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Performance of Nile tilapia and yellow perch fed diets containing distillers dried grain with solubles and extruded diet characteristics /Schaeffer, Travis W. January 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.S.)--Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Dept., South Dakota State University, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-102). Also available via the World Wide Web.
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Distillers dried grains with solubles as a protein and fat source for beef cattleLancaster, Phillip A. January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-148). Also available on the Internet.
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The effect of the dietary inclusion of canola oilcake, full-fat canola and sweet lupins on the production performance and fat composition of broilers and pigs /Smith, Natasha. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Bibliography. Also available via the Internet.
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The effect of dietary protein source on plasma parameters related to stress and behaviour in pigs varying in their susceptibility to stress /Roberts, Susan January 1992 (has links)
No description available.
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Protein and sulfur amino acid requirements of male and female breeder turkeysParsons, Martha Anne Cohen January 1979 (has links)
One hundred eight male and 206 female breeder turkeys were fed isocaloric corn-soy rations containing 8, 10 or 12, and 10, 12 or 14'% crude protein, respectively, to which 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3% DL-methionine was added in a factorial arrangement of treatments,.
With the exception of percentage hen-day egg production and egg size, dietary treatment had no significant effect on the reproduction of females or on the growth of the progeny. Egg production was higher among females fed 12 and 14% protein than among those fed 10% protein. Those fed 14% protein laid the heaviest eggs. Female serum albumin concentrations and the concentrations of blood threonine and lysine significantly increased while concentrations of blood glycine decreased with increased levels of dietary protein.
Optimum semen volume and spermatozoa concentration were obtained for males fed 10% protein.
For females, the significant response obtained in egg production to increased protein levels and the failure to obtain this response with increased total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) levels as a percentage of total protein, indicates that other amino acids may have been limiting. Based on these results, it appears that for optimum reproduction of Medium White breeder turkeys, a daily intake of at least 22.7 g protein and 696 mg TSAA are necessary for females, and 25.0 g protein and 1,175 mg TSAA are necessary for males. / Master of Science
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Effects of dietary soybean meal and fish meal on protein digesta flow in Holstein cows during early and midlactationZerbini, Ercole January 1986 (has links)
Six lactating Holstein cows fitted with rumen cannulae and T-type cannulae in the proximal duodenum were used to measure digesta and nitrogen compounds flow to the small intestine during early and midlactation. Fish meal and soybean meal provided 54 and 56% of the protein in the diets composed of corn grain, corn silage and orchardgrass hay, and which contained 15.4 and 15.5% crude protein and 20.9 and 20.5 acid detergent fiber. Spot samples of digesta were collected from the rumen, duodenum and rectum over a period of 72 hours. Co-EDTA and ytterbium were used as liquid and particulate digesta markers to estimate flow and digestibility of nutrients. Cytosine was used as microbial marker. True organic matter digestibility in the stomachs was 48.4, 49.8, 44.9, and 53.2% for fish meal and soybean meal diets and early and midlactation respectively. Protein degradability in the stomachs were 47.2, 65.8, 56.7, and 56.2% for fish meal and soybean meal diets and early and midlactation respectively. Amino acids intake was greater for soybean meal diet but total amino acids reaching the the duodenum were similar for both diets. Valine, methionine, lysine and histidine were less degraded for fish meal but were extensively degraded in soybean meal diet. Least degraded for both diets were glycine, valine, serine, proline and histidine. The advantage of greater quantity of protein escaping ruminal degradation with fish meal supplementation was counterbalanced by less microbial synthesis in the rumen partly explaining the similar response obtained with diets especially in early lactation. / Ph. D.
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The effect of extrusion on the degradability parameters of various vegetable protein sourcesGriffiths, Jeanne Berdine 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of extrusion, as a method of heat
treatment, on the dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability parameters of various
vegetable protein sources commonly used in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. The
feedstuffs used were lupins (LUP), full fat soybeans (SB), full fat canola seeds (FCS),
soybean meal (SBM), canola meal (CM) and sunflower meal (SFM).
