L’Ordovicien (485-443 Ma) a été témoin de changement majeurs au niveau de la biodiversité marine, tel que la « Grande Biodiversification Ordovicienne » (GOBE), mais aussi la première des cinq grande extinctions de masse lié à la glaciation de l’Hirnantien (env. 444 Ma), mais de nouvelles évidence tel que des isotopes stables, la stratigraphie séquentielle, les provinces planctoniques et les modélisations climatiques suggèrent que ce refroidissement global aurait commencé bien plus tôt que ce que l’on pensait, pendant l’Ordovicien Inférieur-Moyen. Mais ces études ne sont pas concluantes par elles-mêmes.Le but de cette étude est donc (1) de trouver des preuves supplémentaires d’une période glaciaire pré-Hirnantienne, en se concentrant sur la période la plus ancienne suggérée c.à.d. le Floien (Arénig inférieur-moyen), supposé coïncider avec le début de la GOBE, et (2) tester si les chitinozoaires peuvent être utilisé comme outil pour détecter les variations climatique de l’Ordovicien.Nous avons d’abord utilisé les chitinozoaires pour déterminer la nature d’alternances marno-calcaires de l’Ordovicien dans la région d’Oslo Asker, la plus vieille formation étudiée étant d’âge Arénig tardif, mais nous n’avons pas pu exclure une origine potentiellement diagénétique de ces dépôts. Deuxièmement, une biostratigraphie des chitinozoaires a été établie pour l’Arénig type au Pays de Galles pour observer la répartition spatiale des espèces-clés. En comparant le Trémadoc à l’Arénig, une augmentation du provincialisme est observée. / The Ordovician (485-443 Ma) witnessed major changes in biodiversity including ‘the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event’ (GOBE), but also the first of the “Big Five” mass extinction events, related to the End Ordovician glaciation. It was long thought to be a greenhouse period, with a short glaciation during the Hirnantian (c. 444 Ma) but recent evidence based on stable isotopes, sequence stratigraphy, plankton provinces and climate models, suggests that this global cooling and the onset of the “Early Palaeozoic Icehouse” may have started much earlier than previously assumed, during the Early-Middle Ordovician. However, each of these methods is inconclusive on its own. The aim of this study is (1) to find additional evidence for pre-Hirnantian glaciations, focusing on the earliest of the suggested phases of cooling, i.e., in the Floian (early-middle Arenig), assumed to coincide with the onset of the GOBE, and (2) to test if we can apply chitinozoan micropaleontology as a proxy to detect climate variations during the Ordovician.We first used palynology to test for the primary nature of Ordovician limestone-mudstone alternations in the Oslo-Asker area, the oldest one of these of Arenig age, but could not exclude a potential diagenetic origin for these deposits. Secondly, we built a chitinozoan-biostratigraphic framework for the type Arenig in Wales to get a better understanding about the spatial distribution of key taxa through the interval; comparing the Tremadoc to the Arenig, an increased provincialism was observed across the globe. Thirdly, new chitinozoan data from the near field in Morocco serve to constrain an erosional event potentially related to glacioeustasy.

