The field of Instructional Design and Technology has produced several instructional frameworks grounded in educational psychology to provide guidance for effective learning. The realm of athletics is an area that can benefit from these instructional frameworks by providing systematic methods to facilitate an efficient learning process. This study employed Gagne's Nine Events of Instruction to develop instructional guidelines for psychomotor skill learning of athletic movements to enhance athletic performance. This design and development study conducted model research through model development and model validation. Components of the guidelines reflected the Nine Events and were supported by research in motor skill learning in sports. These guidelines were then validated by subject matter experts and revised based on their recommendations. / Ph. D.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One (MAWTS-1) command requested a sleep and performance study of the instructors and students of Weapons and Tactics Instructor (WTI) course 2- 16. Specifically, MAWTS-1 leadership wanted to know whether crew rest periods were being used for sleep and whether fatigue posed a risk to personnel during the course. This thesis expanded upon prior studies in military educational environments. The WTI 2-16 study collected sleep and performance data via wrist-worn actigraphy and psychomotor vigilance tests (PVT). Sleep duration and efficiency remained high throughout the course, but participation waned before the study ended. Both instructors and students appeared to receive adequate sleep of good quality (overall mean 7.4 hrs/night). There was little variability in the sleep patterns (i.e., WTI participants were abiding by the crew rest regulations). Compliance posed a significant challenge and limited the ability to correlate sleep to performance. We also measured self-reported fatigue and mood using standardized questionnaires. Results from subjective assessments showed a significant increase in self-reported fatigue as the course progressed. This thesis outlines a detailed methodology and lessons learned for follow-on studies of this type and recommends improvements to future studies. / Major, United States Marine Corps

Yue Xiaomin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 47-55). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1 --- Neuronal Synchronization --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Synchronization and attention --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- METHODOLOGY OF EEG SIGNAL ANALYSIS / Chapter 1 --- A time series and a stochastic process --- p.8 / Chapter 2 --- Methods to capture neuronal synchronization --- p.10 / Chapter 3 --- Disadvantage of traditional method to calculate coherent --- p.11 / Chapter 4 --- Multivariate AutoRegressive model (MVAR) --- p.12 / Chapter 5 --- Estimation algorithm of MVAR model --- p.15 / Chapter 6 --- Validation of the algorithm by simulation --- p.17 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS / Chapter 1 --- Experiment --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Participants and experimental procedures --- p.21 / Chapter 1.2 --- EEG recording and processing --- p.22 / Chapter 1.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.23 / Chapter 2 --- Experiment / Chapter 2.1 --- Participants and experimental procedures --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2 --- EEG recording and processing --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and discussion --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION / Chapter 1 --- Functional connection between different cortical areas --- p.42 / Chapter 2 --- Relationship of coherence to motor behavior --- p.45 / Chapter 3 --- Automatic synchronization --- p.46 / Reference --- p.48

The cost of sleepiness-related accidents runs into tens of billions of dollars per year in America alone (Leger, 1994), and can play a contributing role in motor vehicle accidents and large-scale industrial disasters (Reason, 1990). Likewise, the effects of an ill-timed distraction or otherwise lack of attention to a main task can be the difference between elevated risk, or simply a lack of productivity. The interaction between sleepiness and distraction is poorly researched, and little is known about the mechanisms and scale of the problems associated by this interaction. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of sleepiness and distraction using overnight and daytime sleepiness with various levels of distraction on three tasks ranging from a simple vigilance task to a challenging luggage x-ray inspection task. The first and second studies examined overnight sleepiness (7pm to 7am) for twenty-four healthy participants (m = 23.2yrs old - same for both studies) using a psychomotor task compared to a systems monitoring task, while also manipulating peripheral distraction through a television playing a comedy series. The results showed significant effects of sleepiness on the psychomotor task and evidence for interactive effects of distraction, whereas the systems monitoring task showed no changes with either sleepiness or distraction. Subjects were far more prone to distraction when sleepy for both tasks, and EEG findings suggest that the alpha frequency (8-13Hz) power increases reflect impairments of performance. There is a decaying . exponential relationship between the probability of a subject's eyes being open as the response time increases, such that longer responses above three seconds are 95% likely to have occurred with the eyes closed. The third study used a sample of twelve young (m = 20.8yrs) and twelve older (m = 60.0yrs) participants, and examined the effects of sleep restriction (< 5hrs vs normal sleep) with three levels of distraction (no distraction, peripheral in the form of television and cognitive distraction as a simulated conversation by means of verbal fluency task). The task used was an x-ray luggage search simulator that is functionally similar to the task used for airport security screening. The practice day showed that speed and accuracy on the task improved with successive sessions, but that the older group were markedly slower and less accurate than the younger group even before the experimental manipulations. There was no effect of daytime sleep restriction for either the younger or older groups between the two experimental days. However, distraction was found to impair the performance of both young and old, with the cognitive distraction proving to be the most difficult condition. Overall, it is concluded that overnight sleepiness impairs performance in monotonous tasks, but these risks can be diminished by making tasks more engaging. Distractions can affect performance, but may be difficult to quantify as subjects create strategies that allow themselves to attend to distractions during the undemanding moments of a task. Continuous cognitive distraction does affect performance, particularly in older subjects, who are less able to manage concurrent demands effectively. Humans appear capable of coping Sleepiness and Distraction iv with a 40% loss of their usual sleep quota or 24-hours of sleep restriction on complex tasks, but performance degrades markedly on monotonous tasks. Performances for simple and complex tasks are impaired by distracters when the effect of distraction is large enough, but the magnitude of impairment depends on how challenging the task is or how well the subject is able to cope with the distractions.