In the first trial, the degradability parameters were determined according to an in sacco
degradability procedure. Four non-lactating Holstein cows, fitted with rumen cannulae, were
used in the trial and all cows received the same basal lactation diet. The samples were
incubated in dacron bags and bags were removed at intervals of 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 48
hours. Dry matter and CP disappearance values were determined and fitted to a onecompartment
model by means of an iterative least-square procedure in order to determine the
DM and CP degradability parameters. Results indicated that extrusion significantly lowered
the effective degradability of the DM-fraction (20.1% on average) of all the feedstuffs, except
LUP, and the effective degradability of CP in all the raw materials (27% on average).
The second trial was an in vitro degradability trial that ran parallel with the in sacco
degradability trial and was done with the aid of a DaisyII Incubator (ANKOM Technology
Corp., Fairport, NY). The same feedstuffs were tested in both trials. A composited sample of
rumen liquor from two of the cows used in the in sacco trial was used for in vitro incubation of
the samples. The data obtained in this trial were analyzed in a similar way to that of the in
sacco trial. Due to a limited amount of residue left after incubation, CP disappearance could
not be calculated at each time interval for SB and SBM in the in vitro trial. In this case, actual
disappearance values after 8h were used to compare treatments. Extrusion significantly
lowered the effective degradability (as determined in vitro) of DM in all the feedstuffs tested (16.8% on average), as well as the effective degradability of CP in LUP, FCS, CM and SFM
(21.8% on average). A comparison of the actual disappearance values after 8 hours
incubation indicated that extrusion also lowered the rate of CP disappearance for SB and
SBM.
The values obtained in the in vitro trial and those from the in sacco trial, for the same
feedstuffs, were compared. It appeared as if the in vitro determined values were overestimations
of the in sacco determined values. A regression analysis showed a high
correlation between the actual in vitro CP disappearance values after 8h incubation and in
sacco determined effective degradability values.
The third part of this study was a set of chemical analysis to determine the effect of extrusion
on certain nitrogen fractions of the feedstuffs tested in the above mentioned trials. Solubility
in a mineral buffer solution was determined to estimate the potential rumen degradability of
the protein. The buffer insoluble nitrogen (BIN) fraction of all the feedstuffs, except FCS, was
significantly increased by extrusion. Extrusion lowered the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen
(ADIN) content of all feedstuffs, except FCS, which could imply that the temperature reached
during extrusion (115°C - 120°C) was not high enough to cause damage to the protein. The
neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen (NDIN) fraction of extruded SB, SBM, CM and SFM was
significantly higher than that of the raw feedstuffs. Extrusion left the NDIN-fraction of FCS
and LUP unaltered. Comparison of the NDIN : ADIN ratio of extruded with that of the raw
feedstuffs provided reason to believe that extrusion had a positive effect on all feedstuffs
(except FCS).
Extrusion appears to be a useful method to decrease rumen degradation of vegetable protein
sources, without causing heat damage. Furthermore, this means that protein sources of
which the use have been limited due to its high rumen degradable protein (RDP) content,
could be included in diets at higher levels following extrusion. The protein sources mentioned
are also good sources of energy and the combination of energy and rumen undegradable
protein (RUP) in the diet of the high-producing dairy cow could only be beneficial. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die effek van ekstrusie op die droëmateriaal (DM) en ruproteïen
(RP)-degradeerbaarheidsparameters van verskeie plantaardige proteïenbronne wat
algemeen in die Wes-Kaap (RSA), gebruik word, te bepaal. Ekstrusie is ‘n metode van
hitteprosessering wat algemeen gebruik word deur plaaslike en internasionale
veevoervervaardigers. Die volgende grondstowwe is geëvalueer: lupiene, volvet sojabone,
volvet canolasaad, sojaboon-oliekoekmeel, canola-oliekoekmeel en sonneblom-oliekoekmeel.
