Research has focused extensively on the negative health effects of inadequate Mg intake, but the extent of the problem of deficiency deserves further exploration. The notion that U.S. adults consume an inadequate amount of magnesium, leading to increased risk for chronic diseases such as depression, is plausible. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), which are large, cross-sectional, population-based data sets that assess the health and nutritional status of U.S. adults and children, indicate over half the adult population does not consume adequate amounts of magnesium based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) established by the Institute of Medicine. Using 2007 to 2010 NHANES data we found 54% of adults do not meet the EAR, confirming results from earlier surveys. As a result of this finding, a review exploring the factors impacting magnesium consumption over time and the adequacy of current intake in U.S. adults was conducted. Changes in agricultural processes that reduce magnesium levels in crops combined with the increasing consumption of processed foods containing little to no magnesium have led to a decrease in mean daily intake by 200-300 mg per day over the past century. However, population-based studies show a steady and consistent recovery in magnesium intake in U.S. adults over the past several decades. A simple, rapid, accurate test for whole body Mg status is lacking and, although population-based studies have limitations, continued monitoring of Mg consumption is essential to determine whether this positive trend continues. In the meantime, since the health consequences of inadequate magnesium are well established, there are no reported cases of hypermagnesemia from food alone, and magnesium is found in healthy foods adults should consume more often, there are few reasons not to encourage increased magnesium intake. Cross-sectional and prospective trials in other countries report an association between magnesium intake and symptoms of depression. Depression is a chronic disease affecting a significant portion of the U.S. population. Magnesium plays a role in many of the pathways involved in the pathophysiology of depression and is found in several enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Depression and magnesium are both associated with systemic inflammation. Current treatment options for depression are limited by efficacy, cost, availability, side effects, and acceptability to patients. As a result of the need for additional treatment options, interest in the role of magnesium in modulating depressive symptoms has grown. We used the NHANES 2007-2010 data to examine this relationship in U.S. adults and found a significant association between very low magnesium intake and symptoms of depression (RR=1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06, 1.30; P=0.03). Whether inadequate magnesium leads to increased risk for depression or depression results in poor dietary intake is not known. To test whether supplementation with over-the-counter magnesium chloride improves symptoms of depression, an open-label, blocked, randomized, cross-over trial was carried out in outpatient primary care clinics on 126 adults (mean age 52; 38% male) diagnosed with, and currently experiencing, mild-to-moderate symptoms. Consumption of magnesium chloride tablets for 6 weeks resulted in a clinically significant net improvement in depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) scores of -6.0 points (95% CI -7.9, -4.2; P<0.001) and net improvement in anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7) scores of -4.5 points (95% CI -6.6, -2.4; P<0.001). Effects were observed regardless of age, gender, baseline magnesium levels, baseline severity of depression, or use of antidepressant treatments. It worked quickly, was well tolerated, and is much safer and less expensive than conventional treatments with medication. Magnesium supplements are effective for mild-to-moderate depression and are an additional treatment option for patients suffering from depression.

Correctional officers occupy an important societal role in maintaining safety and assisting in the rehabilitation of inmates; however, both their performance and mental health are highly susceptible to fatigue because of working in a high stress environment. This study investigated the relationship between correctional officers' demographic factors (level of education, marital status, gender, and race/ethnicity) and their psychological resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale 10 (CD-RISC-10) was used to measure correctional officers' resilience when responding and or coping with stress. This study utilized the stress-vulnerability model as a framework to investigate protective factors against and risk factors for psychopathological symptoms. Participants included 52 individuals who were over the age of 18, employed as correctional officers, and who worked for either the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation or the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Two tests measured the outcome variable of correctional officers' psychological resilience. The first factorial 2-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in correctional officers' levels of psychological resilience by gender and or race/ethnicity. The second factorial 2-way analysis of variance revealed no significant differences in correctional officers' levels of psychological resilience by marital status and or educational level. The information gained from this study implies that the development of programs that improve correctional officers' resilience and prevent the onset of psychopathology should be focused on factors other than races/ethnicities, genders, marital statuses, and levels of education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how men, 18 years or older, who had been admitted to inpatient psychiatric hospitalization differed as to their level of aggression, locus of control, and the degree of androgyny at admission and at discharge. The sample consisted of 61 males. The males were evaluated with a demographic questionnaire, the Adjective Check List, the Internal Control Index, and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory within 24 hours of admission and again at discharge. The research indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in these sensitive male qualities. The data indicated a possibility that androgyny could be a catalyst in reducing the level of aggression and developing a more internal locus of control. The research also indicated a positive correlation between age and a more internal locus of control, but the correlation only accounted for 22% of the variance. There was no correlation found between the subjects' relationships to the father figure and the three male qualities.

