Resumo: As infecções ocasionadas por vírus respiratórios (VR) causam significante morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes imunocomprometidos, especialmente em receptores de transplante de células tronco hematopoéticas (TCTH). Durante o período de abril a outubro de 2008 realizou-se estudo prospectivo em coorte no Hospital Amaral Carvalho, com vigilância de sintomas respiratórios por meio de busca ativa entre os receptores de TCTH (grupo 1, N=138), portadores de doenças oncohematológicas (grupo 2, N=325), e acompanhantes e profissionais de saúde (grupo 3, N=36). Os objetivos foram: 1) avaliar freqüência dos VR em receptores de TCTH assintomáticos antes da admissão (triagem VR); 2) avaliar o impacto da busca ativa dos sintomas respiratórios na freqüência do diagnóstico; 3) avaliar a circulação de VR da comunidade em ambiente hospitalar por meio do diagnóstico de pacientes ambulatoriais, funcionários e acompanhantes; 4) determinar a proporção das viroses respiratórias que foram adquiridas por transmissão intra-hospitalar; e 5) promover programa de educação continuada sobre viroses respiratórias. As técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas foram: imunofluorescência direta (IFD) para RSV, parainfluenza (PIV), adenovírus (ADV) e vírus influenza (INF) A e B, e PCR real time (ensaio Taqman) para INF A e B, rinovírus (HRV) e metapneumovírus (hMPV). A triagem de VR em 62 receptores de TCTH assintomáticos identificou INF B e HRV em dois pacientes (3,2%), 7 e 14 dias antes do TCTH, respectivamente. O paciente com HRV apresentou falência do enxerto durante o seguimento. No grupo 1, foi diagnosticado VR em 19 dos 138 receptores de TCTH (13,8%) após mediana de 34 (3 a 61) visitas de vigilância por paciente. A média de episódios de sintomas respiratórios foi de 1,7 (1 a 5) episódios por paciente. A detecção de VR teve ocorrência maior para receptores de TCTH conforme... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Infections caused by respiratory viruses (RV) cause significant morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients, especially in recipients of hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT). From April to October 2008, a prospective cohort study was conducted at Hospital Amaral Carvalho in HSCT recipients (group 1, N = 138), oncohematologic patients (group 2, N = 325), and chaperones and health care workers (HCW) (group 3, N = 36). The objectives were: 1) evaluate the frequency of RV in asymptomatic HSCT recipients before admission (RV screening), 2) evaluate the impact of respiratory symptoms surveillance in the frequency of the diagnosis, and 3) evaluate the circulation of community RV in the hospital through the detection of RV in HSCT outpatients, HCW and accompanying persons, 4) determine the proportion of hospital-acquired RV infections among HSCT recipients, and 5) implement an educational program on RV control. The diagnostic techniques used were immunofluorescence (DFA) for RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV), adenovirus (ADV) and influenza virus (INF) A and B, and real time PCR (Taqman assay) for INF A and B, rhinovirus (HRV ) and metapneumovirus (hMPV). The RV screening in 62 asymptomatic HSCT recipients identified INF B and HRV in two patients (3.2%), 7 and 14 days before HSCT, respectively. The patient with HRV had graft failure during follow-up. In group 1, RV was diagnosed in 19 of the 138 HSCT recipients (13.8%) after a median of 34 (3 to 61) surveillance visits per patient. The mean number of episodes of respiratory symptoms was 1.7 (1 to 5) episodes per patient. The increasing number of surveillance visits favored the diagnosis of RV (p = 0.008). Infections diagnosed in the RV group 1 were: RSV in 9 cases (6.5%), hMPV in 1 (0.7%), RSV and hMPV in 1 (0.7%), HRV in 3 (2.2%), INF A / B 1 (0.7%), INF B in 4 (2.9%). Progression to pneumonia occurred in 3 patients (16%)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Clarisse Martins Machado / Coorientador: Lenira Queiroz Mauad / Banca: Renata Cristina de Campos Pereira Silveira / Banca: João Manuel Grisi Candeias / Mestre