In die eerste proef is die degradeerbaarheidsparameters met behulp van ‘n in sacco studie
bepaal. Vier droë Holstein koeie met rumen kannulas is in die studie gebruik en al vier koeie
het dieselfde basale dieet ontvang. Monsters is in dacronsakkies geïnkubeer en die sakkies
is uit die rumen verwyder na onderskeidelik 0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 en 48 uur intervalle. Die
waardes van DM- en RP- verdwyning is bereken en dan met ‘n iteratiewe kleinste kwadraat
prosedure op ‘n een-kompartement model gepas om die in sacco DM- en RPdegradeerbaarheidsparameters
te bepaal. Die resultate van die studie het getoon dat
ekstrusie die effektiewe degradeerbaarheid van die DM-fraksie van al die grondstowwe,
behalwe lupiene, betekenisvol verlaag het (met gemiddeld 20.1%), asook die effektiewe
degradeerbaarheid van die RP-fraksie van al die grondstowwe (met gemiddeld 27%).
Die tweede proef was ‘n in vitro-degradeerbaarheidsstudie wat met behulp van ‘n ANKOM
DaisyII Inkubeerder uitgevoer is en wat parallel met die in sacco-studie gedoen is. Dieselfde
grondstowwe is in beide proewe geëvalueer. ‘n Saamgestelde monster van die
rumenvloeistof van twee van die koeie wat vir die in sacco-studie gebruik is, is gebruik vir die
in vitro-inkubasie van die monsters. Data-verwerking is op ‘n soortgelyke wyse as dié van die
in sacco-studie uitgevoer. As gevolg van ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid residu na afloop van die
inkubasies, kon die RP-verdwyning vir volvet sojabone en sojaboon oliekoekmeel nie bereken word nie. In hierdie geval is waargenome verdwyningswaardes na 8h gebruik om
behandelings te vergelyk. Hierdie studie het getoon dat ekstrusie die effektiewe
degradeerbaarheid van DM (soos in vitro bepaal) in al die getoetste grondstowwe
betekenisvol verlaag het (met gemiddeld 16.8%). Die effektiewe degradeerbaarheid van RP
in lupiene, volvet canola saad, canola oliekoekmeel en sonneblom oliekoekmeel is ook
betekenisvol verlaag (met gemiddeld 21.8%). ‘n Vergelyking van die oorspronklike
verdwyningswaardes van volvet sojabone en sojaboon oliekoekmeel na ‘n inkubasieperiode
van 8 ure het ook getoon dat ekstrusie die tempo van RP-verdwyning uit die rumen vertraag
het.
Die in sacco- en in vitro-bepaalde waardes vir elke grondstof is vergelyk en dit kom voor asof
die in vitro-waardes oorskattings van die in sacco-waardes is. ‘n Regressie-analise het
verder getoon dat daar ‘n hoë korrelasie was tussen die waargenome in vitro RPverdwyningswaardes
na 8 ure inkubasie en die beraamde effektiewe degradeerbaarheid,
soos in sacco bepaal.
