This study examined adolescent conformity involving peer rejection in the face of a negative group opinion. 192 adolescents rated the likeability of a hypothetical peer prior to and after exposure to an apparently negative group opinion of the peer. The measure of conformity was derived from the difference between likeability ratings of the hypothetical peer before and after exposure to the negative group norm. Subjects participated in either friendship cliques or non-clique groups, and expected either that the other group members would see their opinions (public condition) or that their opinions would be kept to themselves (private condition). Overall, subjects conformed more in clique groups than in groups comprised of non-clique members. However, this effect was dependent on both sex and surveillance variables. Females conformed the most when they both were in their cliques and expected their group members to see their opinions. Conversely, males conformed most when they were also in their cliques, but expected their opinions to be kept to themselves. Fear of negative evaluation did not correlate significantly with conformity behaviour. Implications of these findings for the role of conformity in peer rejection are discussed.

Children who are disliked by their peers often behave in manifestly aversive ways that elicit rejection. Literature reviews have concluded that social skills training has frequently succeeded in improving rejected children's behaviour, although these improvements have not invariably led to improvements in children's peer reputation. The present study addressed this issue in a short-term prospective design in which vignettes of a hypothetical child were presented to 211 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children on three separate occasions (i.e., Times 1, 2, and 3). At Time 1, the hypothetical child was described as either prosocial, subtly aversive, or manifestly aversive, thus, establishing his reputation as popular, mildly rejected, or strongly rejected, respectively. At Times 2 and 3, the hypothetical child's behaviour was described either remaining stable or changing progressively. For the hypothetical child who changed progressively, his subsequent behaviour was either prosocial, subtly aversive, or manifestly aversive. All possible combinations of initial and subsequent behaviour involving prosocial, subtly aversive, and manifestly aversive behaviour were, therefore, represented in the study. Children's liking of the hypothetical child as well as their recall of the hypothetical child's behaviour and their attributions for his behaviour were assessed. Children liked the prosocial child most, followed by the subtly aversive child, and finally, by the manifestly aversive child. Once the hypothetical child's reputation had been established, marked improvements or decrements in his behaviour led to incremental changes in children's liking of him. When the hypothetical child's subsequent behaviour departed only mildly from his reputation, children did not immediately change their liking of the character. These reputational effects did not, however, have an enduring impact on children's liking of the hypothetical child once his behaviour had clearly improved or deteriorated at Time 3. Instead, at Time 3 children based their liking of the hypothetical child on his current behaviour. Children recalled manifestly aversive behaviour better than they did subtly aversive behaviour at both Times 1 and 3. At Times 1 and 3, children also ascribed schema-consistent behaviours to the hypothetical child that were not included in the vignettes, and distorted the information presented to them to make it more compatible with the hypothetical child's behaviour. At Time 3, these errors of commission were based on the hypothetical child's current behaviour rather than his previous reputation. This again suggests that there were no enduring reputational effects at Time 3 once the hypothetical child's behaviour had changed. Children's attributions for the prosocial and the subtly aversive hypothetical children's behaviour at Time 1 suggested a positive bias towards these characters. Children's attributions for the manifestly aversive hypothetical child at Time 1 did not show a clear bias of any kind. At Time 3, children gave the hypothetical child whose subsequent behaviour was prosocial credit for his good behaviour, although the pattern of attributions was not as clear as at Time 1. No other significant reputational effects were found at Time 3 suggesting that children thought of the hypothetical child in terms of his present behaviour rather than his reputation. The importance of considering behavioural and reputational factors in the understanding of the development and maintenance of children's reputation among peers is discussed in reference to these findings. Conceptual and methodological refinements for future research are presented. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Ce travail de recherche a pour but de presenter un modele de la boulimie qui incorpore certains variables identifiees par les recherches theoriques et experimentales anterieures. Les taquineries anterieures et les croyances au sujet de la minceur et de l'obesite sont considerees comme etant des variables importantes dans le developpement de la boulimie. A partir d'une integration des concepts theoriques propres a l'etude du soi, le modele introduit et elabore les notions de Saillance des ecarts entre les sois corporels actuels et les sois corporels desires, et de Saillance des ecarts entre les sois corporels actuels et les sois corporels actuels et les sois corporels redoutes. Ces variables joueraient un role mediateur determinant entre les facteurs antecedents et les Comportements boulimiques. Dans ce modele, le Souci corporel serait essentiellement un sous-produit des processus cognitifs mediateurs. Finalement, le modele concoit le Bien-etre psychologique comme etant une variable directement affectee par les Comportements boulimiques. Une premiere etude effectuee aupres d'un echantillon de 167 jeunes femmes a permis de developper et de valider les instruments de mesure necessaires an present travail de recherche. Les resultats demontrent que la validite et la fidelite des instruments sont adequates. Dans le cadre d'une deuxieme etude empirique menee aupres d'un echantillon de 303 jeunes femmes, des analyses d'equations structurales ont ete effectuees afin de verifier, entre autres, le modele conceptuel propose. Les resultats de cette deuxieme etude revelent qu'un modele structural alternatif, ou le parametre reliant la Saillance des ecarts pour les sois corporels desires et les Comportements boulimiques est elimine, rend compte des donnees de facon adequate. Selon ce modele, les Taquineries anterieures et les Croyances socio-culturelles au sujet de la minceur et de l'obesite sont a la fois reliees aux Saillances des ecarts entre les sois corporels actuels/desires, et actuels/redoutes. Bien que ces deux types de Saillances predisent conjointement le Souci corporel, seule, la variable Saillances des ecarts pour les sois corporels redoutes suffit pour predire les Comportements boulimiques. Finalement, le Bien-etre psychologique de la personne se rattache directement aux Comportements boulimiques plutot qu'au Souci corporel. Ces resultats sont discutes par rapport a leurs implications pour la comprehension des processus qui sous-tendent la boulimie.

Plusiers resultats de recherche ont indique que le personnel de soutien constituait un groupe vulnerable aux effets negatifs du stress au travail. Pour notre etude, nous avons obtenu la collaboration de cent cinquante-et-une femmes et quatorze hommes travaillant comme personnel de soutien (secretaires, commis, etc.). Le nombre total de sujets correspondait a un taux de reponse de 23%. Les questionnaires qui ont ete envoyes aux sujets nous ont permis de recueillir des renseignements sur les donnees demographiques, sur leurs ressources personnelles, sur leur degre de consistance, de differenciation, d'identite vocationnelle et de congruence, sur le stress qu'ils vivaient au travail, sur les conflits entre les roles du travail et ceux de la maison, sur leurs facons de transiger avec le stress au travail, sur leur degre de detresse psychologique et de satisfaction au travail. Les mesures de stress au travail, de detresse psychologique et de satisfaction au travail ont ete repetees six mois plus tard afin de pouvoir mieux evaluer les liens de causalite. Sur les cent soixante-cinq sujets qui avaient accepte de participer a la recherche, cent vingt-deux femmes et dix hommes, ont repondu a cette deuxieme serie de questionnaires. Toutefois, le desir d'avoir plus de controle sur les evenements etait un facteur de stress au travail. Les strategies d'engagement et de gestion des symptomes ont rarement permis de predire la sante mentale des sujets. On a aussi observe que les personnes portees a se desengager lorsqu'elles vivaient du stress, presentaient un plus haut degre de detresse psychologique. Il semble que les hommes etaient davantage portes a utiliser des strategies de desengagement. On a vu aussi que les personnes qui disaient avoir un controle sur les evenements etaient en meilleure sante mentale. Il semble aussi que la relation positive entre l'engagement et la satisfaction au travail ait ete plus forte chez les personnes consistantes. La pertinence de la theorie de Holland dans le domaine du stress au travail est discutee a la lumiere de nos resultats. Certaines conclusions seraient importantes a considerer lors de recherches ulterieures ainsi que pour la mise en place de programmes de gestion du stress chez le personnel de soutien. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Most investigators accept that the determination of risk status for child outcome is too complex to be explained by any single causal variable. Despite this recognition, few empirical attempts have been made to simultaneously examine the impact of multiple factors on child problematic behaviour. In the current study, a multivariate theoretical model was proposed to assess the relative and combined effects of various factors in contributing to child socialized aggression and conduct disturbance. Variables were drawn from four domains, including child problematic behaviour, family interaction, parent characteristics, and community factors. Analyses were also undertaken to identify protective factors which discriminated between problematic and nonproblematic children. The proposed theoretical model was tested with a high-risk community sample. Seventy-two families residing in rent-subsidized, high-crime