Orientador: Luana Carandina / Coorientador: Dionísio José Herrera Guibert / Banca: Cristiane Murta Ramalho Nascimento / Banca: Eliana Goldfard Cyrino / Banca: Expedito José de Albuquerque Luna / Banca: Wildo Navegantes Araújo / Resumo: Recursos humanos para a detecção, investigação e resposta às emergências são fundamentais e de difícil treinamento. O Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) é um modelo de treinamento em serviço, que fora iniciado nos EUA, e existe em mais de 57 países. Esse estudo objetiva descrever os programas de treinamentos FETP da Argentina, Brasil, Colômbia e Peru, bem como, seus respectivos graduados, a fim de identificar pontos em comum e avaliar a sua contribuição nas respostas a possíveis emergências em saúde pública. Realizou-se dois estudos de corte transversal: um inquérito com coordenadores dos programas de FETP e outro com graduados dos referidos programas. Os quatro coordenadores responderam ao questionário e seus respectivos programas abordam: competências nas áreas de análise de situação de saúde, bioestatística, comunicação em saúde, analise econômica, cobertura vacinal, gestão e liderança, informática aplicada a saúde, uso de laboratório para saúde pública e biossegurança, ensino e tutoria dos profissionais, preparação para desastres, priorização de agravos e eventos transmissíveis e não transmissíveis e vigilância em saúde. Somente profissionais formados na área da saúde podem participar do treinamento, com exceção do programa colombiano. As atividades principais a serem desenvolvidos durante o treinamento são: investigar e redigir relatório de surto ou emergências em saúde pública, avaliar sistema de vigilância em saúde e realizar um estudo planejado. Com exceção da Argentina, os programas tiveram interrupção de seleção de turmas. A proporção de respostas dos graduados ao questionário foi de 75% (275) e a formação acadêmica mais frequente foi medicina com exceção do treinamento brasileiro. A melhora na qualificação, variou de 83% a 95% e o reconhecimento profissional, de 84% a 65%. Menor proporção foi relatada para o reconhecimento financeiro que variou de 46%... / Abstract: Human resources for the detection, investigation and response to public health emergencies are essential and difficult to train. The Field Epidemiology Training Program (FETP) model started in USA in the 1950's and today exists in more than 57 countries. This study aims to describe the FETP training of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru, as well as their graduates in order to identify common characteristics and to evaluate its contribution in the responses to potential public health emergencies. We conducted two cross-sectional studies: a survey with program coordinators and other with graduates of these programs. The four coordinators answered the survey and all programs address competencies related to: health situation analysis; biostatistics; health communication, prevention and effectiveness, vaccine coverage, management and leadership, informatics applied to health, laboratory use for public health and biosafety, education and mentoring of professionals, disasters preparedness, diseases and communicable and non-communicable events prioritizing, in addition to public health surveillance. Only health professionals can participate in the training, except for the Colombian program. The deliverables to be developed during the training are: investigate and write outbreak or public health emergency report, evaluate a public health surveillance system and perform a planned study. With exception of the Argentinean program, the other programs had years without new selections. The proportion of graduates' responses to the questionnaire was 75% (275) and the most common academic education was medicine, with the exception of the Brazilian program. The improvement in the quality ranged from 95% to 83% and professional recognition, from 84% to 65%. Lower proportion was reported to financial recognition, which ranged from 46% to 29%. Anyway, about 80% reported that the program meets its objectives. Currently, the majority of graduates (55% to ... / Doutor

