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All people experience pain and for some people, acute pain may over time develop into long-term disabling problems. Already at an early stage, it is possible to identify people at risk for long-term problems and psychologically oriented interventions have been shown to successfully prevent future disability. However, not all people are helped by treatment and there is room for improvement. Moreover, subgroups of people suffering from pain, with different profiles of psychological factors have been identified, indicating that people with pain problems differ. The first aim of this dissertation was to improve the understanding of how people differ. The second aim was to use these individual differences and to match people to psychological treatment based on their psychological profile. The third aim was to explore what happens during treatment that might be important for treatment outcome. The findings show that people who belonged to subgroups with elevated levels of psychological factors had less favorable outcomes over time, despite treatment, than people with no elevations. Moreover, people with elevations in several psychological factors had even less favorable outcomes. Psychological treatments aimed at preventing future disability performed well, but using profiles to match people to treatment did not improve outcomes further; people who were matched to a treatment and people who were unmatched had similar outcomes. However, the profiles used for matching were unstable over time and there is need to improve the identification of psychological variables used for treatment matching. Finally, a number of psychological factors were shown to be valuable targets for treatment; if the treatments successfully produced change in people’s thoughts and emotions related to pain the treatment outcomes were better. The findings were summarized in a flow chart showing the recommended clinical approach to people seekinghealth care for acute pain problems.

<p>Bakgrund: Anorexia Nervosa är en sjukdom som främst drabbar kvinnor mellan 15-24 år och det är cirka en % av världens befolkning som drabbas varje år. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder hos flickor med anorexia nervosa och att se vilka riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av denna sjukdom. Metod: Litteraturstudien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk analys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskan kan spela en nyckelroll i omvårdnaden av flickor som drabbats av anorexia nervosa genom empati och förståelse. Detta kan resultera i att flickorna känner förtroende och tillit för sjuksköterskorna och det kan hjälpa dem att tillfriskna. Riskfaktorerna är allt från sociokulturella, familjära, biologiska och genetiska faktorer. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan kan genom att vara en sann medmänniska och genom att bidra med sin tid och sin kompetens vara en avgörande faktor för att dessa flickor tillfrisknar. Riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av anorexia nervosa är individuella och mångdimensionella.</p> / <p>Background: Anorexia Nervosa is a disease that mostly affects women that are 15-24 years old and approximately one percent of the world’s population are affected of it every year. Aim: To illustrate the nurses caring measures of girls with anorexia nervosa, and to see what kind of risk factors that are causing the disease to outburst. Method: The literature review was done as a common literature review with systematic analysis. Result: The nurse might have a key role in the care of girls affected with anorexia nervosa by providing empathy and understanding. The result of this could be that the nurses gain the girls trust and reliance which can help them while they fight to recover. The risk factors are many and vary from sociocultural factors to familiar, genetic and biological factors. Conclusion: The nurse might by being a true fellowman and by contributing with her time and knowledge facilitate to the girls recovery. The risk factors that are causing anorexia nervosa to outburst are individual and multidimensional.</p>

Bakgrund: Anorexia Nervosa är en sjukdom som främst drabbar kvinnor mellan 15-24 år och det är cirka en % av världens befolkning som drabbas varje år. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskans omvårdnadsåtgärder hos flickor med anorexia nervosa och att se vilka riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av denna sjukdom. Metod: Litteraturstudien genomfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie med systematisk analys. Resultat: Sjuksköterskan kan spela en nyckelroll i omvårdnaden av flickor som drabbats av anorexia nervosa genom empati och förståelse. Detta kan resultera i att flickorna känner förtroende och tillit för sjuksköterskorna och det kan hjälpa dem att tillfriskna. Riskfaktorerna är allt från sociokulturella, familjära, biologiska och genetiska faktorer. Slutsats: Sjuksköterskan kan genom att vara en sann medmänniska och genom att bidra med sin tid och sin kompetens vara en avgörande faktor för att dessa flickor tillfrisknar. Riskfaktorer som predisponerar för utveckling av anorexia nervosa är individuella och mångdimensionella. / Background: Anorexia Nervosa is a disease that mostly affects women that are 15-24 years old and approximately one percent of the world’s population are affected of it every year. Aim: To illustrate the nurses caring measures of girls with anorexia nervosa, and to see what kind of risk factors that are causing the disease to outburst. Method: The literature review was done as a common literature review with systematic analysis. Result: The nurse might have a key role in the care of girls affected with anorexia nervosa by providing empathy and understanding. The result of this could be that the nurses gain the girls trust and reliance which can help them while they fight to recover. The risk factors are many and vary from sociocultural factors to familiar, genetic and biological factors. Conclusion: The nurse might by being a true fellowman and by contributing with her time and knowledge facilitate to the girls recovery. The risk factors that are causing anorexia nervosa to outburst are individual and multidimensional.

The purpose of the present study was to begin development of a psychological profile for environmentally ill patients. Existing psychiatric labels are unable to encompass these patients. Test scores were drawn from a pool of 89 patients whose environmental exposures were verified by the presence of toxins in the blood serum. A Mental Status Exam, a Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised screen, and the Profile of Mood States were administered. Results indicate a primary pattern which is significantly different from test norms consisting of fatigue, reduced mental functioning, and a lack of psychotic or personality disorder indicators. The reported symptoms of environmentally ill patients were objectively verified by current psychological test instruments. The need for a new diagnostic category for people who have been poisoned by environmental toxins is discussed.