Master of science in building by advanced coursework and research : A research report submitted to the faculty of engineering and built environment, university of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the master degree od science in building. / In 1997, the South African government introduced Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) as an innovative procurement mechanism, in the form of a policy to regulate the delivery of public assets and services over a protracted period or concession. PPPs involve private sector entities in the form of a consortium or Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), which signs a Project Agreement with Government and takes responsibility for delivering the infrastructure and long-term service though funding, designing, building, operating and maintaining the asset or service for the duration of the concession period. The benefits of this type of procurement arise from the transfer of risk to the private entity, incentivising the entity to deliver value for money (VFM) and creating value by delivering innovative and integrated project solutions, which aim to reduce the whole life cost and maximise functionality of an asset. The aim of this research is to examine the role of facilities management at the design stage in the delivery of office accommodation through the Public Private Partnership (PPP) model and how this could reduce maintenance costs throughout the whole life of the asset. The research consists of one case study on a large and complex office accommodation-type service PPP project. It focuses on the three design defects identified, namely, the reinforced concrete floors, roof skylights and grey water tanks, and how these led to further maintenance costs that could have been avoided if proper facilities management was implemented in the design phase of the PPP. The data obtained is self-report interviews, peer review journals, public and private sector issues project documentation and expert opinions. The findings of the research indicate that the early involvement of facilities in the design phase can potentially mitigate the risk of design defects, reduce the cost of maintenance during the operational phase, improve communication with the professional team and increase the level of accountability. On the other hand, if these conditions are not met the design process suffers, as in this specific case of the headquarters of the accommodation serviced PPP project. 3 The research proved that these is limited literature on the collaboration of facilities management and design in the South African economy, as it is an emerging market which is constantly facing new developments and changes. However, the research proves due to the governance structures of PPPs, the organisation of the different private sector parties in the project development shows limited interaction. This research yielded a number of recommendations for further study of assessing the viability and feasibility of a fully integrated design solution and due to the limited literature in office accommodation service-type PPP projects other case studies of a similar nature must be analysed, in conjunction with further quantitative and qualitative research to confirm the validity of the findings. . / GR2017

A dissertation interim report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Building. / Public Private Partnerships (PPP) are a unique model for countries that wish to deliver infrastructure services to the communities they serve. This unique form of procurement combines the efforts of both the public and private sectors. PPP procurement allows governments with resource constraints to access private sector funds to implement their infrastructure and services delivery programmes. South Africa has taken a decision to adopt PPP’s as an alternative to the traditional form of infrastructure delivery. PPP’s are however a fairly new way of procurement for government departments. The delivery of PPP’s has therefore come with its own unique challenges that need to be addressed in order to make this type of procurement effective. South Africa has adopted world-class PPP procurement guidelines which are on par with those of established PPP markets. The PPP procurement process is outlined in the National Treasury’s PPP Manual and Standardised PPP Provisions. The PPP Manual provides guidelines for the implementation of the full project life-cycle of a PPP. PPP procurement forms an important part of the project lifecycle, and ensures that the outcomes of a PPP are met, being affordability, value for money, and equitable risk transfer for the contracting parties. The aim of this research was two-fold. Firstly, this research aims to investigate the time performance of the procurement process for PPP projects in South Africa. Secondly, the research aims to determine the factors that influence the time performance of the procurement process for these projects. The case study research strategy was identified as the most suitable method of addressing the research aims. The justification of the use of the case study strategy was based on the type of research questions posed, the extent of control the researcher had over behavioural events, and the ability of case studies to address the contemporary as opposed to historical events. In addition, the case study strategy was considered advantageous because it follows a rigorous methodical path that protects against threats of construct, internal and external validity. To this end, four cases were selected for the research. The cases selected were as follows:  Maropeng and Sterkfontein PPP Project;  Department of Statistics South Africa (DSSA) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project;  Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project; and  Department of Rural Development and Land Reform (DRDLR) New Head Office Accommodation PPP Project. The cases were initially analysed individually, and thereafter a cross-case analysis was conducted. The cross-case analysis was used to identify trends and associations across cases, together with any differences worth highlighting. Analytical procedures were used to analyse the time performance of the PPP procurement process from Request for Qualification (RFQ) to Financial Close. Planned and actual procurement timelines were collected from the PPP procurement documentation (i.e. RFQ and RFP documentation) and the interview respondents respectively. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect qualitative information on the factors that the respondents deemed to have influenced the time performance of the procurement process for the selected cases. The interview questions were based on insights gained from the literature review related to the factors that influence the time performance of the PPP procurement process. It is envisaged that the insights gained from the research will go a long way to improving the time performance of the procurement process for PPP projects in South Africa. An improved time performance of the procurement process can lead to quicker delivery of PPP projects to marginalised communities where the need for infrastructure services is the highest. Keywords: Construction, Procurement, Public Private Partnerships, Time Performance, South Africa.