Orientador: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho / Banca: Karina Paes Bürger / Banca: Maria Angélica Dias / Resumo: RESUMO - A Medicina Veterinária é reconhecida como profissão da área de saúde pelo Ministério da Saúde, no Brasil, desde 1998. A partir de 2011, os médicos veterinários passaram a integrar a lista de profissionais que podem compor as equipes de Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (NASF). O NASF foi criado para aumentar a resolubilidade da Atenção Primária em Saúde e deve ser constituído por equipe multiprofissional. Ainda são poucas as equipes de NASF, em todo o Brasil, que contam com o médico veterinário. O presente estudo foi idealizado com o intuito de demonstrar a importância da inclusão do médico veterinário no NASF, utilizando o Município de Franco da Rocha/SP como modelo para todo o país. Para tanto, foram avaliados dados epidemiológicos no período de 2008 a 2016, relativos aos casos humanos de quatro agravos de notificação compulsória intrinsicamente relacionados à atuação desse profissional, além da análise de situação das eSF do Município. Foram analisados os dados de acidentes com animais peçonhentos e por animais potencialmente transmissores da raiva, e dados de leptospirose e dengue. Para avaliar a situação das eSF, foram coletados dados das variáveis população total, número de eSF, cobertura populacional de eSF e número de NASFs. A partir do sistema de informações do DATASUS, foram confirmados no Município, para o período de estudo, 468 acidentes com animais peçonhentos; 2.844 acidentes por animais potencialmente transmissores da raiva; 5.051 casos de dengue; e 2... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: ABSTRACT - Veterinary Medicine has been recognized as a health profession by the Brazilian Ministry of Health since 1998. As of 2011, veterinarians have joined the list of professionals who can compose the teams of the Family Health Support Unit (NASF). NASF was created to increase the resolubility of Primary Health Care and should be made up of multiprofessional team. There are still few NASF teams in Brazil that count on the veterinarian. The present study was conceived with the intention of demonstrating the importance of the inclusion of the veterinarian in the NASF, using the Municipality of Franco da Rocha / SP as a model for the whole country. For that, epidemiological data were evaluated in the period from 2008 to 2016, related to the human cases of four compulsory notification agronomically related to the performance of this professional, in addition to the analysis of the situation of the FSS of the Municipality. Data were analyzed of accidents with venomous animals and animals potentially transmitting rabies, and data on leptospirosis and dengue. In order to evaluate the situation of FSUs, data were collected on the variables total population, eSF number, population coverage of eSF and number of NASFs. From the DATASUS information system, 468 accidents with venomous animals were confirmed in the municipality for the study period; 2,844 accidents by animals potentially transmitting rabies; 5,051 cases of dengue; and 21 cases of leptospirosis. With regard to the numb... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A Vigilância à Saúde se constitui como Modelo Assistencial com potencial para a reorganização dos processos de trabalho, a partir da análise de problemas de saúde de grupos sociais de determinado território, valendo-se da intersetorialidade e da participação popular. Neste sentido, o presente estudo teve como objetivo, geral, identificar e analisar a estruturação das ações de vigilância no âmbito da Atenção Básica à Saúde em uma região de saúde. Para tanto, foram entrevistados gerentes de Unidades Básicas de Saúde, da Supervisão de Vigilância Epidemiológica e trabalhadores responsáveis pela Vigilância Epidemiológica de Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Supervisão Técnica de Saúde do Butantã, no Município de São Paulo, totalizando 14 sujeitos. As entrevistas, realizadas no período de fevereiro a abril de 2006, foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra, sendo resguardadas as devidas precauções éticas. O material foi analisado segundo técnica apropriada de análise de discurso, no marco teórico materialista histórico e dialético dos conceitos de processos de trabalho e saúde-doença. A vigilância epidemiológica constituiu-se como a prática predominante, incluindo seus instrumentos de trabalho tradicionais. Os principais agentes desse trabalho são a enfermeira, que mais se detém no gerenciamento das ações; os auxiliares de enfermagem, voltados para a intervenção sobre os processos de adoecimento; e os agentes comunitários de saúde em ações no âmbito extra-muros. O trabalho se apresentou fragmentado, com ações pontuais, restritas ao evento (a doença ou o surto), sem alcançar a prevenção da saúde e com tendência à alienação do trabalhador. Por outro lado, verificou-se, principalmente, que os profissionais interpretavam a vigilância à saúde de duas formas: pela ampliação do