Estimates of healthy years of life lost due to mental illness are increasing, calling greater attention to the provision of effective psychotherapy services. Hypothesized to be the key mechanism through which competencies are developed in trainee clinicians and subsequent client outcomes, clinical supervision is deserving of greater attention. Drawing on a sample of supervisors, trainees, and clients from a training clinic, the present study sought to clarify the relational factors that could facilitate the asserted supervisor-client outcome link and to better understand if, and how, clinical supervisors influence client outcomes. With the exception of supervisor openness to experience, supervisor factors did not predict meaningful variance in client outcomes. Trainee extraversion and openness to experience predicted significant variance in leader-member exchange and supervisory working alliance. Dispositional trainee factors (e.g., personality) appear to impact trainee perceptions of the supervisory relationship. Implications for training and development are discussed, in addition to directions for future research.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar contribuições da Supervisão Clínico-Institucional para a interface Psicanálise e Saúde Mental em CAPS AD (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para usuários de Álcool e Drogas) servindo-se, para tal, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas aos supervisores de CAPS AD da cidade do Recife. Ressaltando o lugar de Supervisão não o único tampouco o principal, mas lugar estratégico nos CAPS AD para articular clínica e instituição a partir da ética da psicanálise, tais depoimentos assumem relevo ao que testemunham de efeitos em sua prática, ao identificar impasses e erigir questões na busca por avançar. Intervir sob a necessidade lógica do lugar de exceção na instituição foi destacada e testemunhada como condição estruturante à construção de um projeto coletivo, sustentando no modelo horizontal dos CAPS AD a instauração de diferenças de lugar na equipe. Tal corte é condição para evitar formação de massa a dois equipe-usuário, para instaurar uma abertura ao não-todo que não se confunda com todo-não (Lebrun, 2009). Poder prescindir do lugar de exceção sob a condição de servir-se deste é operar efeitos de uma transmissão da psicanálise, rumar à assunção do impossível do rapport sexual, castração enquanto motor da clínica e de uma formação continuada. Enquanto limite e desafio, a construção de balizadores clínicos que respeite a diversidade de formações acadêmicas e ainda assim norteie-se pela ética da psicanálise ressaltou uma transferência de trabalho que sustente a construção de um projeto clínico no coletivo, levando em conta a função psíquica da droga para o sujeito, rumando à contramão da démarche segregativa do discurso da ciência e do discurso capitalista. Para além das diferenças de conhecimento, há um saber que habita cada um que se confronta ao Real da clínica. Neste sentido, sair da queixa para a demanda de trabalho por um desejo de analista que sustente transmissão da psicanálise é travessia do escudo (sic) para o escuto, mudança de letra que situa o real de uma mudança de posição de bela alma para avançar rumo a escuta do sujeito do inconsciente, escuta de um corpo de desejo e de gozo. / This work has for objective to investigate the contributions of Supervision Clinic-Institucional for the interface Psychoanalisis and Mental Health in CAPS AD (Psychosocial Care Center for users of Alcohol and Drugs), using, for this point, semi-structured interviews realized with supervisors of CAPS AD from Recife City. Giving place to the supervision not as the the only one either the principal, but as strategic place in the CAPS AD to articulate Clinic and Institution through the Psychoanalitical Ethics, the interviews put in highlights the efects of their practice while identifies impasses and put important questions for cross them and go ahead in this construction. Intervene in the logic necessity of the exception place in the institution was point as structuring condition to build a colective project, sustaining in the horizontal model of the CAPS AD the introduction of differences of the places in the team work. Such cut is the condition to avoid the formation of the two mass between the team work an the user of the institution, for establish an opening to the no-all, which dont confuse with all-no (Lebrun, 2009). Can do without the exception place by the condition of serving of this is operate effects of a psychoanalitical transmission, assumption of the impossible of the sexual rapport, castration as the engine from the clinic and the continued formation. As a limit and a challenge, the construction of a clinical direction which respect the diversity of the academical formations and has as a north the Psychoanalitical Ethics highlights an work in transference that can sustain the construction of a political project in the colective group, attentive to the psychic function of the drug for the subject, resisting to the segregation of the science speech and de capitalist speech. For beyond the knowledge diferences, there is a know which reside in each one which confronts to the Real of the clinic. On this direction, go out of the complaint to go to the labor demand throught an analist desire, which sustain the psychoanalitical transmission, is crossing the shield (sic) to the listen, change position which situates the Real change to go out of the beautiful soul position for can listening the inconscient subject, listen a body which desire and enjoy.