No description available.

No description available.

The application of social marketing is rising due to its ability to promote behavioural change. This has catalysed the implementation of threat appeals across the health domain. The prominence of including physical threats that aim to elicit a fearful response has prevailed throughout threat appeal research. This over reliance and limited research has provided an opportunity to explore how other content influence attitudes and intentions towards behaviour. To the best of my knowledge, no research has systematically compared the differences between adolescents’ responses to social and physical threat appeals, specifically with those aged 11-13 who are the most vulnerable to starting to smoke. With theory suggesting that preventing adolescent smoking initiation holds the greatest reward; a conceptual model has been developed to evaluate how coping response is elicited to threat appeals. The model provides an interesting theoretical approach to evaluate responses that aim to reduce adolescent smoking initiation. Identified as one of the greatest failures in public health, marketing has been recommended to conquer adolescent initiation. The thesis provides innovative results, comparing responses between smoking classifications that provides practical findings. Attitudinal and intentional responses towards smoking was shown to be significantly different between samples depending on threat witnessed, thus identifying the need to segment campaigns. The development of the coping response classification provides a tool to assess whether the observer accepts the threat or disregards it. Specifically the research addresses three areas: 1) To investigate the differences between adolescent non-smokers’ and smokers’ responses to threat appeals; 2) To compare how social threats and physical threats influence post exposure responses; and 3) To develop a coping response classification to evaluate and estimate attitudinal and intentional responses between samples for each threat appeal to better understand responses to social marketing campaigns.

Purpose. This study explored the following research questions: 1. What are the normal and sensory-overloaded behaviours exhibited by adults living with neuropalliative conditions? 2. How does engagement in casual leisure alter with different levels of sensory attributes? It did this to determine whether there might be an approximate optimal level of sensory attributes that maximises occupational-engagement while minimising the potential for sensory-overload. The aim therefore was to create an occupational environment that participants could handle competently and enjoyably. This sensory threshold can only be approximate, since each individual has unique sensory preferences, interests and experience. Method. The preliminary study involved a structured interview with a Residence Manager in order explore the normal and sensory-overloaded behaviours exhibited by nine adults living with neuropalliative conditions. The second study built upon this by conducting a multiple, case quasi experimental study involving marginal-participant time-sampled observations of engagement of individuals with neuropalliative conditions, with casual leisure occupations using the Individual Child Engagement Record. This study investigated whether engagement occupations alters with different levels of sensory attributes. Observations were made of 14 participants engaging in eight cases, who experienced profound levels of disability, each case differed (as part of the replication logic) by having different levels of sensory attributes. Results. Analysis suggests that the symptoms of sensory-overload may be experienced by adults living with neuropalliative conditions. The effects of sensory-overload appears similar to definitions of a passive state (of engagement or non-engagement). The thesis therefore presents the linkage between passive engagement/ passive non-engagement and an individual's behaviour when experiencing sensory-overload, hopefully leading to increased vigilance and therefore avoidance. Furthermore, engagement was shown to alter with a combination of different levels of sensory and non sensory attributes, including supporter facilitation and with the potential for active participation. These contextual factors are proposed to pertain to the individual, the occupation itself, and to the physical and social environment; the role offered or level of support available. Therefore, enhancing active leisure engagement requires consideration of the occupation, the individual and their sensory preferences and the occupational environment. Conclusions. Despite the reporting of sensory-overload symptoms by the participant of the preliminary study, the results showed that the anticipated reduction in engagement at the higher levels of sensory attributes (given the effects of sensory-overload) did not occur. In fact, engagement with leisure occupations appeared to increase as the sensory attributes levels increase, with larger differences in engagement level occurring where there are larger differences in the combined level of sensory attributes involved, a range of factors in the occupational context, are suggested to influence engagement, some of which pertain to the individual, the occupation and the environment. Clinical Messages. The role of the leisure supporter was suggested to include adapting leisure to fit the person, including offering the choice of what, when, where, with whom and how to "do" their leisure occupations, including offering active participation and a sense of choice.

