Massive circumstellar disks are prone to gravitational instabilities, which trigger the formation of spiral arms that can fragment into bound clumps under the right conditions. Two-dimensional simulations of self-gravitating disks are useful starting points for studying fragmentation because they allow high-resolution simulations of thin disks. However, convergence issues can arise in 2D from various sources. One of these sources is the 2D approximation of self-gravity, which exaggerates the effect of self-gravity on small scales when the potential is not smoothed to account for the assumed vertical extent of the disk. This effect is enhanced by increased resolution, resulting in fragmentation at longer cooling timescales beta. If true, it suggests that the 3D simulations of disk fragmentation may not have the same convergence problem and could be used to examine the nature of fragmentation without smoothing self-gravity on scales similar to the disk scale height. To that end, we have carried out local 3D self-gravitating disk simulations with simple beta cooling with fixed background irradiation to determine if 3D is necessary to properly describe disk fragmentation. Above a resolution of similar to 40 grid cells per scale height, we find that our simulations converge with respect to the cooling timescale. This result converges in agreement with analytic expectations which place a fragmentation boundary at beta(crit) = 3.

Accretion discs efficiently transport angular momentum by a wide variety of as yet imperfectly understood mechanisms, with profound implications for the disc lifetime and planet formation. We discuss two different methods of angular momentum transport: first, generation of acoustic waves by mixing of inertial waves, and second, the generation of a self-sustaining magnetic field via the magnetorotational instability (MRI) which would be a source of dissipative turbulence. Previous local simulations of the MRI have shown that the dynamo changes character on addition of vertical stratification. We investigate numerically 3D hydrodynamic shearing waves with a conserved Hermitian form in an isothermal disc with vertical gravity, and describe the associated symplectic structure. We continue with a numerical investigation into the linear evolution of the MRI and the undular magnetic buoyancy instability in isolated flux regions and characterise the resultant quasi-linear EMFs as a function of height above the midplane. We combine this with an analytic description of the linear modes under an assumption of a poloidal-toroidal scale separation. Finally, we use RAMSES to perform full MHD simulations in a zero net flux shearing box, followed by spatial and a novel temporal averaging to reveal the essential structure of the dynamo. We find that inertial modes may be efficiently converted into acoustic modes for "bending waves", despite a fundamental ambiguity in the inertial mode structure. With our linear MRI and the undular magnetic buoyancy modes we find the localisation of the instability high in the atmosphere becomes determined by magnetic buoyancy rather than field strength for small enough azimuthal wavenumber, and that the critical Alfven speed below which the dynamo can operate increases with increasing distance from the midplane. We calculate analytically quasi-linear EMFs which predict both a vertical propagation of toroidal field and a method for creation of radial field. From our fully nonlinear calculations we find an electromotive force in phase with the toroidal field, which is itself 3π/2 out of phase with the radial (sheared) field at the midplane, and good agreement with our quasi-linear analytics. We have identified an efficient mechanism for generating acoustic waves in a disc. In our investigation of the accretion disc dynamo, we have reproduced analytically the EMFs calculated in our simulations, given arguments based on the phase of relevant quantities, several correlation integrals and the scalings suggested by our analytic work. Our analysis contributes significantly to an explanation for the dynamo in an accretion disc.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20182号 / 理博第4267号 / 新制||理||1613(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)教授 嶺重 慎, 准教授 前田 啓一, 教授 長田 哲也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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We present a new analysis of multi-epoch, H-band, scattered light images of the AB Aur system. We use a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code to simultaneously model the system's spectral energy distribution (SED) and H-band polarized intensity (PI) imagery. We find that a disk-dominated model, as opposed to one that is envelope-dominated, can plausibly reproduce AB Aur's SED and near-IR imagery. This is consistent with previous modeling attempts presented in the literature and supports the idea that at least a subset of AB Aur's spirals originate within the disk. In light of this, we also analyzed the movement of spiral structures in multi-epoch H-band total light and PI imagery of the disk. We detect no significant rotation or change in spatial location of the spiral structures in these data, which span a 5.8-year baseline. If such structures are caused by disk-planet interactions, the lack of observed rotation constrains the location of the orbit of planetary perturbers to be >47 au.

LkCa 15 hosts a pre-transitional disk as well as at least one accreting protoplanet orbiting in its gap. Previous disk observations have focused mainly on the outer disk, which is cleared inward of similar to 50 au. The planet candidates, on the other hand, reside at orbital radii around 15 au, where disk observations have been unreliable until recently. Here, we present new J-band imaging polarimetry of LkCa 15 with SPHERE IRDIS, yielding the most accurate and detailed scattered-light images of the disk to date down to the planet-hosting inner regions. We find what appear to be persistent asymmetric structures in the scattering material at the location of the planet candidates, which could be responsible at least for parts of the signals measured with sparse-aperture masking. These images further allow us to trace the gap edge in scattered light at all position angles and search the inner and outer disks for morphological substructure. The outer disk appears smooth with slight azimuthal variations in polarized surface brightness, which may be due to shadowing from the inner disk or a two-peaked polarized phase function. We find that the near-side gap edge revealed by polarimetry matches the sharp crescent seen in previous ADI imaging very well. Finally, the ratio of polarized disk to stellar flux is more than six times larger in the J-band than in the RI bands.