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte_1.pdf: 40792711 bytes, checksum: ddb2feade0fa474d397b9509905ae5a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work has for objective to investigate the contributions of Supervision Clinic-Institucional for the interface Psychoanalisis and Mental Health in CAPS AD (Psychosocial Care Center for users of Alcohol and Drugs), using, for this point, semi-structured interviews realized with supervisors of CAPS AD from Recife City. Giving place to the supervision not as the the only one either the principal , but as strategic place in the CAPS AD to articulate Clinic and Institution through the Psychoanalitical Ethics, the interviews put in highlights the efects of their practice while identifies impasses and put important questions for cross them and go ahead in this construction. Intervene in the logic necessity of the exception place in the institution was point as structuring condition to build a colective project, sustaining in the horizontal model of the CAPS AD the introduction of differences of the places in the team work. Such cut is the condition to avoid the formation of the two mass between the team work an the user of the institution, for establish an opening to the no-all, which don´t confuse with all-no (Lebrun, 2009). Can do without the exception place by the condition of serving of this is operate effects of a psychoanalitical transmission, assumption of the impossible of the sexual rapport, castration as the engine from the clinic and the continued formation. As a limit and a challenge, the construction of a clinical direction which respect the diversity of the academical formations and has as a north the Psychoanalitical Ethics highlights an work in transference that can sustain the construction of a political project in the colective group, attentive to the psychic function of the drug for the subject, resisting to the segregation of the science speech and de capitalist speech. For beyond the knowledge diferences, there is a know which reside in each one which confronts to the Real of the clinic. On this direction, go out of the complaint to go to the labor demand throught an analist desire, which sustain the psychoanalitical transmission, is crossing the shield (sic) to the listen , change position which situates the Real change to go out of the beautiful soul position for can listening the inconscient subject, listen a body which desire and enjoy. / A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo investigar contribuições da Supervisão Clínico-Institucional para a interface Psicanálise e Saúde Mental em CAPS AD (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial para usuários de Álcool e Drogas) servindo-se, para tal, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas aos supervisores de CAPS AD da cidade do Recife. Ressaltando o lugar de Supervisão não o único tampouco o principal , mas lugar estratégico nos CAPS AD para articular clínica e instituição a partir da ética da psicanálise, tais depoimentos assumem relevo ao que testemunham de efeitos em sua prática, ao identificar impasses e erigir questões na busca por avançar. Intervir sob a necessidade lógica do lugar de exceção na instituição foi destacada e testemunhada como condição estruturante à construção de um projeto coletivo, sustentando no modelo horizontal dos CAPS AD a instauração de diferenças de lugar na equipe. Tal corte é condição para evitar formação de massa a dois equipe-usuário, para instaurar uma abertura ao não-todo que não se confunda com todo-não (Lebrun, 2009). Poder prescindir do lugar de exceção sob a condição de servir-se deste é operar efeitos de uma transmissão da psicanálise, rumar à assunção do impossível do rapport sexual, castração enquanto motor da clínica e de uma formação continuada. Enquanto limite e desafio, a construção de balizadores clínicos que respeite a diversidade de formações acadêmicas e ainda assim norteie-se pela ética da psicanálise ressaltou uma transferência de trabalho que sustente a construção de um projeto clínico no coletivo, levando em conta a função psíquica da droga para o sujeito, rumando à contramão da démarche segregativa do discurso da ciência e do discurso capitalista. Para além das diferenças de conhecimento, há um saber que habita cada um que se confronta ao Real da clínica. Neste sentido, sair da queixa para a demanda de trabalho por um desejo de analista que sustente transmissão da psicanálise é travessia do escudo (sic) para o escuto , mudança de letra que situa o real de uma mudança de posição de bela alma para avançar rumo a escuta do sujeito do inconsciente, escuta de um corpo de desejo e de gozo.