The population of the United Kingdom (UK) is ageing; the already substantial burden of musculoskeletal disorders on health and social care systems will increase over time as the population ages. Social inequalities in health are well documented for the UK in general but little is known about social inequalities in musculoskeletal ageing. Using data from the 3,225 ‘young-old’ (age 59 to 73 years) community dwelling men and women who participated in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study, this thesis has explored social inequalities in musculoskeletal ageing: specifically, loss of muscle strength and physical function (PF); falls; Fried frailty; and osteoporosis. Socioeconomic position was characterised by age left full-time education, parental social class at birth and own social class in adulthood, and current material deprivation by housing tenure and car availability. Not owning one’s home was associated with lower grip strength and increased frailty prevalence among men and women and with poorer self-reported short-form 36 (SF-36) PF among men. Reduced car availability was associated with lower grip strength and poorer SF-36 PF among men and women and with increased falls and frailty prevalence among men. There was no convincing evidence for social inequalities in fracture, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) total femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and bone loss rate, or peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) strength strain indices for the radius or tibia. This thesis has argued that social variations in height, fat mass, diet and physical activity are likely to have mediated these results. Moreover, evidence for a social gradient in grip strength but not BMD is consistent with ageing skeletal muscle remaining highly responsive to physical activity in later life in a way that ageing bone does not; the impact of lifecourse customary and occupational physical activity on social inequalities in musculoskeletal ageing merits further research. The results presented in this thesis suggest that any clinical interventions designed to reduce the loss of muscle mass and function with age should be targeted proportionately across the social gradient; strategies to reduce fracture and osteoporosis should continue to have a universal population focus. Finally, this thesis suggests that there exists a subgroup of older men and women in the UK who face the multiple jeopardy of increased levels of material deprivation combined with greater loss of muscle strength and physical function; these men and women urgently need the government to commit to reform of the funding system for adult care and support.

This research was jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC). As such, its underpinning and innovative aim was to explore the use of Operational Research (OR) techniques, a research area traditionally associated with the EPSRC, to address key societal problems traditionally associated with the ESRC. The ageing population presents many significant challenges for social care services at both a national and local level, one of which is to meet the demand for long-term care. The population of people aged over 65 will continue to grow for some time as the ―baby boom‖ generation ages. The concern for policy planners is whether there will be enough resources in place to handle the expected strain on the system in the future. The research presented in this thesis addresses this key issue, and was carried out in collaboration with the Adult Services Department of Hampshire County Council (HCC). The overarching aim of this thesis was to develop computer models (using data local to Hampshire) which would be of practical use in estimating the future demand and planning the supply of long-term care in Hampshire. A cell-based model was built to forecast the demand for long-term care in Hampshire from people aged 65 and over for the period 2009 to 2026. An important part of this research was to understand the main drivers of future demand for long-term care and to predict the future number of people with a disability. Hampshire County Council has already tried to address these issues of demographic change through a modernisation programme. Part of this has been the establishment of a contact centre called Hantsdirect. A discrete-event simulation model of the contact centre was developed. The two models were combined to explore the short- and long-term performance of the contact centre in the light of demographic change. This hybrid model has enabled HCC to explore the short- and long-term performance of the contact centre. This study combines OR with Gerontology, Demography and Social Policy. This research is novel as it iteratively combines a compartmental population model with a discrete-event simulation model. From an OR perspective, the aim was not only to explore the use of modelling in social care (where, unlike healthcare, there has not hitherto been a lot of research), but also to investigate the potential for combining different modelling approaches in order to obtain additional value from the modelling. This novel approach in a social care setting is one of the main contributions of this thesis.