Die derde deel van die studie was ‘n stel chemiese analises wat uitgevoer is om die effek van
ekstrusie op sekere stikstof (N)-fraksies van die grondstowwe, wat in bogenoemde proewe
gebruik is, te bepaal. Die oplosbaarheid van N in ‘n mineraal-bufferoplossing kan gebruik
word as aanduiding van die potensiële rumendegradeerbaarheid van die proteïen. Die bufferonoplosbare
N-fraksie van al die grondstowwe (behalwe volvet canolasaad) is betekenisvol
verlaag deur ekstrusie. Ekstrusie het ook die suur-onoplosbare N-fraksie (ADIN) van al die
grondstowwe (behalwe volvet canolasaad) betekenisvol verlaag. Dit kan moontlik daarop dui
dat die temperatuur wat tydens ekstrusie (115°C - 120°C) bereik is, nie hoog genoeg was om
die proteïen in die grondstowwe te beskadig nie. Ekstrusie het die N-fraksie wat onoplosbaar
was in ‘n neutrale oplossing (NDIN) betekenisvol verhoog in volvet sojabone, sojaboonoliekoekmeel,
canola-oliekoekmeel en sonneblom-oliekoekmeel en dit onveranderd gelaat in
lupiene en volvet canolasaad). Die verhouding van NDIN : ADIN van die geëkstrueerde
grondstowwe is vergelyk met dié van die rou grondstowwe. Dit blyk dat ekstrusie wel ‘n
positiewe effek op al die grondstowwe (behalwe volvet canolasaad) gehad het. Dit wil dus voorkom asof ekstrusie wel aangewend kan word om die rumendegradeerbaarheid
van plantaardige proteïenbronne te verlaag sonder om die protein te
beskadig. Dit kan daartoe lei dat proteïenbronne waarvan die gebruik voorheen beperk was
as gevolg van die hoë rumen-degradeerbare proteïen-inhoud daarvan nou wel in rantsoene
ingesluit kan word na die ekstrusie daarvan. Die proteïenbronne, soos genoem, is ook
redelike bronne van energie en die kombinasie van energie en rumen nie-degradeerbare
proteïen in die rantsoen van die hoog-produserende melkkoei kan slegs voordelig wees.
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The evaluation of larvae of Musca domestica (common house fly) as protein source for broiler productionPretorius, Q. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of Musca domestica (common house fly) larvae meal, as
protein source, for broiler production. This was done by investigating the nutritive value of house fly larvae meal
together with its total tract digestibility, potential toxicity and carcass characteristics of the broilers supplemented
with house fly larvae meal. The proximate analysis of house fly larvae meal show that it contained, on a dry
matter basis, a gross energy value of 20.10 MJ/kg, 60.38% crude protein, 14.08% crude fat and 10.68% ash and
that the house fly pupae contained a gross energy of 20.42 MJ/kg, 76.23% crude protein, 14.39% crude fat and
7.73% ash. House fly pupae meal had the closest match of amino acid profile when compared with the ideal
amino acid profile required by broilers and it has arginine relative to the lysine content closer to the ideal amino
acid profile than the house fly larvae meal. The essential fatty acid, linoleic acid, was found at levels of 26.25
and 36.27% of the total fats for the house fly larvae and pupae meal respectively. House fly larvae meal
supplementation did not induce gizzard erosion or showed toxicity (regarding the gastro intestinal tract, immune
system and organ stress) in broilers.
Results revealed that house fly pupae meal had higher total tract digestibilities for most nutrients than of the
house fly larvae meal. House fly larvae meal had a crude protein total tract digestibility of 69% and that of pupae
meal was 79%. Both larvae and pupae meal had high amino acid total tract digestibilities of all the amino acids
analysed. The house fly larvae and pupae meal had an apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of
14.23MJ/kg and 15.15MJ/kg respectively. The larvae meal total tract crude fat and crude fibre digestibilities
were 94% and 62% respectively. The pupae meal total tract crude fat and crude fibre digestibilities were 98%
and 58% respectively.
House fly larvae meal supplementation in a three phase feeding system significantly increased average broiler
live weights at slaughter, total feed intake, cumulative feed intake as well as average daily gain (ADG) when
compared to commercial maize: soya oil cake meal diet. In direct comparison of larvae inclusion levels with
fishmeal in isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diet, no significant differences were observed between a 10% house
fly larvae and a 10% fish meal diets regarding performance characteristic. The 25% house fly larvae meal diet
yielded significantly better average broiler live weights at slaughter, total feed intake, cumulative feed intake
(from the second week until slaughter) as well as average daily gain when compared to the 25% fish meal diet in
the growth phases.
Carcass characteristics of the 10% larvae, 10% fishmeal and commercial diets were compared. Chicks that
received either the 10% house fly larvae meal or 10% fish meal supplementation produced significantly heavier carcasses and breast muscle portions than the chicks that received the commercial maize: soya oil cake meal.
No treatment differences were found regarding breast and thigh muscle colour or pH.