The study investigated the extent of burnout condition among counsellors in Kenya. The sources of burnout were explored and personality style was positively correlated with burnout development. Impact of burnout on counsellor wellness and productivity was also established. It examined whether counsellor supervision was an appropriate strategy in the management of counsellor burnout. The study utilized a pluralistic design that combined both qualitative and quantitative methods (Howard, 1983). The qualitative design permitted collection of rich data from study subjects' experiential and perceptual fields. This ensured study findings would be relevant and applicable to specific counsellor situations. The study population comprised 20 counsellors and 9 Kenya Counselling Association (KCA) accredited counsellor supervisors. The counsellor sample was drawn from 2 Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres, 2 rehabilitation centres and 2 educational institutions. This diverse population was a helpful representation in terms of generalizability of the study. Three data collection instruments utilized were: Questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The study's validity and reliability were ensured through the two sample populations (counsellor and counsellor supervisors), test re-test and pre-test procedures for questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Tallying identified items checked content validity. The study findings showed that burnout seriously affected practitioner effectiveness and led to malpractice and client harm. The study predictably established that supervision is an appropriate strategy in the management of counsellor burnout. The metaphor of motor vehicle maintenance was utilized in the development of the Holistic Burnout Supervision Model (HBSM) that focussed on wellness maintenance of the counsellor in a lifecycle. HBSM identified two levels in wellness maintenance: Preventative (servicing) and curative (repair). The study recommended that counselor - training institutions should incorporate in their curriculum burnout and supervision modules. This would create awareness about burnout and appropriate prevention strategies at counsellor formation stages. People care agencies should also institutionalize the burnout supervision facility in order to ensure counsellor resiliency and vitality. / Psychology / D. Phil (Psychology)

In South Africa the Center for Child Youth and Family Studies is training practitioners yearly to work as play therapists from a gestalt approach. Once these practitioners successfully complete their training and qualify they could begin practicing play therapy from a gestalt approach. Each of these recently qualified play therapists is then responsible for organising and committing to their own supervision. Therapists who do not attend supervision risk stagnation and burn out due to a lack of positive interaction in relation to receiving knowledge and support from those more experienced in gestalt play therapy and from their peers. At present there is a perceived lack of supervision resources based on a gestalt approach particularly for those recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach that are geographically distant from the areas where training takes place. This study sought to answer the question of what supervision resources are currently available to recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach in South Africa. In order to answer this question combined quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. An internet survey questionnaire was completed by recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach which formed part of the quantitative section of the research. Structured interviews were conducted via Skype with professionals experienced in the field of Gestalt therapy theory and supervision from a gestalt approach and this formed part of the qualitative section of the research. Overall the results from the merged data indicate a lack of supervisors qualified to give supervision based on a gestalt approach. This factor contributes to the overall lack of supervision resources based on a gestalt approach for recently qualified play therapists working from this approach. Geographical distance from supervision resources places financial and time constraints on recently qualified play therapists that prevent them from accessing supervision based on a gestalt approach. Despite this results indicate those recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach are attempting to meet their responsibility and requirement for supervision. / Psychology / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

