The thesis is specialized in the creation of teaching aids for preschool and early school age children. The work consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is characterized by psychological human development with an emphasis on the development of preschool and early school age children. The thesis is focused on the life and work of reform pedagogue Maria Montessori. The theoretical part is discussed about learning, the use of educational games and educational aids. In educational process is very important a teacher. The practical part consists of teaching aids - the alphabet, numbers, and developing a sense of small tasks which are normally used in dressing up.

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) metabolises catechol-containing compounds, including dopamine. The aim of this thesis was to investigate whether COMT is involved in hippocampal function. This thesis also explored the role of functional polymorphisms within the COMT gene in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-related phenotypes. First, as part of a study investigating the role of COMT in schizophrenia, human hippocampal COMT mRNA levels were shown to be neither altered in schizophrenia or bipolar disease, nor affected by COMT genotype. Hence, functional COMT polymorphisms do not appear to operate by altering gross COMT mRNA expression. Importantly, this study showed that COMT is expressed in the human hippocampus. Second, the role of COMT in hippocampal neurochemistry was explored by studying the effect of pharmacological COMT inhibition on catecholamines and metabolites in rat hippocampal homogenates, and extracellularly, using microdialysis. Both demonstrated that COMT modulates hippocampal dopamine metabolism. Thus, hippocampal COMT is of functional significance with respect to dopamine. Third, the effect of COMT inhibition on hippocampus-dependent behaviour was investigated. The results suggested a memory-enhancing effect of pharmacological COMT inhibition on hippocampus-dependent associative and non-associative forms of short-term memory in rats. In contrast, acute COMT inhibition appeared to have no effect on behavioural correlates of ventral hippocampal function i.e. anxiety-like behaviour. In summary, the expression of COMT mRNA in the human hippocampus, as well as the effect of COMT inhibition on rat hippocampal neurochemistry and hippocampus-dependent behaviour provide evidence for a functional role of COMT in the hippocampus. Moreover, changes in COMT activity alter hippocampal dopamine metabolism, which could be a potential mechanism for the role of COMT in hippocampus-dependent short-term memory.

Zdeňka Michalová Psychologické aspekty individualizace přístupu k žákům se specifickými poruchami učení Individualization of Approach to Learnes with Specific Learning Disabilities and It's Psychological Aspects Annotation This thesis deals with theoretical and practical knowledge and skills of teachers in primary schools for specific learning disabilities. It focuses mainly on mapping the level of teachers' approach to integrated learners with this disorder. It is trying to grasp the extent to which teachers meet the psychological aspects of individual approach to these learners in inclusive environment of a primary school compared with integrated learners with other disabilities. The theoretical part summarises basic information on education, integration and education system in the Czech Republic. It deals with specific learning disabilities and attempts to apply the findings from positive psychology on individual approach to individuals with SLD. The empirical part analyses and compares the quantitative survey of knowledge level of teachers at lower and higher levels of primary schools about SLD. Furthermore, it examines their knowledge of appropriate procedures for working with learners with SLD and ability to apply it in practice to psychologically support of these learners. It partially compares...