The specific objective of this thesis is to examine the causes of agitation for the establishment of one province to encompass the three existing provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, or the Prairie region. Regional studies are hampered by the somewhat elusive meaning of 'region’. It is argued here, however, that the Prairies constitute a distinctive region of Canada, and such argument can be defended by looking into the historical, cultural and economic need for Prairie people to adopt a collective philosophy towards their lives concerning common goals, and, more recently, an antagonism towards Eastern Canadian economic domination over the Prairie provinces. Such a view of the three Prairie provinces has many times stimulated the question - Why don't they join together and create one Prairie province? The Conference to discuss this question was most recently held at Lethbridge, Alberta, and from the proceedings of this conference comes the stimulus and interest in this topic. A further objective is to identify the interesting growth of co-operative organisations which transcend political boundaries within the Prairies. It is suggested that these are in direct response to the fact that the region needs a co-operative approach to many of the problems that are faced by the whole region. This is indeed a cause for agitation in that integration is increasing in the Prairies. Argument can be made that political unification is the ultimate step. It must be pointed out that the writer has not taken a stand on the advisability of the idea, but merely to identify the bases of the agitation for it. The method of investigation in this work is to determine the extent to which the Prairie provinces could be considered to have an identity which points particularly to the Western alienation question. A measure of the following for the idea of Prairie union is given. This is examined with regard to the increasing number of organisations that concern themselves with a Prairie hinterland, as opposed to an area of influence contained by the political borders of one of the Prairie provinces. The conclusion is that the Prairies do have a definable identity which is predominantly a result of the feeling of Western alienation in the Prairies. The desire to control their own future stimulates the growth of Prairie organisations. The agitation for Prairie unity does not necessarily express itself in terms of a political union, but in terms of Prairie co-operation. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

In Canada, as in most other industrial countries, concern is expressed over the existence of regional unemployment imbalances. If these imbalances were quickly alleviated, by action of labor and capital markets, there would be no regional problem. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Not only do regional unemployment differentials exist, but, more importantly, they tend to exist in spite of migration. This phenomenon suggests that, in the depressed region, there is some exogenous change, declining export demand, taking place concurrently with net out-migration. In addition, net out-migration itself reduces employment levels to some extent in the loser region. Changes in the demand for labor in a region are related to: changes in the export demand for its commodities which form the employment base; and changes in population size resulting from regional mobility. This relationship is essentially founded in a type of multiplier relation between the employment base of a region and its total employment. In this paper a model is developed from which the above theoretical relationship can be empirically investigated. Debate on policy measures for reducing regional unemployment, industrial location and mobility policies, have proceeded largely without knowledge of relative magnitudes. For a more objective approach we need estimates of regional multipliers. With this information we would be better equipped to judge the employment effects of out-migration and changes in export demand on depressed regions. The estimation technique used in this paper is cross-sectional multiple regression analysis. The counties of the Maritime Region serve as the population sample for the analysis. Data comes mainly from the Censuses of 1951 and 1961; both provide considerable information for such series as employment by industry and changes in population due to migration. It is concluded from the analysis carried out in this paper that emigration does indeed contain a de-stabilizing element for the loser region, in the form of income depression. We cannot expect out-migration of the unemployed to reduce unemployment on a one for one basis. Also, the regional employment multiplier may be larger in the case of declines in the employment base than for increases in it. The results suggest that mobility policy and industrial location policy may not reduce regional unemployment as quickly as we might suppose, a priori. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

For twenty years after 1888, the British Government conducted an experiment in colonisation on the Canadian prairies. Hoping to avoid a radical redistribution of land to alleviate distress and disorder in Scotland's Western Islands, the Salisbury Government attempted an emigrationist policy. In 1888 it authorised the expenditure of public funds to establish colonies of Highlanders in Manitoba and Assiniboia. Adverse economic and climatic conditions combined with inadequate planning to severely hamper the progress of the settlements. Problems associated with administration from London compounded existing difficulties. By 1893, a Liberal administration less inclined to favour state-aided emigration abandoned all commitments to such schemes on the basis of the experience of the struggling Highland settlements. The Canadian Government was unable to adopt a consistent policy toward the British scheme. The Department of the Interior was frequently at variance with the Office of the Canadian High Commissioner in London. The settlements received much publicity and required much administrative attention before the British Government, with financial integrity, was able to conclude the settlement scheme in 1908. It is argued that the experience of the Canadian settlements played a far larger role in determining British policy toward state-aided colonisation than has previously been acknowledged. It is maintained that the publicised difficulties of the settlements contributed to the Canadian perception that British agriculturalists made unsatisfactory settlers and to the subsequent policy preference for continental European emigrants. It is suggested that the episode stands in sharp contrast to the orthodox view of the Scottish experience in Canadian historical writing / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This study explores the barriers to care women face living with HIV in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and also the health and support systems they navigate to improve their wellbeing. Women living with HIV are invisible within the epidemic and often to community sector employees, especially in the Maritime Provinces where men account for the largest number of diagnoses in Canada; this is a central theme in the data. The thesis is rooted in applied medical anthropology and uses qualitative and quantitative methods to capture the changing health priorities of women living with HIV as they navigate the health care systems after diagnosis. This information was used to create maps that show the availability of services in relation to women’s needs, including affordable housing, food security, accessible transportation, and reducing HIV stigma. I examine the efficiency of HIV women’s referral network in both provinces, and the way forward for organizations to meet their long-term health needs, such as widening of outreach activities and improving gendered care. The main findings of this study reveal that the barriers to care women face are not easily overcome by AIDS service organizations. Current support initiatives are no longer relevant to their lives because they are tailored mainly to men, but women increasingly value the referral activities of organizations. Among the most important contributions of this thesis is the envisioning of a women-centered care model that meets their health needs and acknowledges their diverse reality of their experiences. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