Research has focused extensively on the negative health effects of inadequate Mg intake, but the extent of the problem of deficiency deserves further exploration. The notion that U.S. adults consume an inadequate amount of magnesium, leading to increased risk for chronic diseases such as depression, is plausible. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), which are large, cross-sectional, population-based data sets that assess the health and nutritional status of U.S. adults and children, indicate over half the adult population does not consume adequate amounts of magnesium based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) established by the Institute of Medicine. Using 2007 to 2010 NHANES data we found 54% of adults do not meet the EAR, confirming results from earlier surveys. As a result of this finding, a review exploring the factors impacting magnesium consumption over time and the adequacy of current intake in U.S. adults was conducted. Changes in agricultural processes that reduce magnesium levels in crops combined with the increasing consumption of processed foods containing little to no magnesium have led to a decrease in mean daily intake by 200-300 mg per day over the past century. However, population-based studies show a steady and consistent recovery in magnesium intake in U.S. adults over the past several decades. A simple, rapid, accurate test for whole body Mg status is lacking and, although population-based studies have limitations, continued monitoring of Mg consumption is essential to determine whether this positive trend continues. In the meantime, since the health consequences of inadequate magnesium are well established, there are no reported cases of hypermagnesemia from food alone, and magnesium is found in healthy foods adults should consume more often, there are few reasons not to encourage increased magnesium intake. Cross-sectional and prospective trials in other countries report an association between magnesium intake and symptoms of depression. Depression is a chronic disease affecting a significant portion of the U.S. population. Magnesium plays a role in many of the pathways involved in the pathophysiology of depression and is found in several enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters. Depression and magnesium are both associated with systemic inflammation. Current treatment options for depression are limited by efficacy, cost, availability, side effects, and acceptability to patients. As a result of the need for additional treatment options, interest in the role of magnesium in modulating depressive symptoms has grown. We used the NHANES 2007-2010 data to examine this relationship in U.S. adults and found a significant association between very low magnesium intake and symptoms of depression (RR=1.16; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06, 1.30; P=0.03). Whether inadequate magnesium leads to increased risk for depression or depression results in poor dietary intake is not known. To test whether supplementation with over-the-counter magnesium chloride improves symptoms of depression, an open-label, blocked, randomized, cross-over trial was carried out in outpatient primary care clinics on 126 adults (mean age 52; 38% male) diagnosed with, and currently experiencing, mild-to-moderate symptoms. Consumption of magnesium chloride tablets for 6 weeks resulted in a clinically significant net improvement in depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) scores of -6.0 points (95% CI -7.9, -4.2; P<0.001) and net improvement in anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7) scores of -4.5 points (95% CI -6.6, -2.4; P<0.001). Effects were observed regardless of age, gender, baseline magnesium levels, baseline severity of depression, or use of antidepressant treatments. It worked quickly, was well tolerated, and is much safer and less expensive than conventional treatments with medication. Magnesium supplements are effective for mild-to-moderate depression and are an additional treatment option for patients suffering from depression.

Depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States. Insufficient evidence is available about the types of follow-up care that may be most effective. The purpose of this quantitative, retrospective cohort study was to determine whether remission of depression symptoms was associated with recommended follow-up care when controlling for age, gender, and number of previous episodes of depression, and whether symptom reduction was more likely for those who completed a course of treatment from a mental health specialist in comparison to those who were treated by their primary care providers (PCPs) when controlling for the same variables. The theoretical framework for this study was Reingold's theory of outbreak investigations. Existing was retrieved from Geisinger Health System's electronic health record. The following covariates were evaluated for their effects on the re lationship between positive depression screening and follow-up care: baseline (initial) depression screening score, date of service, age, gender, consecutive depression screening score, date of consecutive depression screening, outcomes, and documented previous history of depression. Retrospective cohort data from 1,246 patients were collected from the study site and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests, ANOVAs, and multiple linear regression. Findings showed that PCP-initiated medication change and referral to community health were significantly associated with successful intervention. Findings may be used to encourage routine depression screening and increase positive health outcomes for patients with depression.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Depression is the leading cause of disability in the United States. Insufficient evidence is available about the types of follow-up care that may be most effective. The purpose of this quantitative, retrospective cohort study was to determine whether remission of depression symptoms was associated with recommended follow-up care when controlling for age, gender, and number of previous episodes of depression, and whether symptom reduction was more likely for those who completed a course of treatment from a mental health specialist in comparison to those who were treated by their primary care providers (PCPs) when controlling for the same variables. The theoretical framework for this study was Reingold's theory of outbreak investigations. Existing was retrieved from Geisinger Health System's electronic health record. The following covariates were evaluated for their effects on the re lationship between positive depression screening and follow-up care: baseline (initial) depression screening score, date of service, age, gender, consecutive depression screening score, date of consecutive depression screening, outcomes, and documented previous history of depression. Retrospective cohort data from 1,246 patients were collected from the study site and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t tests, ANOVAs, and multiple linear regression. Findings showed that PCP-initiated medication change and referral to community health were significantly associated with successful intervention. Findings may be used to encourage routine depression screening and increase positive health outcomes for patients with depression.

No description available.