In early Victorian England, a coalition of men of Government and the local community established a centralized and uniform policy toward public health. The long and arduous campaign (1831-1875) for public health impelled the need to solve the serious social, political and economic problems spawned by the Industrial Revolution. This study concludes that Britain's leaders came to believe that Government indeed had an obligation to redress grievances created by injustice, a decision which meant the rejection of laissez-faire. Through legislation based on long study, Parliament consolidated the work of sanitation authorities, trained medical officers, and essential environmental improvements. The public sanitation program soon decreased the mortality rate by breaking the frequent cycle of cholera, typhoid, typhus, and dysentery plagues, all this notwithstanding that no doctor of that age knew that bacteria and viruses caused disease.

In 2017, urban planners in Roanoke, Virginia, created a plan to construct a new public space that will honor the city's first professional city planner, John Nolen. Nolen is now considered a founder of the urban planning profession in the United States. Roanoke officials hope to celebrate the city's connection with Nolen and emphasize his influence over Roanoke's development. Similarly, historical narratives about urban planning focus on male city planners while ignoring citizens' contributions. Urban histories, on the other hand, concentrate on large metropolitan areas in the urban North. By combining urban history, women's history, and southern history, this thesis seeks to understand how diverse citizens in a small city of Southwest Virginia shaped the city. Beneath the surface of John Nolen and professional city planning, upper-class white women, African Americans, and male city leaders and businessmen, engaged in a dynamic power play over Roanoke's built environment.  As they engaged in this battle for control, citizens shaped Roanoke from below. Wealthy Roanokers partnered with John Nolen to assert power over other citizens and to shape the city in their own interests. By uncovering the story of a southern city's development in the early twentieth century, this thesis exposes the ways in which southern citizens shaped urban spaces to exert power over other citizens and engage in a battle for control over the urban environment. / Master of Arts / At the turn of the twentieth century, Roanoke, Virginia, was a city strained by rapid industrial and population growth. From 1882 to 1900, Roanoke exploded from a population of 669 to 21,000. Over the next thirty years, Roanoke citizens battled for control over the urban environment. In 1906, a group of women joined together to address urban problems that plagued Roanoke’s citizens. They named themselves the Woman’s Civic Betterment Club (WCBC) and raised money to hire city planner John Nolen to help them make Roanoke a more livable and reputable city. The women used Nolen to legitimize their concerns with the urban environment and to increase their power in society, although their plan was ultimately rejected. White citizens later used the concepts of city planning to implement Jim Crow residential segregation ordinances within Roanoke, but African Americans resisted these ordinances through real estate purchases. Eventually, in 1928, male city leaders asked Nolen to return to Roanoke to plan it a second time. This time, instead of women leading the movement, men usurped control of city planning from women. This thesis examines the citizens that used city planning to gain control of the city and assert power over other citizens. Though John Nolen planned Roanoke, citizens shaped Roanoke from below as they engaged in a dynamic power play over the urban environment.

The authors of this article conducted an analysis of the companies providing publicsanitation services. In particular, they focus on determining if these are legally entitled to market the treated waste water generated as a result of the provision of public services in charge. Additionally, in order to provide a complete analysis of the issue, the authors speak about the powers of the National Water Authority and his power to permit reuse of treated wastewater. / Los autores del presente artículo realizan un análisis sobre las empresas prestadoras de servicios públicos de saneamiento. En particular, se enfocan en determinar si es que estas se encuentran facultadas legalmente para comercializar el agua residual tratada que generan como consecuencia de la prestación de los servicios públicos a su cargo. Adicionalmente, a fin de brindar un análisis completo del tema, se toman en cuenta las facultades de la Autoridad Nacional del Agua para conceder autorizaciones de reúso del agua residual tratada.

Orientador: José Carlos de Oliveira / Resumo: A Região Metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto está constituída por 34 municípios, marcada pela diversidade entre eles, especialmente sob a ótica demográfica, geográfica, cultural e social. O espaço metropolitano requer um planejamento coordenado a fim de dar viabilidade às funções públicas que ora se apresentam com o status de interesse comum. Dentre essas funções, não há dúvida sobre o protagonismo dos serviços públicos de saneamento básico. Contudo, a ausência de regulação desses serviços fez nascer a inquietação sobre o modelo mais adequado para esta recente região metropolitana. Este trabalho buscou compreender as políticas públicas que circulam os serviços públicos de saneamento básico. A partir de algumas respostas, buscou-se evidenciar os principais modelos de regulação setorial, apontando-se como foco principal o modelo intermunicipal. Com base no paradigma da ARES-PCJ, demonstrou-se que a criação de uma agência reguladora intermunicipal, especificamente para os serviços públicos de saneamento básico, se mostra como o modelo ideal para a Região Metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto. Portanto, qualquer alternativa individual para a necessária adequação a Lei n. 11.445/2007 se mostra em descompasso com os princípios e diretrizes previstos no Estatuto da Metrópole, em especial quanto à prevalência do interesse comum sobre o local e da necessidade de gestão compartilhada das funções públicas – federalismo de cooperação. / Abstract: The metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto is consisted of 34 municipalities marked by the diversity among them, especially from the perspective of population, geographical, cultural and social. The metropolitan area requires a coordinated planning in order to give the public functions viability that appear with the status of common interest. Among functions, there is no doubt about the importance the role of public sanitation services. However, the absence of regulation of these services gave birth to the concern about the most appropriate model for this recent Metropolitan region. This study sought to understand public policy, driven to public sanitations services. From some answers, sought to highlight the main models of sectoral regulation, pointing as its main focus the intermunicipal model. Based on the paradigm of ARES-JCP, it was demonstrated that the creation of a regulatory agency, specifically for public sanitation services, shown as the ideal model for the metropolitan region of Ribeirao Preto. Therefore, any individual alternative to the requires fitness for law No. 11.445/2007 shown mismatch with the principles and guidelines laid down by the Statute of the metropolis in particular with regard to the prevalence of common interest on the location and the need for shared management of public functions – cooperative federalism. / Mestre