vergelyking met ses ure vir die
stadig vrysellende produkte. Geen betekenisvolle verskille in hierdie parameters is
tussen die ge·lnkapsuleerde produkte gevind nie, terwyl geen interaksie is tussen
hoofeffekte voorgekom het nie. In 'n derde proef is vier Dohnemerinohamels gebruik
om die vrystellingstempos, in terme van rumenammoniak-en bloedureumstikstof te
bepaal waar die stadig vrystellende produk en onbehandelde ureum direk aan die
diere gevoer is . 'n Ekwivalent van 0.4 g ureum/kg liggaamsmassa is gevoer.
Aanvanklik is inname- en smaakliksheidprobleme ondervind, moontlik as gevolg van
die sterk butanoon-en formaldehiedreuk van die omhulsel. Die
rumenammoniakstikstof het 'n laer maksimum (17.5 vs. 66.9 mg N/1 00 ml) as die
van onbehandelde ureum gehad terwyl die tyd wanneer maksimum konsentrasie
bereik word ook aansienlik later was. Die polimeer inkapsulering van ureumkorrels
toon potensiaal as 'n stadig vrystellende ureumproduk deurdat dit die oplosbaarheid
van ureum in die rumen verlaag. Bykomende voordele is dat die omhulsel die
higroskopisiteit verlaag en die samedrukbaarheid verhoog, beide eienskappe wat die
hantering-en bergingseienskappe bevorder.
Sleutelwoorde: Stadig vrystellende ureum, enkapsulering, kopolimeer, ureumformaldehied,
rumenammoniak, bloed ureum stikstof, oplosbaarheid, smaaklikheid,
bergingseienskappe.
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The effect of rumen inert fat supplementation and protein degradability in starter and finishing diets on veal calf performance and the fatty acid composition of the meatLategan, Elna 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Six groups each with six Friesian bull calves were used in this investigation and slaughtered
at 20 weeks of age. Calves received a low- (LD) or high (HD) degradable protein diet, each
with or without rumen inert fat supplementation. Two commercial fat sources were used,
Morlae (m) and Golden Flake (gf), included at 2.5% of the diet. A commercial milk replacer
(Denkavit) was fed at 4L for 42 days, followed by 2L until weaning at 49 days of age. The
starter diets were fed ad lib. from day 14 to 10 weeks of age and finishing diets ad lib. from
11 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences in body mass gain or dry matter
intake over the entire 20 week period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved
significantly (P=0.0032) when fat was supplemented to LD, but not to HD diets. The FCR
(kg dry matter/ kg gain) ofLD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets were 3.45,3.44,3.07,
3.81, 3.02 and 3.43, respectively. All 36 calves were used in a digestibility trial, using
chromium oxide (Cr203) as a marker, during week 18 of the investigation. Digestibility
values (%) for the six diets (LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgf) were 61.74, 65.91, 75.44,
69.00, 75.54 and 67.15 for dry matter, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 and 66.12 for crude
protein and 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 and 70.79 for fat, respectively. The dry matter
(P=O.OOOl)and fat (P=O.OOOl) digestibilities were only significantly higher when fat was
added to LD diets. The crude protein (CP) digestibilities were significantly higher when fat
was added to either the LD (P=0.0001) or the HD (P=0.0488) diets.
All the calves were slaughtered at 20 weeks of age and the fatty acid content of the meat (m.