neighbourhoods were recruited to participate in the study on a voluntary basis. All of the families were headed by single-mothers and the majority depended on social assistance as their primary source of income. In addition, children were equally represented on the basis of age, sex, and geographic location. The parent-child dyads were interviewed in the home. Multiple measures and/or modes of assessment (i.e., self-report, collateral reports, and observational techniques) were used to evaluate predictors from each of the major domains. Results of the multivariate analyses provided support for the proposed theoretical model. As expected, the most powerful predictor of socialized aggression and conduct disturbance emerged from the family interaction domain (i.e., ineffective discipline). Variables from the parent characteristics and community factors domain were also important in the prediction of socialized aggression. Combined, these measures accounted for a large percentage of the variance for each of the criterion measures. Path analytic techniques were used to examine the direct and indirect effects of predictor variables on child behavioural outcome. The results of these analyses pointed to the importance of previously neglected variables in this area. For example, parental antisocial attitudes were found to exert a direct impact on parenting behaviour (ineffective discipline, poor monitoring), which in turn increased the likelihood of child socialized aggression. The results also revealed that several protective factors were important in differentiating between problematic and nonproblematic children. Positive temperament, good academic performance, the ability to get along well with others, and the presence of a confidante tended to characterize children scoring low on measures of socialized aggression and conduct disturbance. The implications of these and other findings for theory, research, and clinical practice are discussed.

As part of a study sponsored by the Quebec government this investigation evaluated the subjective quality of life (QOL) and social integration (SI) of 70 deinstitutionalized chronic psychiatrically disabled citizens living in community residences in the Outaouais region. An extant QOL interview (Lehman 1988) was translated into French and modified to include social integration data. The revised quality of life and social integration (QOLSI) instrument was based on a conceptual model derived from subjective quality of life, person-environment (P-E) congruence, social integration, and normalization/social role valorization theoretical perspectives. Individual interviews were conducted with 37 male and 33 female residents of community housing. Data were gathered on demographics, objective quality of life indicators, global subjective quality of life measures, domain-specific subjective quality of life and personal preference indicators in ten life domains, client satisfaction with services, self-esteem, level of client activity inside and outside the residential placement, and frequency of activities with socially valued others. Respondents were interviewed in a variety of settings, including family-care homes (n = 55), group homes (n = 10), sheltered apartments (n = 4), and an apartment hotel (n = 1). Urban residential services were located in Aylmer, Gatineau, and Hull. Rural residential services were located in the western Quebec region. Housing services were evaluated using the French-language version of PASSING-Program analysis of service systems' implementation of normalization goals (Wofensberger, and Thomas, 1989). The QOLSI interview data were analyzed according to the multivariate relationships in the Comprehensive conceptual (QOLSI) model. The findings indicate that the translated and modified interview replicated earlier findings with the English-language version. The Echelle de Satisaction de Vie (ESV) was found to be as good an indicator of global subjective QOL as the Item du Bien-etre Global (IBG), while offering the advantage of superior psychometric qualities. The best predictor of global subjective QOL was satisfaction in life domains. Personal preferences improved the prediction of domain-specific satisfactions in six of eight life domains. Preferences and social integration (SI) did not add significantly to the prediction of global subjective QOL. Global subjective QOL and SI were not related. Frequency of activity outside of the residential service (i.e., weak social integration) was best predicted by a combination of variable sets including: personal characteristics, OQL indicators, SQL measures, and preferences. Frequency of activities with socially valued others (i.e., strong social integration) was best predicted by age, health, and satisfaction with family contacts. Location and size of residence were negatively related to service quality as measured by PASSING. The findings generally supported the proposed QOLSI model. Preference measures and the SI scales are argued to offer guidelines for the efficient allocation of service resources toward program interventions that favour improved SQL and SI for the psychiatrically disabled residents of community residences. However, further research on these newly developed measures in relation to SQL and SI is recommended before they are adopted by program planners.