Background: People who are dying, caring for somebody who is dying, or have been bereaved can experience problems such as isolation, depression and anxiety. Some of these problems might be reduced if people were better prepared for death and were able to support one another when they were affected by death. There has been little previous research into how public health interventions might encourage these changes at a population level. This thesis aimed to explore this subject with a particular focus on talking to family and friends about end of life preparations and preferences. The research was embedded within the new and innovative Cheshire Living Well Dying Well (CLWDW) public health programme, which was established to address the issues described. Methods: Mixed methods were used. A quantitative follow-up survey was used to test a CLWDW intervention to encourage people to prepare for the end of their life and to discuss their end of life preferences with the people closest to them. A qualitative interview study was used to explore the wider context in which people talk with one another about issues relating to death and dying. Findings: The CLWDW interactive presentations delivered to community groups and to people working in health and social care were well received and effective in encouraging appropriate actions. Of respondents who completed follow-up at three months post-event (28% response rate), 60% reported that they had made a change or taken some action as a result of the event, including 43% who had talked with somebody about their own end of life wishes. In interviews, participants of all ages expressed the view that death, particularly bereavement, was a crucial issue and that it was important to prepare for and to talk about death and bereavement. Various barriers to talking about, preparing for and supporting people affected by death were described, as were various ideas to support improvement. Conclusions: Most people in the UK consider it important to be prepared for end of life and death, although many have not made these preparations. In the right circumstances, most are willing and able to talk openly about death and dying, including their own end of life preferences. Appropriate population-level interventions to encourage these behaviours can be well received and effective.

Washington and Oregon are more renowned for their artisanal coffee shops, impressive mountainscapes, and booming technology industry than sex trafficking. Nevertheless, in coffee shops, using the roads that run through those mountain ranges, and capitalizing on the tech-driven population growth are traffickers who profit off the sexual exploitation of their victim’s bodies. Through careful examination of anti-trafficking theory, what is known about sex trafficking in the Pacific Northwest, and Washington and Oregon’s separate anti-trafficking efforts this thesis seeks to identify the reason why the region struggles to combat the sex trafficking circuit between Seattle and Portland. I determined that each state’s anti-trafficking efforts operate well in their separate spheres, but are not preventing the region’s sex trafficking economy from increasing. Since the problem defies state lines, maybe the solution should as well.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-27T19:30:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) LOPES, José Maurício de Almeida. Políticas de Segurança Pública em MG e PE em Perspectiva Comparada.pdf: 810900 bytes, checksum: 4d77d3343edb3f752b99ad42a14cfb47 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-27T19:30:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) LOPES, José Maurício de Almeida. Políticas de Segurança Pública em MG e PE em Perspectiva Comparada.pdf: 810900 bytes, checksum: 4d77d3343edb3f752b99ad42a14cfb47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15 / Capes / O objetivo dessa dissertação é investigar de forma comparada os principais elementos que compuseram as políticas de segurança pública desenvolvidas nos estados de Minas Gerais e Pernambuco na primeira década de 2000. Para isso, apresentei os conteúdos analíticos e técnicos das políticas de segurança nos dois estados com o auxílio de dados estatísticos secundários, e busquei, através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, apreender os significados, valores e opiniões de indivíduos que participaram ou participam de alguma maneira dos programas de segurança pública em cada um dos dois estados. Em 2002, Minas Gerais deu início a uma política de segurança com o intuito de fazer frente ao crescente avanço dos indicadores de criminalidade e violência no estado. Tendo como principais medidas a criação da Secretaria Estadual de Defesa Social e a política de integração das polícias, o estado conseguiu congregar ações de repressão qualificada e programas de prevenção social ao crime, tendo como maior destaque nessa área o programa Fica Vivo. No ano de 2007, foi a vez de Pernambuco dar início a uma reformulação em sua política de segurança na tentativa de frear o avanço da criminalidade violenta retirar do estado o título de um dos mais violentos do país. Programa abrangente, o Pacto Pela Vida – nome dado à política de segurança do estado – teve como umas de suas principais medidas agregar as ações das polícias militar e civil, o Ministério Público, o Poder Judiciário e pesquisadores ligados ao tema na busca pela reversão do quadro preocupante em que se encontrava o estado de Pernambuco à época. Ambas as políticas de segurança pública obtiveram êxito naquilo em que se propuseram fazer: Minas Gerais e Pernambuco conseguiram aliviar a situação em que se encontravam, porém, por um breve período de tempo. O que era para ser considerada política de segurança de Estado mostrou-se como sendo política de segurança de governo tanto em Minas Gerais quanto em Pernambuco, isto é, as reduções nos índices de violência duraram um curto período de tempo, mostrando-se frágeis o suficiente a ponto de não suportarem mudanças nos setores de liderança dos Executivos estaduais. A ausência de uma liderança política forte, capaz de trazer para si a responsabilidade de conduzir uma política desse porte contribuiu para o revés da situação favorável que os dois estados experimentavam até então. Além disso, manter a integração das ações entre as polícias militar e civil também se mostrou uma tarefa nada simples a ponto de também ser um fator comprometedor das ações nas áreas de segurança nos dois os estados. / The aim of this work is to investigate so compared the main elements that compose public security policies developed in the states of Minas Gerais and Pernambuco in the first decade of 2000. For this, I presented the analytical content and technical security policies in both states with the aid of secondary statistical data, and sought, through semi-structured interviews, learn the meanings, values and opinions of people who participated or participate in any way of public safety programs in each of the two states. In 2002, Minas Gerais began a security policy in order to tackle the growing advancement of crime and violence indicators in the state. The principal measures the creation of the State Secretariat of Social Defense and the integration policy of the police, the state managed to bring together qualified enforcement actions and social crime prevention programs, with the most prominent in this area the Staying Alive program. In 2007, it was the turn of Pernambuco initiate a reformulation of its security policy in an attempt to curb the spread of violent crime state take the title of one of the most violent in the country. comprehensive program, the Pact for Life - the name given to the state's security policy - had as one of its main measures aggregate the actions of military and civil police, prosecutors, the judiciary and researchers related to the subject in the search for reversal worrying situation he was in the state of Pernambuco at the time. Both public security policies have succeeded in what they set out to do: Minas Gerais and Pernambuco were able to alleviate the situation they were in, but for a short period of time. What was to be considered state security policy has proved to be government security policy being both in Minas Gerais and in Pernambuco, that is, reductions in violence lasted for a short period of time, being fragile the enough as to not support changes in the state executive leadership sectors. The absence of strong political leadership, able to bring upon himself to conduct a policy of this size contributed to the reversal of the favorable situation that the two states experienced before. Also, keep the integration of actions between the military and civil police was also not an easy task as to also be a factor compromising the shares in the security areas in both states.