objeto da vigilância epidemiológica e integrando-se a assistência à informação em saúde; e como prática que organiza o serviço, considerando-se a unidade dialética indivíduo/coletivo que habita o território adstcrito à Unidade Básica de Saúde. Esta ultima ainda contempla a participação da população na detecção de problemas e no planejamento das ações, assim como a intersetorialidade, para alcançar a promoção da saúde. A contradição entre o conteúdo dos depoimentos e a prática da vigilância à saúde foi evidente em todas unidades investigadas. Foram identificados como limitantes para a implementação da vigilância à saúde, a precariedade de estrutura para o trabalho, incluindo a insuficiência quantitativa de recursos humanos, assim como em relação à qualificação profissional apropriada; a precariedade de recursos materiais e físicos; além da falta de incentivo político-gerencial e de participação da população para operar as ações de vigilância no sentido ampliado. Conclui-se que, no nível local, reside um potencial para transformar a organização do trabalho em saúde, atendendo-se às necessidades de saúde da população, através do Modelo da Vigilância à Saúde, a partir do trabalho em equipe e da integração da assistência à informação em saúde. Para tanto, é imprescindível a participação ativa e aliada dos trabalhadores e usuários de saúde, bem como a implantação da Educação Permanente em Saúde no âmbito das Supervisões Técnicas de Saúde para se alavancar e acompanhar esse processo / The Health Surveillance is constituted as an Assistance Model with potential to reorganize work processes, from the analysis of health problems of social groups in a specific territory, using the intersectoriality and the population participation. In this sense, the present study aimed, in general, to identify and analyze the structure of surveillance actions in the scope of Basic Health Attention in a determined region for health care. For doing so, managers of Health Basic Units, Epidemiologic Surveillance Supervision and workers responsible for Epidemiologic of Health Care Units from the Health Technical Supervision of Butantã were interviewed in the city of Sao Paulo, making up 14 subjects. The interviews were made between February and April 2006, recorded and completely transcript, keeping the ethical precautions. The material was analyzed according to appropriate technique of discourse analysis, in the historic materialist theoretical mark and dialectic of concepts of health-disease and the processes of work. The epidemiological surveillance is seen as predominant practice, including its instruments of traditional work. The main agents in this work are the nurses, who mostly manage these acts; the nursing auxiliaries, turned to the intervention on the sickening process; and the health community agents in actions of outreach scope. Their work was found fragmented, with punctual actions restricted to the event (the illness or outbreak), without achieving health prevention and tended to alienate the worker. On the other hand, it was verified, mainly, that providers interpreted health surveillance in two ways: by the amplification of the object of epidemiologic surveillance and integrate it to assistance of health information, and a practice that organizes the service, considering itself as an individual/collective dialectics unit that resides the territory enlisted in the Basic health Unit. The latter still contemplates the participation of the population in detecting the problems and planning the actions, as well as intersectoriality to attain health promotion. The contradiction between statement content and the practice of health surveillance was evident in all the units searched. The precariousness of work structure, including the quantitative insufficiency of human resources, as well as related to the appropriateness of professional qualification; the precariousness of physical and material resources were all identified as barriers to implement health surveillance; besides the lack of management-political funding and the participation of the population to develop surveillance actions in a broad sense. It can be concluded that, in a local level, there is a potential to change the organization of health work, meeting the health needs of the population through a Health Surveillance Model, by teamwork and the integration of assistance in health information. For doing that, it’s imperative the active and allied participation of health workers and their users, as well as the implementation of Permanent Education in Health in the scope of Health Technical Supervisions to get it on and follow up this process