The goal of this two-part study was to investigate the associative logic, or connotative meaning, of certain values to Canadian Anglophone and Francophone male middle managers in the public and private sectors. Past value-ranking studies of Canadian managers and university students have tended to explain value-ranking differences between these ethnolinguistic groups in terms of individualism and collectivism. Specifically, Francophones have been described as more collectivist (e.g. more concerned with affiliation and family concerns) and Anglophones as more individualist (e.g. more achievement-oriented in the business world). In the present study, this individualist-collectivist explanation served as a testable hypothesis, rather than as an ex post facto explanation. This was done using a modified version of Triandis' (1972) antecedent-consequent method. Subjects gave associations to 21 work and personal values, reporting antecedents (what leads to) and consequents (what results from) for each value. In Study 1, 86 Anglophone and 82 Francophone managers provided antecedents and consequents to the values in a free-response questionnaire. In Study 2, a different but comparable group of 80 Anglophone and 94 Francophone managers completed a multiple-choice questionnaire based on high-frequency responses given in Study 1. These four groups were simultaneously matched on age, years work experience, SES, fathers' SES and quality of "other-ethnic" contact. Chi-square results indicated that for 36 out of 42 value comparisons (21 antecedents and 21 consequents) or 86% of the value stimuli, no replicated significant differences (across Study 1 and 2) were found in the number of individualist-collectivist responses given by Anglophone and Francophone managers. Moreover, a Pearson's correlation calculated on the overall frequency of individualist and collectivist responses across the value set showed that the two managerial groups had a similar individualist-collectivist understanding (r =.92, p .01). It was thus concluded that, in general, Anglophone and Francophone managers in this study shared a similar individualist-collectivist understanding of most of the 21 values. This overall similarity was discussed primarily in terms of the social change that has occurred in Quebec over the past 15 years, such as the greater presence of Francophones in business schools and in the ranks of management. With growing similarity in managerial experience, Anglophone and Francophone managers may have become more similar in their individualist-collectivist understanding, compared with 10 to 15 years ago, when value-ranking studies observed group differences.

In the past, studies of aggression focussed almost exclusively on physical aggression; findings revealed that males were more aggressive than females. Recently, interest in female aggression has been rekindled due to the suggestion by Crick and others that females aggress primarily by attacking personal relationships, (i.e., gossiping about others, excluding them from play groups, manipulating friendships); this form of aggression has been termed "relational aggression". Numerous studies have examined the relationship of relational aggression to negative outcomes such as peer rejection, loneliness and depression. However, relational aggression may fulfil a normative function in female social development by serving to create and maintain the intimate dyads that are the hallmark of girls' social interactions. In the present research, the relationship of gossip and exclusion to friendship intimacy and social competence was examined. Eighty-seven girls, 39 drawn from grades 4--5 and 48 drawn from grade 8 participated in the study. Engaging in negative gossip and exclusion were predictive of lower peer acceptance, which partially supported the hypothesis that these are dysfunctional behaviours. However, support for the positive role of these behaviours was obtained within the realm of friendship. Exclusion of peers from play was predictive of friendship intimacy in younger subjects, and interview data further supported the idea that these behaviours may help create and maintain intimate dyadic friendships: girls reported that gossip is most likely to occur in the presence of a best friend, and that the motivation behind exclusion is often preservation of a best friendship. Positive gossip, included with negative gossip in previous research, emerged as an important predictor of peer acceptance and friendship intimacy.

