Legal regulation of powers of the Public Defender of Rights in the Czech Republic Abstract The thesis is focused on the subject of legislation of the authority and competences of the Public Defender of Rights in the Czech Republic. The role and position of the Ombudsman, the lack of clarity of his scope and the possibilities for his powers, including the questions about the effectiveness and necessity to establish the institute, have always been the subject of discussions and have been the cause of the lengthy legislative process in its establishment. The scope of development is constantly evolving and expanding over time, hence the limits of his competences are not always clearly framed and are thus surrounded by different views. The thesis also mentions the historical establishment of the ombudsman as such and the process of his establishment in the Czech legal environment. Part of the work is devoted to his relationship to other public authorities and his activity in relation to the authorities of particular components of state power. Also, there is given an insight into his activities with respect to the Constitutional Court or the general courts, as well as his role in the legislative work or other activity in relation to the government. A part of the work is dedicated to the particular areas of his...

6 Abstract and key-word list The office of Ombudsman in the Czech Republic This thesis addresses the subject of a public defender of rights (PDR) in Czech Republic. Although it has proven itself to be an indispensable institution that contributes to a rightful administration of public affairs, public's awareness about this organization and its activities is relatively inadequate which leaves many aspects of the institution's responsibilities open to misinterpretation. The aim of this thesis is twofold first to provide an overview of the organization's activities and responsibilities to the public, further to propose the necessary alteration to the current law in order to enhance the efficacy and productivity of the abovementioned institute. Moreover to gain a comprehensive view of the public defender of rights, it is vital to specify its position among our legislature and to address its eventual embodiment in the constitution. This thesis comprises of 8 chapters, each of which deal with different aspects of the public's defender of rights position and work. The first chapter deals with the institution's founding, development and general definition of the public defender of rights institution. It is divided into three parts, the first of which contains a brief outline of the institution's establishment and...

In an effort to ensure that poor defendants receive the effective assistance of counsel, many states have adopted indigent defense standards for public defender offices. The present study focuses on Indiana public defender offices that participate in the Indiana Public Defender Commission’s (IPDC) standards and reimbursement program. This study assesses the extent to which resource needs and workload demands influence participation in the IPDC reimbursement program. Analysis of public defender data from counties across the state shows that counties that opt into the state’s reimbursement program have, in general, greater resource needs than those counties that do not pursue state reimbursement. In addition to the comparison of counties that participate in the state’s reimbursement program with those that do not, this study also takes a closer look at the attorneys who serve as public defenders in participating counties, assessing the effect that standards seem to have on attorney qualifications, compensation, and workload. This research points the way for future avenues of research that might further evaluate the differences between counties that participate in the IPDC standards and reimbursement program and those that do not. / The right to counsel for indigent defendants -- Indigent defense in the United States -- Public defender offices in Indiana -- Theory and hypothesis -- Data sources and methodology -- Results -- Analysis -- Commentary. / Department of Political Science

This thesis deals with the legal status of persons serving prison from the perspective of selected areas of their fundamental rights. Analyzed areas include the right to protection from torture, cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, the right to protection of health and to free medical care, the right to be protected from any unauthorized intrusion into one's private and family life and the right to participate in the administration of public affairs through active and passive voting rights. The theory includes institutional guarantees ensuring compliance with these rights and the relevant recommendations of international organizations. Practically oriented casuistic section of the thesis is based on the direct experience gained during authoress' internship at the Czech Helsinki Committee, non- governmental human rights organization based in Prague since 1988.