Não se tem conhecimento preciso da relevância e magnitude das hepatites em nosso país. Os poucos estudos epidemiológicos estão restritos à populações atendidas em serviços de saúde ou a grupos de risco para as hepatites. A vigilância é um instrumento de saúde pública que tem a capacidade de descrever o comportamento das hepatites virais, bem como identificar seus fatores de risco. Um sistema de vigilância das hepatites A, B, C e E foi implantado em Vargem Grande Paulista em abril de 1997 e mantido até setembro de 1999. O objetivo foi analisar aspectos da operacionalização de um sistema de vigilância nas atuais condições de trabalho da Rede Pública de Saúde e sua potencialidade em descrever o comportamento das hepatites nessa comunidade para oferecer subsídios para elaboração e aprimoramento de estratégias de controle. O sistema incluiu a análise de dados obtidos a partir de notificação de casos suspeitos hepatite A, B, C e E entre residentes no município, assim como dados de soroprevalência de marcadores de infecção para esses mesmos vírus numa população formada pelas gestantes inscritas no Serviço Pré-natal do Município. Considerou-se caso suspeito o indivíduo residente no município de Vargem Grande Paulista e para quem, por critérios clínicos, laboratoriais ou epidemiológicos, foi solicitada a determinação dos níveis de bilirrubinas e transaminases. A confirmação dos casos foi realizada pela identificação dos marcadores sorológicos das hepatites A, B, C e E. Foram identificados 125 casos suspeitos, dos quais 41 (32,8 por cento ) foram confirmados como hepatite A, B, C ou E. A incidência de hepatite A foi 21,1/100.000 hab., 69,3/100.000 hab. e 9,3/100.000 hab. para os anos de 1997, 1998 e 1999, respectivamente. Foi detectado um surto de hepatite A em um dos bairros do município envolvendo 18 casos, no primeiro semestre de 1998. A forma predominante de transmissão do vírus durante o surto foi pessoa a pessoa e a faixa etária mais atingida foi de 5 a 9 anos. A incidência de hepatite B foi de 3,5/100.000 hab. e 9,9/100.000 hab. para os anos de 1997 e 1998 respectivamente. Não foi identificado nenhum caso em 1999. A prevalência de hepatite C foi 3,5/100.000 hab. em 1997 e 9,9/100.000 hab. em 1998. Não foi calculada a incidência de hepatite C, porque não foi possível determinar se a infecção pelo VHC era recente ou não com os testes utilizados. A incidência de hepatite E foi 3,5/100.000 hab., 3,3/100.000 hab. e 3,1/100.000 hab. para 1997, 1998 e 1999. Entre as 793 gestantes que participaram do estudo, a prevalência de anti-VHA foi de 94,7 por cento , de anti-HBc 4,9 por cento , de HBsAg 0,1 por cento , de anti-VHC 0,6 por cento , e anti-VHE 0,8 por cento . Os resultados indicaram que Vargem Grande Paulista apresentou alta endemicidade para hepatite A e baixa endemicidade para hepatite B. A prevalência de hepatite C foi semelhante à encontrada em outros estudos. A prevalência e incidência da hepatite E mostrou que o vírus circulou na região. Os dados demonstraram que o sistema de vigilância pode contribuir com informações importantes no comportamento das hepatites virais no município, oferecendo subsídios para a elaboração de estratégia de prevenção e controle dessas infecções. / A surveillance system of the hepatitis A, B, C and E was implanted in Vargem Grande Paulista In April, 1997 and maintained to September, 1999. The present study was implanted in order to analyze aspects of the surveillance system operation in the current conditions of the Public Health Service and its potentiality in describing the behavior of the hepatitis in that community to be used for elaboration and improvement of control strategies. The system included the analysis of data obtained of the notification of hepatitis A, B, C and E cases among the residents of the Municipal District, as well data of seroprevalence markers in a population formed by the pregnants registered in the Prenatal Service. The system considered suspected case the resident in Vargem Grande Paulista for who was requested the determination of the bilirubin and aminotransferases levels, by clinical, laboratory or epidemiologic criteria. The confirmation of the cases was accomplished by the identification of the hepatitis A, B, C and E serologic