The current research represents the first longitudinal study using the LSI-OR, which is a modified version of the LSI-VI, on a sample of 630 adult male offenders, namely, 454 inmates and 176 probationers. Subjects were administered the LSI-OR at intake, pretreatment, or for the purposes of internal programming and were followed for an average of 2.6 years. Any recidivism was defined as any reconviction for a new offence. Overall, the findings support the use of the LSI-OR as the risk/needs measure for institutional, community offenders as well as special offender groups, including females and young offenders. From a variety of psychometric analyses, the LSI-OR demonstrated more than adequate reliability estimates that were superior to those reported for the LSI-VI and the PCL-R. Adult male offenders from the institutional sample were more likely to recidivate both generally (61.9% vs 35.2%) and violently (27.1% vs 16.5%) compared to adult males who were under community supervision. Institutional offenders were also known to reoffend sooner than their community counterparts as demonstrated through survival analyses. The General Risk/Need Factor section which samples the major risk/need predictors correlated with general recidivism very significantly ( r = .39). The largest association with general recidivism was produced by the Criminal History subscale (r = .40). Special offender groups, namely, a mentally disordered, domestic violence, and sex offender group, were identified from LSI-OR items, and were subjected to several analyses. The General Risk/Need Factor total score and the Specific Risk/Need Factor section total scores differentiated recidivists and nonrecidivists for the special offender groups. Several stepwise multiple regression analyses were examined using the General Risk/Need Factor and the Specific Risk/Need Factor subscales, the LSI-OR Factors, and all the sections of the LSI-OR as the independent variables in separate analyses. Recidivism as the dependent measure was used as a dichotomous and continuous variable. The recidivism factors were also used in the regressions. The general pattern of predictors for general recidivism included criminal history, procriminal attitudes, and companions for the combined sample with a multiple R of .43. For the prediction of violent recidivism, the Antisocial Pattern and the History subscale contributed uniquely to the regression equation for the combined sample with a multiple R of .39. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Cette thèse vise à examiner la relation entre la sécurité de l'attachement et le décodage de l'expression non verbale des émotions du partenaire et dune personne étrangère. L'attachement est un lien émotif qui nous relie à une autre personne dont l'accessibilité et la disponibilité réelles ou perçues, vont affecter notre sentiment de sécurité intérieure. Les recherches portant sur l'attachement à l'âge adulte suggèrent l'existence de liens entre la sécurité de l'attachement et différents aspects de la relation amoureuse dont la reconnaissance de l'expression des émotions du partenaire. Nous avons mis sur pied un contexte expérimental proche de la réalité quotidienne qui nous permettait de pousser plus avant l'examen de cette relation. À l'instar de l'importance accordée à la sensibilité maternelle dans la recherche sur l'attachement chez l'enfant, la sensibilité émotionnelle nous apparaissait être un élément crucial de la relation amoureuse. Nous croyions que l'insécurité de l'attachement rendrait compte d'un déficit dans la reconnaissance de l'expression émotionnelle, en raison de l'exclusion de certaines données dans le traitement de l'information. L'exclusion de certaines informations pertinentes à l'attachement serait une défense utilisée par les personnes de style non sécurisant afin de se prémunir contre la prise de conscience de certaines données affligeantes. Leurs représentations négatives de soi et de la figure d'attachement limitant les possibilités de transiger directement avec certaines informations qui pourraient susciter la peur de la dépendance ou l'anxiété d'abandon. Afin de vérifier l'hypothèse de recherche, nous avons demandé à 40 participants, dont 20 de style sécurisant et 20 de style non sécurisant, de tenter d'identifier les expressions émotionnelles de leur conjoint et d'une personne étrangère. Ensuite, des analyses de la variance sur schème complètement aléatoire ont été effectuées sur les cotes de reconnaissance émotionnelle obtenues par ces deux groupes de participants. Le facteur attachement était la variable indépendante et les cotes moyennes de reconnaissance des émotions étaient les variables dépendantes. Bien que nous nous soyons assurés de la valeur psychométrique de nos instruments de mesures ainsi que de la puissance de nos analyses, les résultats n'indiquent pas de relation entre l'insécurité de l'attachement et le décodage de l'expression non verbale des émotions de son partenaire et d'une personne étrangère. Par contre, l'analyse des biais de jugement indique que l'insécurité de l'attachement affecte l'utilisation de certaines catégories d'émotions. Nous discutons des implications de nos résultats sur la compréhension du fonctionnement des modèles internes d'attachement dans la relation amoureuse.