The study investigated the extent of burnout condition among counsellors in Kenya. The sources of burnout were explored and personality style was positively correlated with burnout development. Impact of burnout on counsellor wellness and productivity was also established. It examined whether counsellor supervision was an appropriate strategy in the management of counsellor burnout. The study utilized a pluralistic design that combined both qualitative and quantitative methods (Howard, 1983). The qualitative design permitted collection of rich data from study subjects' experiential and perceptual fields. This ensured study findings would be relevant and applicable to specific counsellor situations. The study population comprised 20 counsellors and 9 Kenya Counselling Association (KCA) accredited counsellor supervisors. The counsellor sample was drawn from 2 Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) centres, 2 rehabilitation centres and 2 educational institutions. This diverse population was a helpful representation in terms of generalizability of the study. Three data collection instruments utilized were: Questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews. The study's validity and reliability were ensured through the two sample populations (counsellor and counsellor supervisors), test re-test and pre-test procedures for questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Tallying identified items checked content validity. The study findings showed that burnout seriously affected practitioner effectiveness and led to malpractice and client harm. The study predictably established that supervision is an appropriate strategy in the management of counsellor burnout. The metaphor of motor vehicle maintenance was utilized in the development of the Holistic Burnout Supervision Model (HBSM) that focussed on wellness maintenance of the counsellor in a lifecycle. HBSM identified two levels in wellness maintenance: Preventative (servicing) and curative (repair). The study recommended that counselor - training institutions should incorporate in their curriculum burnout and supervision modules. This would create awareness about burnout and appropriate prevention strategies at counsellor formation stages. People care agencies should also institutionalize the burnout supervision facility in order to ensure counsellor resiliency and vitality. / Psychology / D. Phil (Psychology)

In South Africa the Center for Child Youth and Family Studies is training practitioners yearly to work as play therapists from a gestalt approach. Once these practitioners successfully complete their training and qualify they could begin practicing play therapy from a gestalt approach. Each of these recently qualified play therapists is then responsible for organising and committing to their own supervision. Therapists who do not attend supervision risk stagnation and burn out due to a lack of positive interaction in relation to receiving knowledge and support from those more experienced in gestalt play therapy and from their peers. At present there is a perceived lack of supervision resources based on a gestalt approach particularly for those recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach that are geographically distant from the areas where training takes place. This study sought to answer the question of what supervision resources are currently available to recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach in South Africa. In order to answer this question combined quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. An internet survey questionnaire was completed by recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach which formed part of the quantitative section of the research. Structured interviews were conducted via Skype with professionals experienced in the field of Gestalt therapy theory and supervision from a gestalt approach and this formed part of the qualitative section of the research. Overall the results from the merged data indicate a lack of supervisors qualified to give supervision based on a gestalt approach. This factor contributes to the overall lack of supervision resources based on a gestalt approach for recently qualified play therapists working from this approach. Geographical distance from supervision resources places financial and time constraints on recently qualified play therapists that prevent them from accessing supervision based on a gestalt approach. Despite this results indicate those recently qualified play therapists working from a gestalt approach are attempting to meet their responsibility and requirement for supervision. / Psychology / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

Text in Afrikaans / Die objek van studie in hierdie proefskrif is ietwat ongewoon. Die studie is outobiografies en is gegrond op die aanname dat daar tussen die psigoterapeut, sy geskiedenis, die wetenskap (etnografie en tweede-orde kubernetika) en die klient(e) 'n unieke patroonverband bestaan. Die psigoterapeut in die platteland het weens afstand of finansies nie altyd die voorreg om supervisie van 'n eksterne supervisor te ontvang nie. In so 'n situasie kan selfsupervisie, deurdat dit 'n proses van selfontdekking is, 'n belangrike rol in die psigoterapeut se selfontwikkeling speel. Selfsupervisie plaas die klem op die psigoterapeut as persoon en as terapeut; oor wie hy is, waar hy vandaan kom en waarheen hy binne die psigoterapeutiese proses op pad is. Vir enige psigoterapeut is dit belangrik om na 