longissimus) and subcutaneous fat layer adjacent to the 12th rib as well as the meat colour,
was determined. The fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle was changed by
feeding the rumen inert fat sources. The three predominant fatty acids found were palmitic,
stearic and oleic acids. The palmitic acid (CI6:0) content of the muscle and diet was 24.44 &
20.47,25.97 & 22.57,31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 and 29.71 & 32.88 of the
total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf and HDgf diets, respectively. The C16:0 content
was significantly higher in the muscle of the calves receiving the LD diets supplemented with
fat (P=0.0008). There was also a significant interaction between the two fat sources and
protein degradability (P=0.0065), but only in the LD diets. The stearic acid (CI8:0) content
of the muscle and diet was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 &
15.54, and 26.48 & 20.15 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets,
respectively. The C18:0 content was significantly higher in the muscle of calves receiving the
HD (P=O.OOOl)compared to LD diets. The stearic acid content was also significantly higher
when fat was added to LD (P=0.0042) or HD (P=0.0073) diets. The oleic acid (CI8:1)
content of the muscle and diet was 36.06 & 21.51,39.99 & 21.11,32.21 & 23.67, 29.13 &
24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 and 35.93 & 16.02 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf
and HDgf diets, respectively. The linolenic acid (CI8:3) content of the muscle was
significantly higher (P=0.0038) when fat was added to LD diets compared to no fat
supplementation (0.87 vs. 0.15). The CIELAB values indicated that LD diets resulted in more
pink meat. Mean values ofL* =-32.61, 34.19; a* = 7.08, 7.91 and b* = 3.18 and 4.07 were
observed for the LD and HD diets, respectively. Meat from the LD diets had significantly
lower L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) and b*-(P=0.0109) values compared to meat from the
HD diets. It was concluded that there was a positive response in CP digestibility when rumen
inert fats were supplemented to LD or HD diets, although a greater response was shown in the
LD diets. The FCR, dry matter and fat digestibility were only increased when fat was added
to the LD and not to the HD diets. Similarly, the fatty acid contents of the longissimus
muscle of veal calves can be manipulated with the supplementation of rumen inert fat sources,
but only when combined with a low protein degradable diet. The low degradable protein diets
also produce a more attractive meat colour for the potential veal consumer. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ses behandelings, lae- (LD) of hoë (HD) degradeerbare diëte, elk met of sonder rumeninerte
vetsupplementering, is geëvalueer met ses kalwers in elke groep. Twee kommersiële
vetbronne is gebruik, nl. Morlae (m) en Golden Flake (gf) teen 'n 2.5% insluitingspeil. 'n
Kommersiële melksurrogaat (Denkavit) is aangebied teen 4L1dag tot 42 dae ouderdom,
gevolg deur 2L/dag tot speenouderdom op 49 dae. Aanvangsdiëte is ad lib. aangebied vanaf
14 dae tot 10 weke ouderdom en die groeidiëte ad lib. vanafweek 11 tot 20. Daar was geen
betekenisvolle verskille in die totale massatoename of die droëmateriaalinname nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding
is betekenisvol verbeter (P=0.0032) in die behandelings waarin
rumeninerte vette by LD diëte ingesluit is, maar nie by die HD diëte nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding
(kg droëmateriaalinname / kg massatoename) van die LD, HD, LDm,
HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte was 3.45, 3.44, 3.07, 3.81, 3.02 en 3.43, onderskeidelik. Al 36
kalwers is in 'n verteringsproef gebruik gedurende week 18 van die proef. Chroomoksied
(Cr203) is as merker gebruik. Verteerbaarheidswaardes vir die ses diëte was 61.74, 65.91,
75.44,69.00,75.54 en 67.15 vir droëmateriaal, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 en 66.12 vir
ruproteïen en 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 en 70.79 vir vet, onderskeilik. Die
droëmateriaal- (P=O.OOOl) en vetverteerbaarheid (P=O.OOOI) was slegs betekenisvol hoër
wanneer vet by LD diëte gevoeg is en nie by HD nie. Die ruproteïen (RP) verteerbaarheid
Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za
VI
was betekenisvol hoër (P=0.0002) by LD en HD (P=0.0488) diëte met vet supplementering,
teenoor geen vet insluiting.
Die kalwers is op 20 weke ouderdom geslag en die vetsuursamestelling van die vleis (m.
longissimus) en die subkutane vetlaag teenaan die 12de rib, asook en die vleiskleur, is bepaal.
Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier is deur die supplementering van
rumeninerte vet verander. Die drie primêre vetsure wat in die vleis voorgekom het, was
palmitiensuur, steariensuur en oleïensuur. Die palmitensuur (CI6:0) inhoud van die spier en
diëte was 24.44 & 20.47, 25.97 & 22.57, 31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 en
29.71 & 32.88 van die totale vet van die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte,
onderskeilik. Die C16:0 was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van kalwers wat die LD diëte met
vet supplementering (P=0.0008) ontvang het. Die steariensuur (CI8:0) inhoud van die spier
en diëte was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 & 15.54, en
26.48 & 20.15 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte,
onderskeidelik. Die C18:0 inhoud was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van die kalwers wat die
HD (P=O.OOOI),teenoor LD diëte ontvang het. Die steariensuur inhoud was ook betekenisvol
hoër wanneer vet by LD (P=0.0042) of HD (P=0.0031) diëte gevoeg word. Die oleïensuur
(CI8:1) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 36.06 & 21.51, 39.99 & 21.11, 32.21 & 23.67,
29.13 & 24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 en 35.93 & 16.02 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm,
HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeidelik. Die linoleensuur (CI8:3) inhoud van die spier
was betekinisvol hoër (P=0.0038) in die LD diëte met vet teenoor LD met geen vet
supplementering (0.87 vs. 0.15). Die CIELAB waardes van die LD diëte dui op 'n pienker
vleiskleur. Gemiddelde waardes van L* = 32.61 & 34.19, a* = 7.08 & 7.91 en b* = 3.18 &
4.07 is vir die LD en HD diëte, onderskeidelik, waargeneem. Die vleis van die LD diëte het
'n betekenisvol laer L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) en b*-(P=0.0109) waarde in vergelyking
met die HD diëte getoon. Die resultate dui daarop dat daar 'n positiewe respons in die
ruproteïenverteerbaarheid by die supplementering van rumeninerte vette by LD en HD diëte
voorkom, maar die response op die LD diëte is groter. Die voeromsettingsverhouding,
droëmateriaal- en vetverteerbaarheid is egter net bevoordeel in die LD met vet en nie in die
HD diëte nie. Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier in die kalf kan gemanipuleer
word met die supplementering van rumeninerte vetbronne, maar slegs wanneer dit
gekombineer word met lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte. Die lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte
produseer ook die mees aanloklike vleiskleur vir die potensiële kalfsvleisverbruiker.
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Comparison of production parameters, gut histology, organ weights, and portion yields of broilers supplemented with Ateli plusTeuchert, Nicole 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Antibiotic growth promoters (AGP’s) have been used in feed of production animals to improve
their growth performance and disease resistance. However, there has been an increase in the
presence of antibiotic residue in animal products, as well as an increase in untreatable illnesses
due to antibiotic resistant bacteria. This led to the European Union banning the use of antibiotic
growth promoters, in production animals, in 2006. An alternative to AGP’s is therefore needed in
animal feed in order to maintain performance. Plant extracts and essential oils have gained
much attention, due to their natural antimicrobial, antibacterial, anticoccidial and antioxidant
properties. This study tested the efficiency of Ateli plus®, an oregano plant extract based
product, as a replacement to AGP’s on production parameters, carcass characteristics and
organ and gut health of broilers.
This study consisted of five treatments fed to broilers from hatch till 33 days of age, fed in three
phases; starter, grower and finisher. The treatment diets consisted of a negative control (no
AGP), positive control (AGP), Ateli plus® at 1kg/ton (Ateli plus® min), Ateli plus® at 2kg/ton for
week one followed by 1kg/ton for the remainder of the period (Ateli plus® max), and AGP plus
Ateli plus® max (AGP plus Ateli plus® max). Results from this study show that there was no difference in performance parameters between
treatments. The performance parameters tested included liveability, average daily gain (ADG),
average weekly feed intake, average cumulative feed intake, average weekly live weight,
average cumulative weight gains, feed conversion ratio (FCR), cumulative FCR and the
European production efficiency factor (EPEF). Broiler breast and thigh muscle pH and colour
(L*, a* and b*) reading values were measured, showing a trend for improved L* colour reading
value and ultimate pH, in broilers supplemented with Ateli plus®. This leads to an increase in
water binding capacity and tenderness, therefore resulting in an improvement in meat quality.
No differences were shown for dressing percentage and portion percentages relative to carcass
weight. No significant differences were seen for tibia bone Ca and P content, or tibia bone fat,
moisture or ash percentages. However a significant decrease in tibia bone strength was found
in all broilers supplemented with Ateli plus® diets and the negative control diet, compared to
AGP supplemented broilers. Gut morphology showed no consistent effect of treatment on villi
height or crypt depth of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. No significant differences between
treatments were found for organ pH or organ weights, except the gizzard, which was heavier for
Ateli plus® max supplemented broilers.