This study showed that house fly larvae meal can be regarded as a safe protein source that can be used to
replace other protein sources and that has the ability to promote broiler performance without having any
detrimental effects on carcass characteristics. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die evaluasie van Musca domestica (gewone huisvlieg) larwe meel as ‘n proteien bron
vir braaikuiken produksie
Die doel van die studie was om die effek van Musca domestica (gewone huisvlieg) larwe meel, as ‘n protein
bron, in braaikuikens te evalueer. Dit was gedoen deur die nutrient waarde van huisvlieg larwe meel saam met
die totale spysvertering verteerbaarheid, moontlike toksiesiteit en karkas-eienskappe van braai kuikens te
evalueer. Laboratoruim analiese toon dat huisvlieg larwe meel 20.10 MJ/kg bruto energie, 60.38% ru- protein,
14.08% ru- vet en 10.68% as bevat en huisvlieg papie meel 20.42 MJ/kg bruto energie, 76.23% ru- protein,
14.39% ru- vet en 7.73% as bevat. Huisvlieg papie meel stem die meeste ooreen met die idiale amino suur
profiel soos wat benodig word deur braaikuikens en dit het ‘n arginien tot lisien verhouding wat die meeste
ooreenstem met die idiale amino suur profiel in vergelyking met huis vlieg larwe meel. Die essensiele vet suur,
linolien suur, was geanaliseer teen vlakke van 26.25- en 36.27% van die totale vette onderskeidelik vir huisvlieg
larwe- en papie meel. Huisvlieg larwe meel vervanging het nie spiermaag erosie of enige ander toksiese effekte
te veroorsaak nie.
Resultate het getoon dat huisvlieg papie meel, in vergelyking met larwe meel, het ‘n hoër totale spysvertering
verteerbaarheid vir meeste van die nutrient. Die huisvlieg larwe meel het ‘n totale ru- protein spysvertering
verteerbaarheid van 69% en die van papie meel van 79%. Beide larwe en papie meel het hoë amino suur
spysvertering verteerbaarheid. Larwe meel en papie meel het skynbare metaboliseerbare energie waardes van
14.23MJ/kg en 15.15%MJ/kg onderskeidelik. Die larwe meel het ‘n ru-vet en ru- vesel spysvertering
verteerbaarheid van 94% en 62% onderskeidelik, waar die papies ‘n ru-vet en ru- vesel spysvertering
verteerbaarheid van onderskeidelik 98% en 58% het.
Huisvlieg larwe meel vervanging in ‘n drie fase voer stelsel het getoon om die gemiddelde braaikuiken lewende
gewigte by slag, totale voer iname, sowel as die gemiddelde daaglikse toename te verhoog waneer dit vergelyk
word met ‘n kommersiele mielie- soya olie koek dieet. Geen mekwaardige verskille was waargeneem toe die
10% larwe meel dieet direk met die 10% vismeel diet vergelyk was rakende enige produksie einskappe gemeet
nie. Die 25% larwe meel dieet het merkwaardig beter gemiddelde braaikuiken lewende gewigte by slag, totale
voer iname, sowel as die gemiddelde daaglikse toename getoon wanneer vergelyk word met die 25% vismeel
dieet gedurende die verskeie groei fases.
Karkas eienskappe van die 10% larwe meel, 10% vismeel en die kommersiele diete was gevergelyk. Kuikens
wat 10% larwe meel en 10% vismeel in die diete ontvang het, het swaarder karkasse gelewer met swaarder
borsie massas wanneer vergelyk word met die kommersiele mielie- soya olie koek dieet. Geen behandelings
verskille was gevind rakende die borsie- en dy spier kleure of pH nie.
Die studie toon dat huisvlieg larwe meel as ‘n veillige protein bron kan beskou word, wat gebruik kan word om
ander protein bronne te vervang. Huisvlieg larwe meel het ook die vermoë om braaikuiken produksie te verhoog
sonder om enige negitiewe effekte rakende die karkas eienskappe te toon nie.