A pesquisa desenvolvida tem como eixo central a problematização de dispositivos concernentes aos novos contornos que a educação escolar vem assumindo no processo de mediação entre o Terceiro Setor e o Estado. O estudo refere-se às parcerias público-privadas (PPP) na área educacional, desenvolvidas por duas organizações do Terceiro Setor, uma, no estado de Minas Gerais e outra, no estado de São Paulo. Foram analisados um programa desenvolvido pela Fundação Lemann (S.P) e dois programas desenvolvidos em Minas Gerais pelo Instituto Delta, braço social do Grupo Empresarial Delta. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: apreender a estrutura e funcionamento dessas ações e seus impactos na educação; identificar as fontes de recursos para subsidiar tais ações, mas, sobretudo, apreender o conteúdo e o teor das propostas da iniciativa privada e sua instalação na gestão da escola pública. A proposta metodológica desta investigação foi norteada pela abordagem das pesquisas qualitativas. A matriz epistemológica adotada ancorou-se no materialismo histórico-dialético. O procedimento utilizado foi o estudo multicasos ou casos múltiplos com o objetivo de realizar uma análise pertinente de projetos viabilizados pelas PPPs, nos dois estados, sem comprometer as singularidades e similaridades de cada realidade. A investigação demonstrou que as ações desenvolvidas pelas entidades do Terceiro Setor não resolvem a crise que se apresenta atualmente, mas, sim, são responsáveis por acentuá-la, já que colaboram para a manutenção da sociedade de classes. Espera-se que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para potencializar o debate acerca dos novos contornos do papel do estado e da educação no tempo presente. / The main topic of the research developed is the problematization of devices regarding the new characteristics that education has taken in the process of mediation between the third sector and the state. This thesis refers to public-private partnerships (PPP) in education, developed by two organizations from the third sector, one in the state of Minas Gerais and one in the state of São Paulo. We analyzed a program developed by Fundação Lemann\" (SP) and two programs developed in Minas Gerais by Instituto Delta, the social branch of Grupo Empresarial Delta. This research aimed at understanding the structure and functioning of these actions and their impact on education; identifying the sources of funds to support such actions, but above all, comprehending the content and substance of the proposals made by the private institutions and their application in public schools. The methodology of this research was guided by the qualitative research approach. The epistemology adopted is anchored in the historical and dialectical materialism. The procedure used was the multi-case or multiple cases study in order to conduct a meaningful analysis of projects made possible by PPPs in both states, without compromising the uniqueness and similarities of each reality. The research has shown that the actions undertaken by the third sector do not solve the \"crisis\" that presents itself today, but are responsible for accentuating it, as the actions contribute to the maintenance of class society. It is expected that this research will contribute to enhance the debate on the new characteristics of the states and educations role at the present time.