markers. Of the 125 suspected cases identified, 41 (32.8 per cent ) were confirmed as hepatitis A, B, C or E. The incidence of hepatitis A was 21.1 per 100,000 population, 69.3 per 100,000 and 9.3 per 100,000 for the years of 1997, 1998 and 1999, respectively. In the first semester of 1998, it was detected a hepatitis A outbreak in one of the neighborhoods, involving 18 cases. The predominant form of transmission, during the outbreak, was person to person and the 5 to 9 age-group was the most affected. The hepatitis B incidence was 3.5 per 100,000 and 9.9 per 100,000 pop. for the years of 1997 and 1998, respectively. It was not identified any case in 1999. The hepatitis C prevalence was 3.5 per 100,000 in 1997 and 9.9 per 100,000 in 1998 and its incidence was not calculated because it was not possible to determine if the HCV infection was recent or not with the used tests. The hepatitis E incidence was 3.5 per 100,000, 3.3 per 100,000 and 3.1 per 100,000 for 1997, 1998 and 1999, respectively. Among the 793 pregnants, the anti-HAV prevalence was 94.7 per cent , anti-HBc 4.9 per cent , HBsAg 0.1 per cent , anti-HCV 0.6 per cent and anti-HEV 0.8 per cent . The results indicated that Vargem Grande Paulista presented high endemicity for hepatitis A and lower for hepatitis B. The hepatitis C prevalence was similar to other studies. The hepatitis E prevalence and incidence showed that the virus circulated in the area. The data demonstrate that the surveillance system can contribute with important information to understand the behavior of the viral hepatitis to the Municipal District, can be subsidies for the elaboration of prevention and control strategy.

With widespread use of the Internet, data is often shared between organizations in B2B health care networks. Integrating data across all sources in a health care network would be useful to public health surveillance and provide a complete view of how the overall network is performing. Because of the lack of standardization for a common data model across organizations, matching identities between different locations in order to link and aggregate records is difficult. Moreover, privacy legislation controls the use of personal information, and health care data is very sensitive in nature so the protection of data privacy and prevention of personal health information leaks is more important than ever. Throughout the process of integrating data sets from different organizations, consent (explicitly or implicitly) and/or permission to use must be in place, data sets must be de-identified, and identity must be protected. Furthermore, one must ensure that combining data sets from different data sources into a single consolidated data set does not create data that may be potentially re-identified even when only summary data records are created. In this thesis, we propose new privacy preserving data integration protocols for public health surveillance, identify a set of privacy preserving data integration patterns, and propose a supporting framework that combines a methodology and architecture with which to implement these protocols in practice. Our work is validated with two real world case studies that were developed in partnership with two different public health surveillance organizations.

Current syndromic surveillance systems utilize centralized databases that are neither scalable in storage space nor in computing power. Such systems are limited in the amount of syndromic data that may be collected and analyzed for the early detection of infectious disease outbreaks. However, with the increased prevalence of international travel, public health monitoring must extend beyond the borders of municipalities or states which will require the ability to store vasts amount of data and significant computing power for analyzing the data. Intelligent mobile agents may be used to create a distributed surveillance system that will utilize the hard drives and computer processing unit (CPU) power of the hosts on the agent network where the syndromic information is located. This thesis proposes the design of a mobile agent-based syndromic surveillance system and an agent decision model for outbreak detection. Simulation results indicate that mobile agents are capable of detecting an outbreak that occurs at all hosts the agent is monitoring. Further study of agent decision models is required to account for localized epidemics and variable agent movement rates.