published_or_final_version / Psychology / Master / Master of Philosophy

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters’ Degree in Technology: Chiropractic, Durban University of Technology, 2013. / Background: Motor learning theories indicate that training improves motor performance by reducing variability and increasing task control. Elastic tubing and tyre resistance training methods may allow for the development of control over the dynamics of spinal manipulation. This study thus aimed to determine whether training with elastic tubing and tyre resistance, in conjunction with the standard manipulative training at the Durban University of Technology, resulted in the development of control of the dynamics of manipulation compared to training with the standard training alone. Methods: A quantitative, prospective, experimental cohort design was used. Fifty-three participants were randomly allocated into tyre or elastic tubing resistance training intervention groups, or the control group. All groups continued with the standard manipulative training at the Durban University of Technology. The dynamics of manipulation were measured with the Dynadjust pre-, mid- and post-training. The SPSS was utilised to compute the parametric and non-parametric analyses. Results: The results showed no statistically significant differences over time for any of the measured dynamics of manipulation. None of the groups (excluding the control group for S-I manipulation) developed control of the relationships between the dynamics. Overall, there was no difference between the groups with regards to development of control of the dynamics. Conclusion: The results suggest that the additional training methods, should be carefully considered when employed over a short term. Study limitations include the sample size and the effect of outliers, therefore any firm conclusions drawn from this study are required to be interpreted with caution.

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Tyrimo tikslas - įvertinti klausos negalią turinčių sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių vyrų psichomotorinės reakcijos ir hemodinamikos rodiklius, priklausomai nuo fizinio krūvio bei kurtumo pobūdžio. Tyrimo hipotezė - įvertinus sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių vyrų su klausos negalia psichomotorinės reakcijos rodiklius po fizinio krūvio mėginio, reakcijos laikas nesportuojančių grupėje bus ilgesnis, o lyginant pagal kurtumo pobūdį, sportuojančių asmenų, turinčių įgytą kurtumą, reakcijos laikas bus trumpesnis. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti sportuojančių vyrų su klausos negalia, paprastosios ir sudėtingosios reakcijos laikus prieš ir po krūvio mėginio ir palyginti su nesportuojančių vyrų, turinčių klausos negalią, rodikliais. 2. Nustatyti klausos negalią turinčių sportuojančių vyrų psichomotorinės paprastosios ir sudėtingosios reakcijos laiką, priklausomai nuo kurtumo pobūdžio prieš ir po krūvio mėginio. 3. Įvertinti klausos negalią turinčių sportuojančių vyrų hemodinamikos rodiklių (dvigubos sandaugos), paprastosios ir sudėtingos reakcijos pokyčius, taikant 6 minučių ėjimo testą, priklausomai nuo kurtumo pobūdžio. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrime dalyvavo 22 jauno amžiaus kurtumo negalią turintys vyrai. Tiriamąją grupę sudarė kurčiųjų krepšinio rinktinės žaidėjai (amžius 23,80±2,6 metai), (45,5 proc., n=10), kontrolinę grupę – nesportuojantys, kurtumo negalią turintys vyrai (amžius 21,75±1,8 metai), (54,5 proc., n=12). Tyrimai buvo atlikti LSU Judesių valdymo laboratorijoje naudojant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study was – to evaluate psychomotor reactions and hemodynamic indices of sporstmen with hearing impairment and male persons who did not go in for sport. Hypothesis – The time of psychomotor reaction comparing sporstmen and people who do not do sports with hearing impairment subject to physical strain the time will be longer of those who do not go in for sport. And according deafness nature the reaction time will be longer in the group of sporstmen subject to acquired deafness nature. Objectives of the study: 1. To evaluate the time of simple and complex reaction before and after strain sample of sportsmen with hearing impairment and people who do not do sports with hearing impairment. 2. To estimate psychomotoric simple and complex reaction time of sportsmen with hearing impairment, subject to deafness nature before and after strain sample. 3. To evaluate hemodynamic parameters (double product) simple and complex reaction change of sportsmen with hearing impairment invoking 6 min. walking test subject to deafness nature. Research methods. Twenty two young people with hearing impairment took part in the study. There were deaf national basketball team players in the searching group (age 23,80±2,6), (45,5%., n=10), People with hearing impairment who do not go in for sport were in a control group (age 21,75±1,8 ), (54,5%., n=12). Researches were made in Lithuanian sports university (LSU) using analyser (DPA – 1) (p. No. 5251; 2005 08 25) of human hands and... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.