O trabalho apresenta um estudo sistematizado da curadoria especial, focando especialmente em sua efetividade para a tutela de vulneráveis processuais. Após abordar a vulnerabilidade no âmbito do processo civil, indica que as hipóteses em que há previsão de atuação do curador especial são situações em que a parte está em condições de especial dificuldade para exercer plenamente seus direitos. É apresentado o histórico da curadoria especial até o contexto atual, em que passa a ser função institucional da Defensoria Pública. Analisa pormenorizadamente as peculiaridades da atuação do curador especial na tutela dos direitos do réu revel citado por edital ou com hora certa, do réu preso e do incapaz sem representante legal ou cujos interesses colidam com os de seu representante. A efetividade da curadoria especial é evidenciada pela forma com que a atividade é desempenhada em cada fase do processo. Além disso, apresenta análise de julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo que tratam da atuação do curador especial, demonstrando que, em diversas oportunidades, o exercício desta função traz resultados positivos, ainda que parcialmente, ao litigante vulnerável. Aborda, ainda, dados sobre a curadoria especial no Estado de São Paulo, apontando que a quantidade de processos em que há esta atuação é proporcionalmente pequena em relação ao movimento judiciário total, bem como que o montante empregado diretamente para seu custeio é razoável. O trabalho expõe, ademais, a percepção de defensores públicos do Estado de São Paulo que exercem a atribuição de curadores especiais, por meio de questionário a eles aplicado. Por fim, conjugando todos os dados apresentados, demonstra que a curadoria especial é efetiva para garantir a ampla defesa e o contraditório das partes em situação de vulnerabilidade processual. / This research introduces a systemized study of the special curator´s activity by emphasizing its capacity to provide protection for those in situation of procedural vulnerability. Overcoming the study of the procedural vulnerability, the research shows that the legal rules that determine the special curator´s activity are related to litigants that are in special situations which compromise the practice of its legal rights in court. After providing the special curators development history, the research leads to the allocation of the curator function on to the Public Defender´s Office. The research also analyses the capacity of such activity in order to protect the rights of the defendant in default cited by edict, of the arrested defendant, and of the minor or disable group lacking legal capacity without legal guardian or trustee. Furthermore, the research checks out how the performance of the special curator activity is able to provide a way of overcoming harmful effects from procedural vulnerability in several stages of the civil procedure. Moreover, the research verifies case-laws regarding the special curator activity in the Brazilian Supreme Court of Justice, Brazilian Federal Court of Justice and State of São Paulo´s Court of Appeals. In several opportunities the results are well-founded to the litigant in procedural vulnerability. The information presented regarding the special curator´s activity in the State of São Paulo is able to demonstrate that the legal proceeding quantity and its direct costs are reasonable. An opinion poll on the special curator activities among the Public Defenders reveals their evaluation regarding this subject. Finally, the research put together all the information provided, concluding that the special curator´s activity is able to assist and assure the full defense and the right of adversary proceedings for those in procedural vulnerability situation.

Research has demonstrated that implicit bias is an inescapable part of the human experience that can have harmful repercussions. Its effects can be seen particularly in the criminal justice system where those of marginalized groups are disproportionately represented. Social workers in the public defender’s office representing indigent clients in the criminal justice system, implicit bias can negatively impact client outcomes or service access. This study sought to explore how these social workers understand implicit bias in their work and will be conducted using qualitative analysis through the use of interviews and document review. This research found that social workers in this setting identify in ways that are very different from their clients and view the resulting implicit bias as an important hurdle to overcome. Social workers reported that working with clients who are similar to them can increase rapport but also introduce issues of countertransference. When working with clients who are different from them, social workers found it most challenging to serve clients with worldviews they found personally offensive, such as homophobia or white supremacy. Social workers of more privileged identities found ways to leverage this advantage to best serve their clients. The participants in this study had mixed feelings on whether or not differences in identity between social workers and clients increase implicit bias or impact client outcomes. There are many larger factors that increase the risk of implicit bias, which participants feel can be mitigated with training and more diverse teams.