Ateli plus® shows promise on improving meat quality characteristics of broilers, however the
significant decrease in tibia bone strength in Ateli plus® supplemented broilers is a major
concern and needs to be researched further. Ateli plus® acts as a good AGP replacement, as
broiler performance for the Ateli plus® supplemented broilers was maintained, and not decreased, when compared to the AGP supplemented broilers. However, the broilers fed the
negative control diet had performance parameters statistically equal to both the Ateli plus® and
AGP supplemented broilers, as well as no significant differences between organ weights were
found. It can therefore be said that the broilers were raised under good management, and their
optimal environmental conditions. Therefore conclusive effectiveness of Ateli plus® as a
replacement for AGP on broiler performance cannot be reported from this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Antibiotiese groeistimulante (AGP’s) word gereeld as voerbymiddels vir diere gebruik om groei
en siekte weerstandbiedenheid te verbeter. Die verbod op die gebruik van antibiotika as 'n
groeipromotor in die Europese Unie (sedert 2006) kan toegeskryf word aan die toename in
onbehandelbare siektes as gevolg van weerstandbiedende bakterieë, asook die
teenwoordigheid van residue in die dierlike produkte. Alternatiewe vir AGP’s in dierevoeding
word dus benodig om produksie te handhaaf. Plant ekstrakte en essensiële olies het baie
aandag gekry as gevolg van hul natuurlike antimikrobiese, antibakteriële, antikoksidiese en
antioksidatiewe eienskappe.
'n Studie is gedoen om die doeltreffendheid van Ateli plus® ('n origanum plant ekstrak
gebaseerde produk) op groei produksie parameters, karkaseienskappe, orgaan- en
dermgesondheid te bepaal wanneer Ateli plus® as 'n AGP plaasvervanger in die dieëte van
braaikuikens gebruik word. Gedurende die proef was vyf verskillende diëte/behandelings vir 33
dae vir braaikuikens gevoer. Die behandelings het bestaan uit 'n negatiewe kontrole (geen
AGP), positiewe kontrole (AGP), Ateli plus® teen 1kg/ton (Ateli plus min), Ateli plus® teen
2kg/ton vir die eerste week gevolg deur 1kg/ton vir die res van die tydperk (Ateli plus® max), en
AGP plus Ateli plus® max (AGP plus Ateli plus® max). Resultate van hierdie studie toon dat behandelings nie 'n effek op produksie parameters gehad
het nie. Die groei produksie parameters wat getoets is sluit in oorlewing, gemiddelde daaglikse
toename (GDT), die gemiddelde weeklikse voer-inname, gemiddelde kumulatiewe voerinname,
gemiddelde weeklikse lewendige massa, gemiddelde kumulatiewe gewig toename,
voeromsetverhouding (VOV) en die Europese produksie doeltreffendheid faktor (EPEF). Die
pH en kleur (L*,a* en b* waardes) van die dy- en borsspier is gemeet. Ateli plus® aanvulling in
braaikuiken diëte het 'n tendens getoon vir verbeterde L * en finale pH waardes in die spiere,
wat lei tot 'n toename in waterhouvermoë en sagtheid en dus verbeterde vleiskwaliteit. Geen
verskille tussen behandelings is gevind vir uitslagpersentasie en die massa van porsies
(uitgedruk as persentasie relatief tot karkasgewig) nie. Behandelings het nie 'n effek op die vet,
vog, as persentasies of Ca- en P-inhoud van die tibia gehad nie.
In vergelyking met AGP aangevulde braaikuikens, is 'n beduidende afname in die tibia
breeksterkte van kuikens in die negatiwe kontrole groep en kuikens wat met Ateli plus®
aangevul is, gevind. Spysverteringskanaal morfologie het getoon dat behandeling geen
konsekwente effek op villi hoogte of krip diepte van die duodenum, jejunum en ileum gehad het
nie. Slegs die krop massas van kuikens wat met Ateli plus® max aangevul is, was swaarder in
vergelyking met hoenders in die ander behandelings; verder is geen beduidende verskille
tussen behandelings gevind vir orgaan pH of orgaan gewigte nie.