We study orbital evolution of multiple Earth-mass protoplanets in their natal protoplanetary disk. Our aim is to explore the interplay between migration of protoplanets driven by the disk gravity, their growth by pebble accretion, and accretion heating which affects gas in their neighbourhood. Radiation hydrodynamic (RHD) simulations in 2D and 3D are used to model the problem. We find that the heating torque, i.e. the torque exerted by asymmetric hot underdense gas near accreting protoplanets, significantly changes the migration. Specifically, it excites orbital eccentricities of migrating protoplanets, thus preventing their capture in chains of mean-motion resonances. The protoplanets then undergo numerous close encounters and form giant planet cores by mutual collisions. Additionally, if inclinations also become excited, we describe a new mechanism that can form binary planets by means of consecutive two-body and three-body encounters, with the assistance of the disk gravity. Finally, our 3D RHD simulations reveal a complex distortion of the gas flow near an accreting protoplanet, driven by baroclinic perturbations and convection. For specific temperature-dependent opacities of the disk, an instability is triggered which redistributes gas around the protoplanet and leads to an oscillatory migration,...

Pour cette thèse, nous avons été intéressé par les effets de la cavité magnétique et les effets de marées stellaires sur nos modèles de populations de synthèses planétaires. La cavité magnétique a été proposé comme un mécanisme important de la formation planétaire, en cela qu'elle peut stopper la migration radiale de la planète vers l'étoile (Lin et al. 1995). Dans ce travail on a modifié l'équation de diffusion pour l'évolution radiale de la densité de surface du disque de gas (1D), afin de tenir compte de l'effet du couple magnétique sur le disque (Armitage et al. 1999). D'autre part les effets de marées ont été inclus par un modèle analytique (Benitez-Llambay et al. 2011). Pour ce travail, on a utilisé le modèle de formation planétaire de Bern (Mordasini et al 2009a), auquel nous avons inclus ces deux effets. Enfin, nous avons comparé la distribution orbitale synthétique à la distribution orbitale observée par Kepler (Howard et al. 2012).Finalement, un dernier chapitre traite un sujet différent du reste de la thèse. Nous avons testé l'accrétion de pebbles (ou "pebble mechanism") dans le modèle de formation de Bern. Ce chapitre, est en fait un premier pas vers un modèle plus complet. Cependant, nous avons montré que l'implémentation numérique fonctionne bien. / In this thesis, we have been interested on the effects of the magnetic cavity and the stellar tides in synthetic planet population. The magnetic cavity is thought be important at the formation phase since it can truncates the gaseous disk and potentially stops the inward migration of planets (Lin et al. 1995). In this work we modified the standard radial viscous equation in order to take into account the effect of the magnetic torque on the gaseous disk (Armitage et al. 1999). Moreover, the stellar tides have been included in an analytical way as in (Bénitez-Llambay et al. 2011). For this work, we used the planetary model of Bern (Mordasini et al. 2012) at which we included both effects. The end of the thesis compare the synthetic orbital distribution with the orbital distribution observed by Kepler (Howard et al. 2012).Finally, a last chapter treats a topic different than the rest of the thesis. We tested the so called pebble mechanism (Ormel&Klahr2010) in the planetary formation model of Bern. So far, this chapter is a first step to a more complete model. However, we show that the numerical implementation is working well.

Les disques de gaz et de poussières entourant les étoiles jeunes sont d'une importance capitale pour notre compréhension de la formation planétaire. Les observations de ces disques permettent d'avoir un niveau de détails sans précédent sur ces derniers et apportent des contraintes toujours plus fortes sur leur structure et sur les modèles de formation planétaire. Les parties de ces disques les plus proches de l'étoile sont néanmois encore assez mal connues; en effet, pour pouvoir résoudre ces parties internes pour les étoiles jeunes les plus proches de la Terre, un télescope de 100 mètres de diamètre serait nécessaire, ce qui est technologiquement et financièrement impossible actuellement. L'interférométrie permet de contourner ce problème en combinant la lumière de paires de télescopes, permettant ainsi un plus grand pouvoir de résolution. Ma thèse à portée sur l'observation et l'étude des parties internes des disques circumstellaire d'étoiles de type T Tauri. Une étude statistique sur l'environnement de ces étoiles y est présentée, ainsi que leur modélisation par un modèle prenant en compte les mécanisme d'émission et de diffusion de la lumiere par la poussière. La modélisation de disque circumstellaires par un code de transfert radiatif et en combinant des données interférométriques, photométriques et spectroscopiques est aussi abordée. / Observing gas and dusty disks around young stars are of utmost importance for our knowledge about planetary formation. Observations of these disks bring unprecedented details about their structure and composition, and provide stronger and stronger constrains on planetary formation models. However, the inner parts of these disk are still barely known. indeed, a 100 m diameter telescope would be required in order to resolve these inner region, for the closest young stars; nowaday, the construction of such telescope is impossible technologically and financially. By combining the light of pairs of telescopes, the interferometry technique is able to reach the sufficient resolving power, and permits us to observe the inner parts of circumstellar disks. My thesis has been focused on the observation and study of the inner part of TTauri's circumstellar disks. I present in this manuscript a statistical study on the environment around these stars, along with its modeling by taking into account thermal emission and light scattering of the disk. Finally, I present a more complete modelling for some of these stars, done by constraining spectroscopic, interferometric and photometric datasets with a radiative transfer code.

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