Esta dissertação articula os conceitos relacionados à comunicação pública, cidadania e instituição com o objetivo de analisar processos de comunicação pública que incidem na construção da cidadania, a partir da atuação da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul dirigida à defesa dos direitos de pessoas socialmente excluídas. A Defensoria é analisada como instituição constituída pelas perspectivas normativa, fática e estratégica. Os conceitos teóricos trabalhados reportam ao interesse público conforme discutido por Arendt (2014), Sennett (1988) e Bobbio (2012), à cidadania (MARSHALL, 1967; GIDDENS, 2008; CARVALHO, 2013; DAGNINO, 2004) e direitos humanos, a partir da gênese de valores proposta por Joas (2012). A abordagem comunicacional parte do conceito de interações comunicativas, conforme França (1998), desenvolve o conceito de comunicação pública articulando, principalmente, as proposições de Weber (2007, 2009, 2011) e Esteves (2011), e abrande os estudos de comunicação organizacional com Baldissera (2014), Marques (2015), Mumby (2009) e Deetz (2010) e de estratégia em Pérez (2012). A reflexão sobre instituição é feita a partir de Castoriadis (1982), Braga (2010, 2012), Berger e Luckmann (1998). O estudo de caso é a opção metodológica para a abordagem da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul enquanto uma dimensão institucional particular. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluem pesquisa documental e bibliográfica da legislação federal sobre a instituição, sobre suas atividades, os defensores e as pessoas atendidas, além de práticas e produtos de comunicação. A análise da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul é realizada nas perspectivas normativa (análise histórico-descritiva), fática (análises descritiva e das situações de interação) e estratégica (análises descritiva das estratégias e de temas e vozes). A articulação dessas perspectivas da instituição permitiu cercar a constituição de rede de comunicação pública sobre o tema de interesse público e os direitos de cidadania. Dessa forma, identifica-se a atuação da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul como um espaço institucional rico em termos de interação comunicacional, capaz de ampliar as experiências de cidadania e privilegiar o interesse público. / This Master Thesis articulates the concepts related to public communication, citizenship and institution aiming to analyse public communication processes focusing in the construction of citizenship, from the perspective of Rio Grande do Sul´s Public Defender´s work directed to the defence of social excluded individuals´ rights. The analysis focus in the Public Defender as an institution constituted by the normative, factual and strategic perspectives. The main theoretical concepts worked report to public interest, as discussed by Arendt (2014), Sennett (1988) e Bobbio (2012), to citizenship (MARSHALL, 1967; GIDDENS, 2008; CARVALHO, 2013; DAGNINO, 2004) and human rights, starting from the genesis of values proposed by Joas (2012). The communicational approach derives from the communicative interactions concept, according to França (1998), develops the public communication concept articulating, mainly, the propositions from Weber (2007, 2009, 2011) and Esteves (2011), and includes the organizational communication studies with Baldissera (2014), Marques (2015), Mumby (2009) e Deetz (2010) and strategy in Pérez (2012). The observation about institution is made from Castoriadis (1982), Braga (2010, 2012), Berger and Luckmann (1998). The case study is the methodological option for the Rio Grande do Sul Public Defender approach as a particular institutional dimension. The methodological procedures include federal legislation documental and bibliographic research about the institution, its activities, the public defenders and the persons aided, in addition with communication practices and products. The Rio Grande do Sul Public Defender analysis focuses in the normative (historical descriptive analysis), factual (descriptive analysis and from the interaction situations) and strategic (descriptive analysis of strategies and themes and voices analysis). The articulation of these institutional perspectives allowed surrounding the public communication network about the public interest subject and the citizenship rights. Therefore, the Rio Grande do Sul Public Defender is a rich institutional space in terms of communicational interaction, capable of increasing the citizenship experience and prioritise the public interest.