'n hoer vlak van psigoterapie te streef. Hierdie strewe impliseer 'n proses van selfondersoek, delwing, selfevaluasie en disseksie. Hierdie proses is aan die hand van dagboekinskrywings gedoen, waar die psigoterapeut sy daaglikse ervarings en gebeurtenisse vanuit die verlede interpreteer het. Dit plaas die psigoterapeut as hoofspeler, met sy familiegeskiedenis en huidige interpersoonlike opset as inherente deel van sy mondering, op die voorgrond. In hierdie proses word die psigoterapeut sentraal geplaas met die klem op eie verantwoordelikheid met betrekking tot die proses van selfsupervisie. Die probleme wat deur hierdie persoonlik gekleurde, wetenskaplike studie aangespreek word, is probleme wat die psigoterapeut deur middel van sy selfsupervisie ge1dentifiseer het. So 'n selfondersoek lei tot 'n diepere selfkennis wat die psigoterapeut tot voordeel van homself, sy gesinsisteem en klientsisteem kan gebruik. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om 'n nuwe wyse van navorsing te identifiseer. Dit is omvattend en lei tot persoonlike vervulling asook diepere selfkennis en is 'n man waardeur ander psigoterapeute ook hulself en hul werelde kan ontdek. Dit is 'n stadige en pynlike proses. Hoofstukke 1 tot 4 is die teoretiese, wetenskaplike beredenering van die studie en hoofstukke 5 tot 12 is 'n uitbeelding van die geskiedenis van die psigoterapeut. Hoofstuk 13 plaas selfsupervisie as selfevalueringsmetode binne die psigoterapeutiese beroep. / The object of this study somewhat unusual. The study is an autobiography based on the assumption that there exists an unique patterned connection between the psychotherapist, his history, science (ethnography and second-order cybernetics), and his clients. Due to distance or financial problems, a rural psychotherapist cannot experience the privilege of supervision with an external supervisor. In such a situation selfsupervision could play an important role in the self-development, because it includes a search of self that will lead to more effectiveness in psychotherapy. Self-supervision focuses on the psychotherapist as a person and therapist, who he is, where he comes from, and in what direction he, as a psychotherapist, is developing within the psychotherapeutic process. It is important to any psychotherapist to strive towards a higher level of psychotherapy. This implies a process of selfinvestigation, dissection and self-evaluation. This process was conducted by means of diary entries in which the psychotherapist interpreted his daily experiences and events in terms of his past. This places the psychotherapist, with his family history and current interpersonal situation, as intrinsic parts of himself, in the foreground. In this process the psychotherapist takes centre stage with emphasis on his responsibility concerning the process of self-supervision. The problems addressed by this personally coloured, scientific study, are problems that the psychotherapist identified through the process of self-supervision and introspection. Such introspection leads to a deeper personal knowledge which the psychotherapist can use to his own benefit but also to the benefit of his family and client system. This study is an attempt to identify a new way of research. It is comprehensive and leads to personal fulfilment and deeper self-knowledge and is also a method by which other psychotherapists could discover themselves and their worlds. It is a slow and painful process. Chapters 1 to 4 comprise of the theoretical rationale of the study and chapters 5 to 12 depict the history of the psychotherapist. Chapter 13 situates self-supervision as a method of self-evaluation in the profession of psychotherapy. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil.

Text in Afrikaans / Die objek van studie in hierdie proefskrif is ietwat ongewoon. Die studie is outobiografies en is gegrond op die aanname dat daar tussen die psigoterapeut, sy geskiedenis, die wetenskap (etnografie en tweede-orde kubernetika) en die klient(e) 'n unieke patroonverband bestaan. Die psigoterapeut in die platteland het weens afstand of finansies nie altyd die voorreg om supervisie van 'n eksterne supervisor te ontvang nie. In so 'n situasie kan selfsupervisie, deurdat dit 'n proses van selfontdekking is, 'n belangrike rol in die psigoterapeut se selfontwikkeling speel. Selfsupervisie plaas die klem op die psigoterapeut as persoon en as terapeut; oor wie hy is, waar hy vandaan kom en waarheen hy binne die psigoterapeutiese proses op pad is. Vir enige psigoterapeut is dit belangrik om na 'n hoer vlak van psigoterapie te streef. Hierdie strewe impliseer 'n proses van selfondersoek, delwing, selfevaluasie en disseksie. Hierdie proses is aan die hand van dagboekinskrywings gedoen, waar die psigoterapeut sy daaglikse ervarings en gebeurtenisse vanuit die verlede interpreteer het. Dit plaas die psigoterapeut as hoofspeler, met sy familiegeskiedenis en huidige interpersoonlike opset as inherente deel van sy mondering, op die voorgrond. In hierdie proses word die psigoterapeut sentraal geplaas met die klem op eie verantwoordelikheid met betrekking