Nesta dissertação, Plataformas Logísticas são apresentadas como infraestruturas para integração de transportes e geração de negócios. O interesse de diversos atores (operadores logísticos, indústrias, autoridades locais e regionais) requer um complexo planejamento de atividades associadas a aspectos geográficos, operacionais, gerenciais, administrativos e econômicos. Baseando-se em experiências internacionais, destacadamente a experiência alemã com as Güterverkehrszentren, este trabalho busca sistematizar as etapas necessárias para se avaliar a viabilidade de projetos que, muitas vezes, requerem participação pública e privada. Tal interação entre entes públicos e privados deixa o processo ainda mais complexo, dados os intrínsecos conflitos de interesse ao se planejar e projetar uma Plataforma Logística. Ao se buscar o estado da arte sobre o assunto, um procedimento de análise de projetos é sugerido e sua aplicação é feita associada ao caso da Plataforma Logística de Goiás, para a qual se identificaram possíveis fatores que levaram a não conclusão do empreendimento, apesar das medidas de governança adotadas pelo Estado. / In this dissertation, logistics platforms are presented as infrastructures for the transport integration and business generation. The interest of several stakeholders (third-party logistics, industries, local and regional authorities) requires a complex plan of activities associated with geographic, operational, managerial, administrative and economic features. Based on international experiences, especially the German experience with Güterverkehrszentren, this dissertation seeks to systematize the steps needed to assess the feasibility of projects that often require public and private participation. Such interaction between public and private entities makes the process even more complex, given the inherent conflicts of interest when planning and designing a logistics platform. Considering the state of the art on the subject, a design analysis procedure is proposed and its application is in the form of case study of the Logistics Platform of Goiás, for which have been identified possible factors leading to non-completion of the project despite measures taken by the State for governance.

In modern days, along with restricted traditional funding sources and massive demand of infrastructure investment comes a significant gap of funding. Institutional investors are considered reliable sources of financing for infrastructure due to the long-term investment horizon and asset/liability management (ALM) requirement. Hence, institutional investors start to embrace infrastructure as an attractive asset class because infrastructure assets are able to generate long-term, stable, and predictable cash flows and diversify investors’ portfolios. As a result, financial innovations to encourage institutional investment have become an important issue. Asset-backed securitization (ABS) of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) infrastructure project’s receivables has been promoted in China since Dec. 2016 as an alternative financing instrument to encourage institutional investment to finance infrastructure projects. Traditional approaches of project financing are considered less attractive vis-à-vis the innovative PPPABS financing method, regarding liquidity, steady operational asset, risk sharing, bankruptcy remoteness, long maturity, and standardization. Despite these advantages, lack of knowledge and experience is still preventing project participants from seeking finance opportunities with PPPABS. In order to provide a guideline for practitioners to understand this innovative financing method, this thesis proposes a feasibility assessment framework for financing PPP infrastructure projects through ABS. Firstly, a list of 25 critical success factors (CSFs) of PPPABS is identified through a literature analysis, case studies, and expert interviews. Then a questionnaire survey is designed to collect opinions on these 25 critical factors from not only PPP stakeholders but also capital markets. Preliminary analysis is performed then to have a basic understanding of the data, including descriptive analysis, agreement analysis, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Furthermore, after applying factor analysis to reduce the dimensions of the model, 5 principal components are derived, including “Effective ABS issuance and lifetime management”, “Clear regulatory guidance”, “Robust PPP and concessional arrangements”, “Supportive capital market conditions”, and “Reliable underlying asset quality”. Based on this finding, an assessment framework and index are proposed for PPPABS financing. Afterward, a case study of the pilot batch of PPPABS in China is presented as validation of the framework. By investigating the causal relationships among the critical factors of successful PPPABS financing, an advanced model is constructed to assist the project participants to quantify the feasibility. A focus group is conducted to collect rating data from experienced experts who have participated infrastructure ABS issuance and management intensively. Structural equation modeling (SEM) method is used to analyze the rating data of PPPABS products on the market. Hypothetical models are then examined, and the best-fit model for illustration is verified and proposed. Causal relationships in this model are investigated and proved to be significant. The result indicates that “Capital market conditions”, “Underlying asset quality”, and “Regulatory guidance” are exogenous variables and affect the overall feasibility of PPPABS indirectly. Furthermore, both “ABS issuance and lifetime management” and “PPP and concessional arrangements” are endogenous variables, affecting the overall feasibility directly. The path coefficients are employed to calculate the weights allocated to each principal factor and to create the feasibility assessment index. In the end, the pilot batch of PPPABS launched in China is used again to illustrate the application in practice and validation of the advanced assessment model. As an in-depth work to understand critical pricing determinants of PPPABS, a regression analysis is performed to build a financing cost estimation model for practitioners. This work can serve as a fundamental guideline in this particular research area of ABS financing for infrastructure projects. And the proposed framework shall support the decision-making process for not only the project managers who consider financing through ABS, but also the institutional investors who consider investment opportunities in PPPABS products.