A pesquisa exibe uma análise referente à interação entre espaço urbano e cidadania, focando na atuação da Defensoria Pública como instituição mediadora do processo político, social e jurídico de reivindicação do direito à moradia, pretendendo estabelecer uma reflexão de fundo sociológico e jurídico. O problema de pesquisa consiste em identificar o papel da Defensoria Pública, destacadamente no que toca às modalidades/possibilidades de atuação, como instituição estatal, na mediação dos conflitos urbanos de reivindicação da concretização da moradia digna pelos grupos vulneráveis. A hipótese central baseia-se na afirmação de que os processos judiciais que tratam da reivindicação do direito à moradia por pessoas vulneráveis não se revelam exitosos, de forma que deve a Defensoria Pública, enquanto instituição de acesso ao sistema de justiça, buscar alternativas extrajudiciais de pleitear o direito em questão, estando sempre atenta às peculiaridades culturais que compõe a cidadania brasileira e que formam seu público assistido. Considera-se que objeto teórico de pesquisa envolve as noções de cidadania, espaço urbano e moradia, que foram cotejadas com o objeto real representado pela Defensoria Pública, enquanto mediadora dos processos de reivindicação de moradia por meio do Direito. O recorte temporal efetuado se deu com ênfase a partir do ano 2000, momento em que a moradia foi alçada à categoria de direito fundamental. A pesquisa se enquadra na vertente jurídico-sociológica, sendo empregado o raciocínio dedutivo. Para tanto, analisam-se as dinâmicas próprias da cidadania no contexto nacional, almejando vinculá-la à efervescência social e política da cena urbana contemporânea. Ao final, debate-se sobre a inserção da Defensoria Pública nesse instável cenário, sempre cotejando as previsões normativas com a realidade vivenciada a fim de não nos perdermos em um dogmatismo etéreo. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-06-25T17:16:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Arion Escorsin de Godoy.pdf: 1288062 bytes, checksum: 0cb1d29900f06e157d576e370039d0ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T17:16:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Arion Escorsin de Godoy.pdf: 1288062 bytes, checksum: 0cb1d29900f06e157d576e370039d0ba (MD5) / The research is an analysis on the interaction between urban space and citizenship, focusing on the performance of the Public Defender as a mediator of the political, social and legal process the claiming of the house, intending to establish a sociological and legal background reflection. The research problem is to identify the role of the Public Defender, notably with regard to modalities / performance possibilities, such as state institution, in mediating the claim of urban conflicts of the implementation of decent housing for vulnerable groups. The central hypothesis is based on the assertion that judicial proceedings dealing with the claim of the right to housing for vulnerable people do not show successful, so should the Public Defender as an institution of access to the justice system, extrajudicial seek alternative claim the right in question, always attentive to the cultural peculiarities that make up the Brazilian citizenship and forming their assisted public. It is considered that theoretical research object involves the notions of citizenship, urban space and housing, which were collated with the real object represented by the Public Defender, as a mediator of housing claim processes through law. The time frame is made with emphasis given from 2000, at which time the house was raised to the category of fundamental right. The research falls within the legal and sociological dimension and is used deductive reasoning. For this, we analyze the dynamics proper citizenship in the national context, aiming link it to social unrest and political contemporary urban scene. In the end, the debate is about the insertion of the Public Defender in this unstable scenario, always comparing the normative predictions with the reality experienced in order not to get lost in an ethereal dogmatism.

Esta dissertação articula os conceitos relacionados à comunicação pública, cidadania e instituição com o objetivo de analisar processos de comunicação pública que incidem na construção da cidadania, a partir da atuação da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul dirigida à defesa dos direitos de pessoas socialmente excluídas. A Defensoria é analisada como instituição constituída pelas perspectivas normativa, fática e estratégica. Os conceitos teóricos trabalhados reportam ao interesse público conforme discutido por Arendt (2014), Sennett (1988) e Bobbio (2012), à cidadania (MARSHALL, 1967; GIDDENS, 2008; CARVALHO, 2013; DAGNINO, 2004) e direitos humanos, a partir da gênese de valores proposta por Joas (2012). A abordagem comunicacional parte do conceito de interações comunicativas, conforme França (1998), desenvolve o conceito de comunicação pública articulando, principalmente, as proposições de Weber (2007, 2009, 2011) e Esteves (2011), e abrande os estudos de comunicação organizacional com Baldissera (2014), Marques (2015), Mumby (2009) e Deetz (2010) e de estratégia em Pérez (2012). A reflexão sobre instituição é feita a partir de Castoriadis (1982), Braga (2010, 2012), Berger e Luckmann (1998). O estudo de caso é a opção metodológica para a abordagem da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul enquanto uma dimensão institucional particular. Os procedimentos metodológicos incluem pesquisa documental e bibliográfica da legislação federal sobre a instituição, sobre suas atividades, os defensores e as pessoas atendidas, além de práticas e produtos de comunicação. A análise da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul é realizada nas perspectivas normativa (análise histórico-descritiva), fática (análises descritiva e das situações de interação) e estratégica (análises descritiva das estratégias e de temas e vozes). A articulação dessas perspectivas da instituição permitiu cercar a constituição de rede de comunicação pública sobre o tema de interesse público e os direitos de cidadania. Dessa forma, identifica-se a atuação da Defensoria Pública do Rio Grande do Sul como um espaço institucional rico em termos de interação comunicacional, capaz de ampliar as experiências de cidadania e privilegiar o interesse público. / This Master Thesis articulates the concepts related to public communication, citizenship and institution aiming to analyse public communication processes focusing in the construction of citizenship, from the perspective of Rio Grande do Sul´s Public Defender´s work directed to the defence of social excluded individuals´ rights. The analysis focus in the Public Defender as an institution constituted by the normative, factual and strategic perspectives. The main theoretical concepts worked report to public interest, as discussed by Arendt (2014), Sennett (1988) e Bobbio (2012), to citizenship (MARSHALL, 1967; GIDDENS, 2008; CARVALHO, 2013; DAGNINO, 2004) and human rights, starting from the genesis of values proposed by Joas (2012). The communicational approach derives from the communicative interactions concept, according to França (1998), develops the public communication concept articulating, mainly, the propositions from Weber (2007, 2009, 2011) and Esteves (2011), and includes the organizational communication studies with Baldissera (2014), Marques (2015), Mumby (2009) e Deetz (2010) and strategy in Pérez (2012). The observation about institution is made from Castoriadis (1982), Braga (2010, 2012), Berger and Luckmann (1998). The case study is the methodological option for the Rio Grande do Sul Public Defender approach as a particular institutional dimension. The methodological procedures include federal legislation documental and bibliographic research about the institution, its activities, the public defenders and the persons aided, in addition with communication practices and products. The Rio Grande do Sul Public Defender analysis focuses in the normative (historical descriptive analysis), factual (descriptive analysis and from the interaction situations) and strategic (descriptive analysis of strategies and themes and voices analysis). The articulation of these institutional perspectives allowed surrounding the public communication network about the public interest subject and the citizenship rights. Therefore, the Rio Grande do Sul Public Defender is a rich institutional space in terms of communicational interaction, capable of increasing the citizenship experience and prioritise the public interest.