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The effect of different dietary levels of energy and protein on the production and body composition of broiler breedersDu Plessis, J. J. P. (Johannes Jacobus Pieter) 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A flock of 500 Hybro broiler breeders were employed to study the effect of different levels
of protein and energy on production and body composition. The daily lysine intake of the
birds were 900, 1050, 1200 and 1350 mg respectively, each fed in diets with a daily energy
intake of 1800 and 2000 kJ ME to provide a 4 x 2 factorial design. Lysine was used as the
reference amino acid in the experiment and all other amino acids were kept in a constant
ratio in every experimental diet. The total production was divided into 3 periods of 13 weeks
each (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 and week 49 - 61) to determine the effect of the treatments
over time. Production was evaluated by hen day production; egg weight (g/egg); egg mass
(g/day); fertility; hatchability; chicks/hen/week; feed conversion and day old chick weight. Hen day production was significantly (P < 0,05) lower at the high energy intake for period
week 49 to 61. Energy and protein levels significantly increased egg weight. Effect of
protein was consistent during all three periods of production. Egg mass output had a
significant (P < 0,05) response to increasing levels of protein for the total period of
production. The birds on the high energy diet produced a significant higher egg mass per hen
during the first period of production (week 23 - 35). Hatchability was reduced (P < 0,05) by
the higher energy intake for the total period of production and this effect was very significant
(P < 0,01) during the final period of production. Similar to hen day production, the higher
energy had a significant (P < 0,05) negative effect on the amount of chicks produced. The
well-known correlation between egg weight and chick weight was confirmed with the
regression equation: Chick weight = 10,5 + 1,22 x Egg weight. Both energy and protein had
a significant (P < 0,01) positive effect on chick weight. The feed conversion was lower at
increasing levels of amino acid intake (P < 0,01). Higher energy intake significantly
(P < 0,05) increased hen weight and protein had a very significant effect during the first
period of production (P < 0,01).
The isotope dilution technique (tritiated water) was used to estimate the body composition of
the breeders. This was done at 5 different periods (week 27, 35, 43, 52 and 61) of the
production period to establish changes in requirements over time. Significant correlation
were found between carcass moisture and waterspace (R2 = 0,76); fat % and carcass moisture
(R2 = 0,78); protein % and waterspace (R2 = 0,35) and fat % and waterspace (R2 = 0,46). The
regression equations obtained from these correlation were employed to determine excess
energy and lysine consumed at different ages. Energy requirements were calculated according to the effective energy (EE) system and the conventional ME system. According
to effective energy the lower energy intake was not sufficient and the maximum requirement
was calculated to be 1942 kj EE/day. The metabolizable energy calculations indicated
sufficient intakes at every treatment with the maximum requirement 1746 kj ME/day. The
lysine requirement was found to be in excess of 1050 mg lysine per day. The
recommendation for daily lysine intake is 1200 mg/day and the energy intake of breeders
should be 1900 to 2000 kj ME/day from week 23 to 35 and can be reduced to 1800 kj
ME/day in the final period of production. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om die effek van verskillende vlakke energie en proteïen op produksie en liggaamsamestelling
te ondersoek is 'n trop van 500 Hybro braaikuiken teelouers gebruik. Die
daaglikse lisien inname van die henne was onderskeidelik 900, 1050, 1200 en 1350 mg, wat
elk by 'n daaglikse energie inname van 1800 en 2000 kJ ME verskaf is, in 'n 4 x 2 faktoriale
ontwerp. Alle aminosure is in 'n konstante verhouding met die verwysings aminosuur lisien
in die rantsoen ingesluit. Om te evalueer of daar veranderinge oor 'n tydperk plaasvind
weens die verskillende behandelings is die produksie periode in drie periodes van 13 weke
elk verdeel (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 en week 49 - 61). Die produksie standaarde wat gemeet is, is hen dag produksie, eiergewig (g/eier), eiermassa (g/dag), vrugbaarheid,
uitbroeibaarheid, kuikens/hen/week, voeromset en dagoud kuikenmassa.