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EFFECTS OF DIETARY FAT AND BODY WEIGHT ON PROTEIN AND ENERGY UTILIZATION IN LAYING HENS.MADRID LOPEZ, ARTURO. January 1982 (has links)
Four experiments were carried out with laying hens to evaluate the effects of body weight, age, dietary protein, and tallow levels on performance, nutrient intake and energy utilization. In the first experiment, Single Comb White Leghorn birds were divided into four body weight groups at the onset of egg production. Voluntary feed intake was 18% less for the lightest (1.39 kg) in comparison with the heaviest group (1.83 kg). Egg weight was directly related to body weight with the heavy birds producing an average egg weighing 65.3 g and the lightest birds having an average egg weight of 58.9 g. Feed conversion was also significantly better for the lighter birds. Maintenance requirements for the heaviest and lightest birds were 60.5 and 57.9% of metabolizable energy consumed, respectively. Metabolizable energy intakes above maintenance were 131 kcal/d for the heavy birds and only 119 kcal for the light group. A composite regression analysis indicated a maintenance requirement of 127.7 kcal/d/kg('0(.)75) and an energetic efficiency of 75.2% for the conversion of metabolizable energy to net energy. In order to evaluate the effects of age and body weight on laying hen performance, the last three experiments were designed using old, molted, and young hens which were divided into the heaviest and lightest body weight groups. The old birds were 72 weeks old, the molted birds were 106 weeks old, and the young birds were 27 weeks old at the start of the studies. In each experiment the birds were fed ten experimental diets with 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20% dietary protein in combination of 1 and 4% supplemental fat. Egg output was increased with the supplementation of tallow in only the young birds; while energy retentions were improved in the old and molted birds with fat feeding. Average energy retentions per kg physiological body weight were 58.8, 41.7, and 38.6 kcal for the young, molted, and old hens, respectively. The light-bodied birds showed 9% better gross energetic efficiencies than the heavy-bodied birds. Estimated daily protein intake requirements were 16.8, 13.3, and 12.8 g/d to support production levels of 84, 64, and 66% for the young, old, and molted birds, respectively.
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EVALUATION OF JOJOBA MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTSGarcia-Puebla, Manuel Rogelio January 1982 (has links)
No description available.
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The role of protein supplementation in manipulation of body composition of lambPolat, Esad S. January 2000 (has links)
In a series of indoor and outdoor experiments with young sheep, feed supplements having different protein content were investigated. The supplements were chosen as those likely to elicit different Protein:Energy (P/E) ratios in the nutrients absorbed by the animal. The objective was to identify and characterize those that would support faster growth rate, bigger and leaner carcass production for the meat market, in different seasons in Southern Victoria, Australia (35-37° South, 141-143° East). Throughout, the GrazFeed model provided a reference system chosen for prediction of performance, with which the results of grazing experiments could be compete. / Supplementary feeding experiments were undertaken in the field (Experiments 1 and 4) in seasonal periods in which the pasture base found to poorly support high growth rates of weaned lambs. These experiments were supported by nutritional studies in pens (Experiments 2, 3 and 5) and supplement effects were evaluated in terms not only of liveweight but carcase and meat characteristics. Supplements used were evaluated and selected for use in further experiments on the basis that they would provide additional metabolisable energy but also would differ in the amount and nature of the crude protein they supplied and thus deliver different balances of absorbed nutrients, in particularly different P:E ratios. / Fish meal, with a high content of rumen undegradable protein of high biological value was used in each of these experiments to provide a test of the hypothesis that slow ruminal degradation and additional protein digested in the small intestine can influence animal response. In Experiment 1 and the related pen Experiment 2, comparing a lower to a higher P (CP%):E(MJ/kg) ratio feeds (barley, 12:13 P:E ratio) to (fishmeal / lucerne meal, 1/2 w/w, 35:10 P:E ratio), barley resulted in higher fat and lower protein amounts deposited as carcass components (P<0.01). The animals consuming extra protein were larger, leaner and became more uniform as a flock in terms of the range in LW and fat content at slaughter than those provided with supplements that are classed as energy