L’approche médico-économique dans les évaluations des systèmes de surveillance en santé publiqueMots clés : évaluation des systèmes de surveillance, évaluation médico-économique, méthode des choix discretsLa surveillance en santé publique et la veille sanitaire sont en lien direct avec l’action et la décision publique en fournissant des informations précises et validées aux autorités sanitaires afin que ces dernières mettent en œuvre les mesures de contrôle et de prévention appropriées. Dans un contexte d’émergences infectieuses et d’apparition de nouvelles menaces pour la santé des populations, la surveillance en santé publique doit disposer d’une capacité d’adaptation et de priorisation. Ce besoin d’adaptation dynamique est confronté au réalisme des ressources disponibles de plus en plus limitées et à la demande sociale en matière de santé publique et de protection contre les risques sanitaires croissants. L’évaluation des systèmes de surveillance en santé publique au regard de leur utilité et de leur performance technique est préconisée depuis plusieurs décennies. La question de l’efficience de ces systèmes de surveillance est plus récente et prend une dimension particulière au regard du contexte budgétaire contraint qui touchent tous les opérateurs de l’état.Ce travail s’est attaché, à montrer l’intérêt et la valeur ajoutée d’une démarche standardisée d’évaluation des systèmes de surveillance en maladies infectieuses au sein d’une agence nationale de santé publique. Fondée sur un protocole développé selon la méthodologie préconisée par les recommandations internationales, cette démarche a enrichi la stratégie de surveillance de l’institution et a permis d’initier de nouveaux travaux portant sur la valorisation des bénéfices engendrés par la surveillance et leur prise en considération pour la priorisation des ressources. Une revue systématique de la littérature scientifique a permis de dresser un état des lieux et des connaissances sur l’évaluation des bénéfices de la surveillance en santé publique. Outre le faible nombre d’études dans le domaine, cette revue montre que les bénéfices engendrés par la surveillance sont le plus souvent estimés par le coût des cas épargnés ou des vies sauvées grâce aux actions de contrôle et de réponse. Cette approche présente plusieurs limites. Elle est difficilement applicable pour les systèmes de surveillance ne nécessitant pas des mesures de contrôle immédiates. Elle ne prend pas en compte les valeurs d’existence en lien avec les effets non monétaires induits par la surveillance en santé publique et la veille sanitaire. Afin de prendre en compte toutes les dimensions de la surveillance, nous avons mené une étude exploratoire faisant appel à la méthode des choix discrets appliquée à des systèmes de surveillance de maladies infectieuses émergentes. Cette étude inédite dans le champ de la surveillance en santé publique réalisée sur un échantillon de convenance, montre l’importance de certains critères comme la prévalence ou la létalité. Des consentements à payer marginaux pour ces critères sont estimés pour la première fois et constituent une première indication. Les résultats de cette étude apportent quelques éléments de réponse à la question des bénéfices induits par un système de surveillance ou de veille sanitaire.L’approche médico-économique dans les évaluations des systèmes de surveillance reste un domaine peu exploré. L’actualisation des recommandations internationales sur l’évaluation des systèmes de surveillance serait utile et devrait intégrer une approche médico-économique. L’intérêt potentiel de la méthode des choix discrets pour la valorisation des bénéfices induits par les systèmes de surveillance et de veille sanitaire appliquée dans une étude exploratoire dans ce travail devrait être évalué sur une plus grande échelle. / Economic evaluations approach in the public health surveillance systems evaluationsKey word: public health surveillance system evaluation, economic evaluation, discrete choice experimentsPublic health surveillance is closely linked to action as it provides accurate and validated information to health authorities in order that these same authorities can implement appropriate prevention measures and control strategies. In a context of emerging infectious diseases and of new health threats occurring, priorities for public health surveillance need to be reviewed and adapted regularly. This need of constant adaptation is facing limited resources and an increasing social demand of health security and protection against all health risks. Assessing the usefulness and the technical performance of surveillance systems are the main objectives of public health surveillance system evaluations and this has been recognized for many years through international guidelines. The efficiency of a surveillance system is a more recent question and takes a particular dimension in the context of budgetary constraints that all national agencies are facing.This work aimed to underline the interest and the added value of an external and formal evaluation process of surveillance systems in a national public health agency. Based on a generic evaluation protocol drawn up in accordance with international recommendations, this evaluation process has improved the surveillance strategy of the institution and has brought new questions up about the estimations of benefits of surveillance systems and their impact in the