a) Basic Problem The main question posed in this research was as follows; where exactly, and in what types of locality have those of French ethnic origin living in the Prairie provinces been most (or least) successful in preserving a distinctive French-Canadian culture. b) Method of Investigation i) The production of detailed population distribution maps showed where, and to what extent, French-Canadians were areally concentrated into distinct group settlements. It is only in such group settlement that such a sub-culture can hope to survive. ii) The varying degree of ethnic homogeneity within the various group settlements was analysed. This study confirmed that the more French Canadians were intermixed with other groups the more susceptible they would be to anglicisation and assimilation. iii) The varying strength of the French-Canadian position was measured by calculating the proportion of French Canadians in each group settlement belonging to a French-language parish - an institution which has played a great role in the cultural survival of the French-speaking minorities. iv) The areally varying strength of French-language education in the Prairie provinces was studied. v) The areally varying degree of access to a French-language newspapers, radio and television was analysed; vi) Population increases and/or decreases among this ethnic group were studied. The extent of these increases and decreases, in both rural and urban areas, affects the strength of this sub-culture. vii) A cartographic description, using the most detailed census data available, was made of those of French ethnic origin who have retained French as their mother-tongue. The retention of French among this group was taken as the key index of assimilation, not least because they have always fervently regarded such linguistic fidelity as the essential basis of their distinctive cultural survival. b) Conclusions i) Neither the province of Quebec, nor the French-Canadian people have ever shown great interest in settling western Canada. ii) A considerable and increasing proportion of French Canadians in the Prairie provinces has become completely assimilated into the English-speaking community. However, within the group settlements the degree to which French has been retained is often high. iii) By far the strongest French-speaking community is situated in south-eastern Manitoba where three large rural groups focus on the unique urban group of St. Boniface. The cultural survival of French-Canadian communities in Alberta and Saskatchewan is much more threatened, either by their cultural isolation from other French-speaking groups, or by the extent to which they have been intermixed with non-French-speaking groups. iv) The key socio-geographic factor in the linguistic assimilation of western French Canadians seems to be the degree to which they are physically intermixed with other groups. This factor emerged as much more important than other considerations such as situation in an urban or rural area, or group settlement size. v) The western French Canadian sub-culture is an extremely "localised" phenomenon. Immediately beyond the "core" areas of the group settlements assimilation becomes very marked, even if a considerable number of French Canadians can still be found. Evidence of assimilation can be found even within the "cores" of some groups. vi) The future survival of this sub-culture depends, among other things, on strengthening French Canadian institutions within the group settlements. This applies particularly to the need to develop genuinely bilingual schools. Also a new form of "group settlement" must be developed to maintain and stimulate French-Canadian institutions and culture among the increasing numbers of Francophones who have left their rural communities for the larger urban areas. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Halle-Wittenberg, 1936.

Inaug.-Diss.--Berlin. / Vita.