feeds. / In Experiment 3 a range of alternative protein rich feeds and composite supplements was assembled that are cheaper and more readily available than fishmeal, with the idea that different patterns of ruminal degradation, intra-ruminal N availability and amounts of RUP could be created that would be beneficial in terms of the overall animal response. The paths of rumen protein degradability was determined with nylon bag techniques, and this was used to select feeds for investigation in a field and indoor experiments, Experiments 4 and 5. / In Experiment 4, grazing animals supplemented with lupines; (P:E 32:12), fishmeal / wheat bran 1/2 w/w (P:E 35:12) and formaldehyde treatment protected sunflower meal / wheat bran 1/2 w/w (P:E 24:11) responded poorly to the supplements where quality and quantity of pasture was such that unsupplemented growth rates were predicted to be poor by the decision support model, GrazFeed. In this and the supporting pen Experiment 5, the liveweight gain, final weight and dressing percentage of all supplemented lambs were significantly better than those of control (grazing only) animals (P<0.05). High and low commencing LW animals responded to protein supplements differently when these were fed at 1% BW with ad libitum medium quality roughage diet in indoor conditions. The heavier subgroup of fish meal / wheat bran (P:E 35:12) animals were significantly fatter than the heavy subgroup of wheat bran (P:E 17:10) animals (P<0.001). Lighter subgroup of animals were leaner and became more uniform (less variable) in weight and composition as a flock. Both the heavy and the light liveweight subgroups of fish meal grew faster but were fatter at slaughter than any other sub-groups. Lightest lambs fed bran grew from 26 to 36 kg in 10 weeks and had the most suitable carcase with the lowest priced supplement tested in the experiment. / Though protein supplementation had a positive effect on lamb performance; the advantage of high RUP was not consistent or always statistically significant. Compared to the alternative protein rich feeds, fish meal showed no cost effective advantage. The consequence of this current or possible future market conditions for feeding strategies for high quality lamb production are considered.
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Influence of protein supplementation frequency on cows consuming low-quality forage : performance, grazing behavior, and variation in supplement intakeSchauer, Christopher Scott 28 July 2003 (has links)
Graduation date: 2004
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Daily vs alternate day supplementation of soybean meal or wheat middlings to steers consuming low quality hayShirley, Tyson R. 22 July 2002 (has links)
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of daily (D) vs
alternate day (AD) supplementation of soybean meal (SBM) or wheat
middlings (WM) on forage organic matter intake (OMI), ruminal digesta
kinetics, total tract digestibility, and ADG of steers consuming low quality
forage. In Exp. 1, five Angus x Hereford steers (403 �� 32 kg) fitted with
rumen cannulas were utilized in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Steers were
individually fed low-quality (5.3% CP) fescue hay ad libitum and were
randomly assigned to one of five treatments: no supplement (CON); WM
fed daily (WMD); WM fed every other day (WMAD); SBM fed daily (SBMD);
and SBM fed every other day (SBMAD). Supplements were formulated to
meet 100% of degradable intake protein (DIP) and metabolizable protein
(MP) requirements. Supplementation increased (P<0.05) hay and total
OMI (g���kg��������BW�����) and total OM digestibility (%) compared to CON. Daily
supplementation increased (P<0.05) hay and total OMI and hay and total
OM digestibility when compared with AD supplementation. Hay OMI and
hay OM digestibility was greater (P<0.01) for SBM compared to WM, but
total OMI and total OM digestibility was not different (P>0.38). In Exp. 2,
96 Angus crossbred steers (280 �� 32 kg) were blocked by weight (three
groups) into 12 pens in a randomized complete block design. Steers were
fed low-quality (6.2% CP) fescue straw ad libitum, and one of four
supplements formulated to meet 100% of the DIP requirements: WM fed
daily (WMD); WM fed 3d/week (WMAD); SBM fed daily (SBMD); and SBM
fed 3d/week (SBMAD). Straw OMI was greater (P<0.03) for D compared
with AD supplemented treatments and for SBM compared with WM
supplemented treatments. Total OMI was greater (P<0.01) for D
compared with AD supplemented treatments, however, SBM had similar
total OMI when compared with WM supplemented treatments. Daily
supplemented steers had greater (P=0.03) ADG when compared with AD
supplemented steers. Despite having lower forage intake and similar total
OMI, steers consuming WM had higher (P<0.01) ADG when compared to
steers consuming SBM. / Graduation date: 2003
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