surveillances prioritizing process. A systematic literature review has drawn a clear picture of the state of the art and the knowledges in the field of public health surveillance system benefits estimation and evaluation this systematic review indicates that, to date, very few economic evaluations of public health surveillance systems have been performed worldwide. It also shows that the benefits of surveillance are mainly assessed by the costs of the number of cases or deaths prevented by the response and control measures. This approach has certain limits. It cannot be applied when the primary objective of the surveillance activities is not linked to immediate response. It does not take into account the existence value of a Public health surveillance system. In order to take the dimensions of a public health surveillance system, we have conducted a pilot study using discrete choice experiments applied to different emerging infectious diseases surveillance systems. This study, novel in the field of public health surveillance, was performed among a convenient sample and shows the importance of certain criteria such as the prevalence and the case fatality ratio. For the first time, marginal willingness to pay for these criteria have been estimated and these results give some insights into the question of the benefits, a public health surveillance system can bring.Economic evaluations of public health surveillance system remain an area where little has been carried out to date. Updating international recommendations for public health surveillance systems would be useful and should include an economic approach. The potential interest of the discrete choice experiments for valuing benefits of a public health system used in this pilot study need to be confirmed in a larger scale.

Understanding spatial perspectives on the spread and incidence of a disease is invaluable for public health planning and intervention. Choropleth maps are commonly used to provide an abstraction of disease risk across geographic space. These maps are derived from aggregated population counts that are known to be affected by the small numbers problem. Kernel density estimation methods account for this problem by producing risk estimates that are based on aggregations of approximately equal population sizes. However, the process of aggregation often combines data from areas with non-uniform spatial and population characteristics. This thesis presents a new method to aggregate space in ways that are sensitive to their underlying risk factors. Such maps will enable better public health practice and intervention by enhancing our ability to understand the spatial processes that result in disparate health outcomes.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Between 3.2 and 5.3 million U.S. civilians live with traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related disabilities. Although the post-acute phase of TBI has been recognized as both a discrete disease process and risk factor for chronic conditions, TBI is not recognized as a chronic disease. TBI epidemiology draws upon untimely, incomplete, cross-sectional, administrative datasets. The adoption of electronic health records (EHR) may supplement traditional datasets for public health surveillance and research. Methods Indiana constructed a state-wide clinical TBI registry from longitudinal (2004-2018) EHRs. This dissertation includes three distinct studies to enhance, evaluate, and apply the registry: 1) development and evaluation of a natural language processing algorithm for identification of TBI severity within free-text notes; 2) evaluation and comparison of the performance of the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM surveillance definitions; and 3) estimating the effect of mild TBI (mTBI) on the risk of post-acute chronic conditions compared to individuals without mTBI. Results Automated extraction of Glasgow Coma Scale from clinical notes was feasible and demonstrated balanced recall and precision (F-scores) for classification of mild (99.8%), moderate (100%), and severe (99.9%) TBI. We observed poor sensitivity for ICD-10-CM TBI surveillance compared to ICD-9-CM (0.212 and 0.601, respectively), resulting in potentially 5-fold underreporting. ICD-10-CM was not statistically equivalent to ICD-9-CM for sensitivity (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑̂=0.389, 95% CI [0.388,0.405]) or positive predictive value (𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑̂=-0.353, 95% CI [-0.362,-0.344]). Compared to a matched cohort, individuals with mTBI were more likely to be diagnosed with mental health, substance use, neurological, cardiovascular, and endocrine conditions. Conclusion ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM surveillance definitions were not equivalent, and the transition resulted in a underreporting incidence for mTBI. This has direct implications on existing and future TBI registries and the Report to Congress on Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States. The supplementation of state-based trauma registries with structured and unstructured EHR data is effective for studying TBI outcomes. Our findings support the classification of TBI as a chronic disease by funding bodies, which may improve public funding to replace legacy systems to improve standardization, timeliness, and completeness of the epidemiology and post-acute outcomes of TBI.