O trabalho apresenta um estudo sistematizado da curadoria especial, focando especialmente em sua efetividade para a tutela de vulneráveis processuais. Após abordar a vulnerabilidade no âmbito do processo civil, indica que as hipóteses em que há previsão de atuação do curador especial são situações em que a parte está em condições de especial dificuldade para exercer plenamente seus direitos. É apresentado o histórico da curadoria especial até o contexto atual, em que passa a ser função institucional da Defensoria Pública. Analisa pormenorizadamente as peculiaridades da atuação do curador especial na tutela dos direitos do réu revel citado por edital ou com hora certa, do réu preso e do incapaz sem representante legal ou cujos interesses colidam com os de seu representante. A efetividade da curadoria especial é evidenciada pela forma com que a atividade é desempenhada em cada fase do processo. Além disso, apresenta análise de julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal, do Superior Tribunal de Justiça e do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo que tratam da atuação do curador especial, demonstrando que, em diversas oportunidades, o exercício desta função traz resultados positivos, ainda que parcialmente, ao litigante vulnerável. Aborda, ainda, dados sobre a curadoria especial no Estado de São Paulo, apontando que a quantidade de processos em que há esta atuação é proporcionalmente pequena em relação ao movimento judiciário total, bem como que o montante empregado diretamente para seu custeio é razoável. O trabalho expõe, ademais, a percepção de defensores públicos do Estado de São Paulo que exercem a atribuição de curadores especiais, por meio de questionário a eles aplicado. Por fim, conjugando todos os dados apresentados, demonstra que a curadoria especial é efetiva para garantir a ampla defesa e o contraditório das partes em situação de vulnerabilidade processual. / This research introduces a systemized study of the special curator´s activity by emphasizing its capacity to provide protection for those in situation of procedural vulnerability. Overcoming the study of the procedural vulnerability, the research shows that the legal rules that determine the special curator´s activity are related to litigants that are in special situations which compromise the practice of its legal rights in court. After providing the special curators development history, the research leads to the allocation of the curator function on to the Public Defender´s Office. The research also analyses the capacity of such activity in order to protect the rights of the defendant in default cited by edict, of the arrested defendant, and of the minor or disable group lacking legal capacity without legal guardian or trustee. Furthermore, the research checks out how the performance of the special curator activity is able to provide a way of overcoming harmful effects from procedural vulnerability in several stages of the civil procedure. Moreover, the research verifies case-laws regarding the special curator activity in the Brazilian Supreme Court of Justice, Brazilian Federal Court of Justice and State of São Paulo´s Court of Appeals. In several opportunities the results are well-founded to the litigant in procedural vulnerability. The information presented regarding the special curator´s activity in the State of São Paulo is able to demonstrate that the legal proceeding quantity and its direct costs are reasonable. An opinion poll on the special curator activities among the Public Defenders reveals their evaluation regarding this subject. Finally, the research put together all the information provided, concluding that the special curator´s activity is able to assist and assure the full defense and the right of adversary proceedings for those in procedural vulnerability situation.