The use of crime prevention initiatives on American college campuses has rapidly increased in the past three decades as high profile crime incidents continue to erode the public’s perception of universities as sanctuaries —isolated from criminal activity. Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is an environmental approach to crime prevention that refers to strategies that focus on reducing crime opportunities by manipulating the physical and social qualities of the environment. Although empirical research on CPTED is growing, little is known about the impact of this method on educational settings. The main argument of the present study is that CPTED has the potential to foster campus safety by reducing crime and increasing the perception of safety. Based on findings from previous studies, it is expected that universities with higher level of CPTED are more likely to have lower crime rates, and students residing in high CPTED campus facilities are more likely to have higher perception of safety. To test the hypothesized effect, a content analysis of the annual safety reports of 100 postsecondary institutions in the United States was conducted. In addition, the residents of two dormitories of a university were surveyed to assess their safety perceptions. Furthermore, a case study was conducted in a college campus with a systematic deployment of the CPTED approach. In-depth interviews, one focus group, in-site observations, and analysis of secondary data were performed to contextualize the study findings. Although the quantitative analysis of the national review of the annual safety reports did not provide evidence in support of the hypothesized effect, it uncovered a reverse relationship between crime rate and use of environmental crime prevention measures. The results of the survey of students’ perception of safety, on the other hand, revealed evidence in support of the second hypothesis of the dissertation. Furthermore, the qualitative case study analysis provided insight into the implementation procedures, strengths, and challenges of the systematic CPTED program. The main findings show how CPTED works in the academic context and what alterations are needed to advance the program.