Hen dag produksie was betekenisvol (P < 0,05) laer by die hoër energie innames in die laaste
periode van 49 tot 61 weke. Energie en proteïen het eiergewig betekenisvol (P < 0,01)
verhoog. Die effek van hoër vlakke proteïen was konstant in alle produksie periodes. Die
daaglikse eiermassa (g/dag) het ook saam met stygende vlakke proteïen verhoog en hierdie
effek was vir die totale periode van produksie. Energie het die eiermassa in die eerste
periode van produksie (week 23 - 35) verhoog. Uitbroeibaarheid is verlaag (P < 0,05) vir die
totale periode van produksie deur die hoër energie inname en die effek was selfs groter
(P < 0,01) in die finale periode van produksie. In ooreenstemming met die hen dag
produksie is die aantal kuikens geproduseer negatief beïnvloed deur die hoër energie inname
(P < 0,05). Die korrelasie wat bestaan tussen eiermassa en kuikenmassa is bevestig deur die
regressie: Kuikenmassa = 10,5 + 1,22 x Eiermassa. Energie en proteïen het kuikenmassa
betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Voeromset was laer by stygende vlakke van proteïen
inname (P < 0,01). Die hoër energie inname het henmassa ook betekenisvol (P < 0,05)
verhoog en proteïen het dieselfde effek slegs in die eerste periode van produksie gehad
(P < 0,01).
Die liggaamsamestelling van teelhenne is bepaal met behulp van die isotoop verdunnings
tegniek (tritium water). Dit is bepaal op 5 verskillende stadiums in die produksie periode
(week 27, 35, 43, 52 en 61) om die moontlike verandering in behoeftes oor tyd vas te stel.
Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen karkasvog en die waterspasie (RZ= 0,76); vet %
en karkasvog (R2 = 0,78); proteïen % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,35) en vet % en waterspasie
(R2 = 0,46). Die regressie vergelykings van hierdie korrelasies is gebruik om die hoevelheid surplus energie en lisien ingeneem te bepaal. Die" effective energy" sisteem en die
konvensionele ME sisteem is gebruik in die bepaling van energie behoeftes. Volgens die
" effective energy" was die energie inname nie voldoende by die laer energie innames nie en
die maksimum behoefte is bereken as 1942 kJ EE/dag. Die maksimum energie behoefte
volgens metaboliseerbare energie is bereken as 1746 kj ME/dag. Die lisien behoefte moet
hoër as 1050 mg/dag wees. Die aanbeveling van die daaglikse lisien inname is 1200 mg/dag
en die energie inname moet 1900 tot 2000 kj/dag wees tot 35 weke produksie en kan daarna
verlaag word na 1800 kJ ME/dag.
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100 |
The effect of highly digestible carbohydrate and protein sources included in pre-starter diets of broilers on their performancePretorius, Charne 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In recent years, the aim of the production of broilers became more focused on the increase of the
performance of the birds in order to increase profit. To obtain an increased performance with broiler
chicks, it is necessary to look at the development of their gastrointestinal tract, the feed requirements and
the ability to digest certain nutrients in the period post hatch. Research have shown clear evidence of
increased performance of chicks by the inclusion of certain carbohydrate and protein sources in the prestarter
diets, but in contrast to this there are also some research that found no significant effects on the
performance of broilers when certain carbohydrate and protein sources were included in the pre-starter
diet. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that a product containing specific
carbohydrate and protein sources, included in the pre-starter diets of broiler chicks, would have on their
performance. It was believed that the products to be tested would result in increased performance of the
chicks in the following growth phases. Special emphasis was placed on the average daily gain (ADG),
feed intake, cumulative feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), European production efficiency factor
(EPEF) and the protein efficiency ratio.