The multitude of public-private partnership (PPP) designs and interpretations reflects the lack of an authoritative definition of PPP. What each definition of PPP has in common is an emphasis on collaboration and shared decision-making towards a common goal. To explore what partnership means to PPPs that are focused on health system strengthening, the researcher conducted a literature review and two case studies: one on Labs for Life, and another on a partnership between the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Sysmex, and the Namibian Ministry of Health. The emphasis on collaboration led the researcher to use collaborative governance as a conceptual framework, drawing from a paper by Chris Ansell and Alison Gash (2007). The two PPPs varied greatly in how external factors (e.g. power and prehistory) impacted the partnership, and to what extent the PPPs embraced the collaborative process. The PPPs were similar in many ways, too – both acknowledged the importance of building trust through cultural understanding and expectation management. Third parties were key in both partnerships, enabling the collaborative process. The results of this study underscore the heavy burden that the word, partnership, carries; if public-private partnership implies the purposeful application of collaborative governance, then this study supports an alternative term: public-private interaction (PPI). This new term removes the assumption that all partners are fully equal and that decision-making processes are collaborative and consensus-oriented. Indeed, PPPs (or PPIs) come in all shapes and sizes and degrees to which they are true to collaborative governance. These findings contribute to an evidence base of lessons-learned that will enable PPPs/PPIs to focus on health system priorities while honestly assessing the relevance and application of collaborative governance.

This dissertation employs an organizational approach to examine how reentry organizations seek to provide social value as public-private partnerships with the mission statement of aiding the reintegration of the formerly incarcerated. With the help of a case study of a reentry organization in Cleveland, Ohio, I examine the sociological significance of the discursive “brokerage metaphor” of reentry organizations as brokers of the social and cultural capital the formerly incarcerated require as catalysts for their reintegration back into society. Based on ethnographic data and in-depth field interviews collected over a period of 16 months in Cleveland, Ohio, my research finds that the “brokerage metaphor” for reentry elides important factors which play an integral role in the organizational behavior of reentry organizations and the sociological experience of reentry for the formerly incarcerated. These other factors notably include the competitive and regulatory organizational environment of the reentry organization, and the intersectional identities of formerly incarcerated women. These external factors reveal the paradox of the public-private partnership represented by the reentry organization wherein some obstacles that stymie the objectives of the reentry organization might be attributed to its public partner, the government. Furthermore, my research finds that besides the brokerage of social and cultural capital, reentry organizations as public-private partnerships provide other tangible benefits for achieving the reentry of the formerly incarcerated, such as a remove from the carceral continuum that invites participation and creates the space for community-building. This dissertation research advances a new direction for the study of public-private partnerships wherein the lens of inquiry is not merely on the private partner, rather, the spotlight is also trained on the external impediments that prevent the organization from achieving full social value. This direction for research bodes well for determining appropriate and effective ethical policy interventions to addressing pressing social problems through public-private partnerships and social enterprise.

This Diploma Thesis analyzes the Brownfield issue in the Czech Republic. Relevant strategic documents are presented and constitute a framework for the Thesis study of regional development and funding concerning Brownfields. In addition, evolution of past and current approaches taken to deal with the Brownfield issue across regions of the Czech Republic has been studied. Consequently, a complex, holistic approach to Brownfield regeneration is described as a result of integration of current best practice, lessons learnt, optimal combination of Structural funding with Public Private Partnerships, risk management and other key success factors including references to examples from relevant Brownfield regeneration projects.