tot die proses van selfsupervisie. Die probleme wat deur hierdie persoonlik gekleurde, wetenskaplike studie aangespreek word, is probleme wat die psigoterapeut deur middel van sy selfsupervisie ge1dentifiseer het. So 'n selfondersoek lei tot 'n diepere selfkennis wat die psigoterapeut tot voordeel van homself, sy gesinsisteem en klientsisteem kan gebruik. Hierdie studie is 'n poging om 'n nuwe wyse van navorsing te identifiseer. Dit is omvattend en lei tot persoonlike vervulling asook diepere selfkennis en is 'n man waardeur ander psigoterapeute ook hulself en hul werelde kan ontdek. Dit is 'n stadige en pynlike proses. Hoofstukke 1 tot 4 is die teoretiese, wetenskaplike beredenering van die studie en hoofstukke 5 tot 12 is 'n uitbeelding van die geskiedenis van die psigoterapeut. Hoofstuk 13 plaas selfsupervisie as selfevalueringsmetode binne die psigoterapeutiese beroep. / The object of this study somewhat unusual. The study is an autobiography based on the assumption that there exists an unique patterned connection between the psychotherapist, his history, science (ethnography and second-order cybernetics), and his clients. Due to distance or financial problems, a rural psychotherapist cannot experience the privilege of supervision with an external supervisor. In such a situation selfsupervision could play an important role in the self-development, because it includes a search of self that will lead to more effectiveness in psychotherapy. Self-supervision focuses on the psychotherapist as a person and therapist, who he is, where he comes from, and in what direction he, as a psychotherapist, is developing within the psychotherapeutic process. It is important to any psychotherapist to strive towards a higher level of psychotherapy. This implies a process of selfinvestigation, dissection and self-evaluation. This process was conducted by means of diary entries in which the psychotherapist interpreted his daily experiences and events in terms of his past. This places the psychotherapist, with his family history and current interpersonal situation, as intrinsic parts of himself, in the foreground. In this process the psychotherapist takes centre stage with emphasis on his responsibility concerning the process of self-supervision. The problems addressed by this personally coloured, scientific study, are problems that the psychotherapist identified through the process of self-supervision and introspection. Such introspection leads to a deeper personal knowledge which the psychotherapist can use to his own benefit but also to the benefit of his family and client system. This study is an attempt to identify a new way of research. It is comprehensive and leads to personal fulfilment and deeper self-knowledge and is also a method by which other psychotherapists could discover themselves and their worlds. It is a slow and painful process. Chapters 1 to 4 comprise of the theoretical rationale of the study and chapters 5 to 12 depict the history of the psychotherapist. Chapter 13 situates self-supervision as a method of self-evaluation in the profession of psychotherapy. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil.

This qualitative study aimed to trace the psychotherapeutic development of clinical and counselling psychologists across the careerspan within the South African context. Through purposive sampling 34 psychologists were recruited according to the inclusion criteria of the study. Five distinct career levels were explored, namely, student (n=10), intern (n=7), early career (n=7), experienced (n=5), and senior (n=5) psychologists in relation to the Society of Psychotherapy Research’s international model of psychotherapist development. By means of semi-structured interviews, couched in the social constructionist position, participants’ experiences were thematically analysed from over 600 pages of transcription. Additionally, the researcher’s personal journey of developing as a psychotherapist was reflected upon. The current study found that a number of aspects fostered the development of psychotherapists. Participants reflected on personal and familial wounding events that influenced them choosing a career as a psychologist; this awareness was gradual over their development. Across theoretical orientations, participants resisted adhering to one way of working in light of the diverse South African context. However, the need to limit the number of theoretical orientations taught within the first months of training was proposed. Professional sources of influence highlighted by participants were personal therapy and peer supervision or reading groups. Qualified professionals to a lesser extent made use of individual supervision which when pursued needed to be a ‘felt’ collaboration. Participants found as they developed they became more comfortable being a psychotherapist however the complexity of cases still kept them humble. Limitations of the study, potential future research directions as well as recommendations for practicing clinical and counselling psychology were outlined. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)