Different inclusion levels of the different raw materials were investigated in the first trial. Three raw
materials and a control were compared using a summit dilution process at 100:0, 66:34, 50:50, 34:66 and
0:100. Specific production parameters such as ADG total live weight gain, feed intake per week,
cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF and PER were measured and calculated in order to determine if there
were any significant differences between the treatments with the different raw material inclusions on the
performance of the chicks. No significant differences (P>0.05) were found between the 13 treatments for
the ADG, total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF and PER. The
results therefore indicated that there were no significant differences between the different inclusion levels
of the different raw materials and no significant differences for the production parameters for animals
receiving diets with various levels of the three raw materials. It is thus concluded that these raw materials
can be successfully utilised in pre-starter diets of broiler chicks.
The effect of the contribution of sugar to the metabolisable energy (ME) of the raw materials was tested in
a commercial grower trial. The three raw materials had inclusion levels leading to supply of either 12% or
18% of the ME in the form of sugar. No significant differences were found between the seven treatments
for ADG, total live weight gain, feed intake per week, cumulative feed intake, FCR, EPEF or the PER. It
was concluded that the percentage in contribution of sugars between 12 and 18% to the ME of the prestarter
diets had no significant effects on the production parameters tested. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die produksie van braaikuikens word daar deesdae al hoe meer klem gelê op die verhoging van die
produksie van die kuikens om dan dus ‘n verhoging in die wins te bewerkstellig. Om hierdie verhoogde
produksie by braaikuikens te kan bereik, is dit nodig om na eienskappe van die kuiken soos die
ontwikkeling van die spysvertering stelsel, die nutrient- behoeftes van die kuiken en die vermoë om
sekere nutriënte te kan verteer in die periode na uitbroei. Sommige navorsing het gewys dat die insluiting
van sekere koolhidraat – en proteïen bronne in die voor-aanvangs diëete van braaikuikens, lei tot ‘n
positiewe effek op die produksie van die kuikens, waar ander navorsing geen effek gevind het nie.
Daarom was die doel van die huidige navorsing gewees om te toets wat die effek van die insluiting in die
voor-aanvangs dieet van braaikuikens ‘n sekere produk met ‘n spesifieke koolhidraat –en proteïen bron
samestelling op die produksie van die kuikens sal wees in die daaropvolgende fases. Dit was verwag dat
die insluiting van hierdie produkte in die voor-aanvangs diëte van braaikuikens ‘n positiewe effek sou hê
op die produksie van die kuikens. Spesiale klem was gelê op die parameters soos gemiddelde daaglikse
toename (GDT) voer inname, kumulatiewe voer inname, voeromset verhoudings (VOV) Europese
produksie doeltreffendheids- faktor (EPEF) en die proteïen doeltreffendheids faktor (PER).
Verskillende insluitings vlakke van die verskillende produkte wat getoets is, is in die eerste proef
ondersoek. Die drie produkte is deur middel van ‘n piek verdunnings proses by verhoudings van 100:0,
66:34, 50:50, 34:66 en 0:100 met mekaar vergelyk. Spesifieke produksie- parameters soos die GDT,
lewende massa, weeklikse voer- inname, kumulatiewe voer- inname, VOV, EPEF en die PER is gemeet.
Geen betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) was vir die 13 behandelings verkry nie. Die resultate het derhalwe
getoon dat daar geen betekenisvolle verskille tussen die verskillende insluitings vlakke van die
onderskeie produkte was nie en dat daar geen betekenisvolle tussen die produksieparameters van die
kuikens wat die diëte met die verskillende insluitingspeile van die drie roumateriale ontvand het, was nie.
Daarom is tot die slotsom gekom dat hierdie roumateriale suksesvol in die vooraanvangsdieet van
braaikuikens aangewend kan word.
Die effek van die bydrae van die suiker tot die metaboliseerbare energie (ME) van die produkte was in ‘n
kommersiële groei proef getoets. Die drie rou materiale was by beide 12- en 18% ingesluit. Geen
betekenisvolle verskille (P>0.05) was vir die sewe behandelings vir GDT, lewende massa, weeklikse
voer- inname, kumulatiewe voer- inname, VOV, EPEF en PEF verkry nie.
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