ABSTRACT This study examines the politics of knowledge benefit-sharing within the re-regulatory framework of the Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which entered into force in 1995 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The thesis argues that TRIPS both represents a mainstream legal mechanism for states and organisations to govern ideas through trade, and is characterised by a commercial direction away from multilateralism to bilateralism. In its post-implementation phase, this situation has seen the strongest states and corporations consolidate extensive markets in knowledge goods and services. Through analyses of the various levels of international and national governance within the competitive knowledge structure of international political economy (IPE), this study argues that the politicisation of intellectual property has resulted in the dislocation of reciprocity from its normative roots in fairness and trade equity. In conducting this enquiry the research focuses on the political manifestations of intellectual property consistent with long-standing epistemic considerations of reciprocity to test the extent to which the intrinsic public good value of knowledge and its importance to human societies can be reconciled with the privatisation of public forms of knowledge related to discoveries and innovations. This thesis draws on Becker's virtue-theoretic model of reciprocity premised on normative obligations to social life to ground its claim that an absence of substantive reciprocal requirements capable of sustaining equivalent returns and rewards is detrimental, both theoretically and practically, to the intrinsic socio-cultural foundation and public good value of knowledge. The conceptual framework of reciprocity defined and developed in this study challenges the materialist controlling authority and proprietary ownership vested in intellectual property law. A new conceptual approach proposed through reciprocity, and provoked by on-going debates about IP recognition, knowledge protection, access and distribution is advanced to counter strengthened and expanded IPRs. Theories of knowledge and property drawn from political philosophies are employed to test whether reciprocity is sufficiently robust enough, or even capable of, encompassing the gap between capital and applied science. This thesis argues that hyper-capitalism at global, national and local levels, accompanied by the boundless accumulation of technology, closes down competition both compromising IP as private rights and the viability of their governance. The political implications of the protection and enforcement of private rights through IP is examined in two key chapters utilising empirical data in relation to traditional knowledge (TK) and reciprocity; the first sets the parameters of TK and the second explores aspects of Māori knowledge systems and reciprocity directed at identifying national and local issues of significance to the debates on IP governance. As a viable direction for knowledge governance this thesis concludes that the gap between the re-regulatory trade framework of intellectual property on the one hand, and reciprocity on the other, requires closing to ameliorate the detrimental disruptions to democratic integrity, fairness and trade equity for significant numbers of communities and peoples around the world.

The field of international development has always been intertwined with the economic thought dominant in the West. Even before its conception with the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, it carried a strong Keynesian preference for the state. The neoliberal assault on the welfare state in the 80s, followed by the partnership era that brought both the public and the private sector together to work for a common cause have been the focus of attention by development scholars and others alike. The present study focuses on a multilateral development aid agency, the Global Fund, which funds public-private partnerships in the field of health care in developing countries. Drawing on the debates surrounding the welfare state and the civil society, as well as the debates surrounding the public-privates partnerships, the present study poses three questions in relation to the Global Fund: (1) how are the diseases framed in the partnership framework, (2) what are the roles of the private sector in partnership, and (3) what are the roles of the public sector in partnerships. Based on the textual analysis of fifteen proposals approved by the Global Fund in the sixth round of funding, this dissertation tries to situate the working of the Global Fund, and the proposals it funds, within the larger debates surrounding development and partnerships. The findings of the present study are: (1) the diseases are framed largely in socio-economic terms, (2) the private (for-profit) sector is marginalized in the discussion and implementation of proposals, (3) the civil society participation is seen as essential to the success of the proposals, and (3) the state is seen as important in the discussion of the diseases, although there is a great deal of ambiguity surrounding the roles of the public sector in partnerships. It is hypothesized in the concluding chapter that the reason Global Fund is able to attract a great deal of funds and support from actors across the political spectrum could be because the organization funds programs that foreground civil society, liked by people of different political inclinations, and backgrounds the discussion of the state, the epicenter of controversies surrounding development. By being “strategically ambiguous” about the role of the state in the development of the people, the proposals are made apolitical and appealing to people both on the left and the right.