Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os desdobramentos de processos de regularização fundiária implantados no Brasil. Para isso, foi desenvolvido estudo de caso do Programa de regularização de terras públicas ocupadas por moradias implantado no município de Osasco, na área metropolitana de São Paulo. A evolução da legislação federal, estadual e municipal ocorrida na última década, assim como a interação entre município e Ministério das Cidades, proporcionaram condições necessárias para a implantação do programa estudado, que objetiva a regularização dominial das áreas públicas municipais ocupadas por moradias. Aproximadamente 90% das favelas inseridas no programa são localizadas em terras públicas originalmente demarcadas como áreas livres em projetos de loteamentos privados. O processo de regularização contou com procedimentos jurídicos que culminaram na outorga de títulos de concessão especial para fins de moradia e concessão de direito real de uso, registrados em Cartório de Registro de Imóveis. Não foram desenvolvidos planos de intervenção física nas áreas regularizadas, ainda que as favelas apresentem parâmetros precários de urbanização. Ficando restrito a procedimentos jurídicos, sem a definição de parâmetros de urbanização, o programa pode levar, como no caso estudado, à cristalização do padrão de expansão periférica da área metropolitana de São Paulo. / This work has as its objective the investigation of land tenure regularization processes in Brazil. In order to achieve this aim, there has been developed a case study of the Land Tenure Regularization Program developed by the local government of Osasco, at the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The evolution of federal, state and municipal law happened at the last decade, as well as the interaction with the Ministry of Cities, provided the needed conditions for the implementation of the studied program, which focuses on the regularization of public land illegally occupied by housing. Approximately 90% of the settlements within the program are located on public land originally designated as green areas of private allotments. The regularization process has counted with juridical procedures, but not with physical intervention plans, although the precarious urbanization parameters existent at the regularized settlements. Due to the priority given to the juridical procedures instead of physical improvements, the studied program leads to the consolidation of the precarious standard of urbanization constituted during the process of expansion of the metropolitan area of São Paulo.

Land and housing markets are separated, with the traders in the land market being developers and those in the housing market being end-users for self-occupation and investors for investment. The two markets, however, are closely related because demand for residential sites is derived from demand for housing. With this close relationship, any signals from the land market should be impounded to the housing market. Land auction, which is the most commonly adopted land disposal method in Hong Kong, is a significant event in the land market. The land auction events should contain market signals affecting trading decisions of homebuyers and sellers in the housing market in a similar way that corporate earnings announcements of a listed company affect the trading of its shares in the stock market. 　　This study investigates how land auctions affect trading volume in the secondary housing market in Hong Kong. Hypotheses are developed based on previous studies on the impacts of corporate earnings announcements on trading volume in stock markets with modifications to take into account the differences between housing and stock markets. The characteristics of housing market that are important in formulating the hypotheses are high transaction cost and market incompleteness (e.g. absence of short selling). In addition, lumpiness and indivisibility of housing, which make market participants risk-averse, also play important roles in the development of the hypotheses in this study. 　　The research results indicate that greater dispersion in prior beliefs before the land auctions is associated with lower trading volume in the housing spot market. Unexpected land auction outcomes, be they positive or negative, are also negatively related to trading volume in the housing market, with the negative outcomes exerting a strong downward pressure on trading volume. These findings are contradictory to the findings commonly found in most finance literature about trading volume around corporate earnings announcements which assumes negligible transaction cost but consistent with findings in Barron and Karpoff (2004). The deviation from previous studies of stock market can be explained by the risk-averse behaviour of market participants, high transaction cost and market incompleteness in the housing market. Although empirical data in Hong Kong are used, the implications are general and should be applicable to other housing markets with similar characteristics. This study also sheds light on how increase in transaction cost and restriction on short selling may affect trading volume around corporate earnings announcements in the stock market. / published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Utilizing quantitative and qualitative methods, this in-depth ethnographic study of the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area (BSFNRRA) examines social conflict and resistance stemming from competing values, definitions, and concerns over the management of cultural and natural resources within the region. The timing of this project is fortuitous for the National Park Service (NPS) has completed the creation of a ten year General Management Plan. Thus, we are provided with an opportunity to study and analyze the policy and methodology that park officials are required to follow in creating a management plan and eliciting public participation. The first goal of this study is to ascertain how the establishment of the BSFNRRA has altered local communities: (1) means of access to the area and (2) uses of resources within the area. Several questions will be asked and probed for answers. What happens to the meanings of the land and places on the land (such as a family cemetery) when the land is transformed from private to public ownership and is managed by a government agency for the benefit of preservation or recreation? How have residents been affected by and adapted to this transformation? The second goal is to probe the complex relationships and identify sources of conflict, resistance, and cooperation between community residents, NPS employees, and special interest groups. Essential questions arise and must be addressed. How are conflict, resistance, and cooperation demonstrated? The third goal is to delineate what measures can be taken to lessen conflict or resistance and promote cooperation? Since resistance often manifests itself in not participating in public meetings pertaining to the BSFNRRA, what measures can be taken to promote public participation? In conclusion, this study will draw clear and concise recommendations towards diminishing conflict between local residents and the NPS, along with recommendations on increasing public participation in the creation of policy pertaining to the management of public land. In addition to the applied aspect of this project, this study contributes to the body of theory by building on the mentalist paradigm of symbolic interactionism and the materialist paradigms of conflict and resistance theory.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar os desdobramentos de processos de regularização fundiária implantados no Brasil. Para isso, foi desenvolvido estudo de caso do Programa de regularização de terras públicas ocupadas por moradias implantado no município de Osasco, na área metropolitana de São Paulo. A evolução da legislação federal, estadual e municipal ocorrida na última década, assim como a interação entre município e Ministério das Cidades, proporcionaram condições necessárias para a implantação do programa estudado, que objetiva a regularização dominial das áreas públicas municipais ocupadas por moradias. Aproximadamente 90% das favelas inseridas no programa são localizadas em terras públicas originalmente demarcadas como áreas livres em projetos de loteamentos privados. O processo de regularização contou com procedimentos jurídicos que culminaram na outorga de títulos de concessão especial para fins de moradia e concessão de direito real de uso, registrados em Cartório de Registro de Imóveis. Não foram desenvolvidos planos de intervenção física nas áreas regularizadas, ainda que as favelas apresentem parâmetros precários de urbanização. Ficando restrito a procedimentos jurídicos, sem a definição de parâmetros de urbanização, o programa pode levar, como no caso estudado, à cristalização do padrão de expansão periférica da área metropolitana de São Paulo. / This work has as its objective the investigation of land tenure regularization processes in Brazil. In order to achieve this aim, there has been developed a case study of the Land Tenure Regularization Program developed by the local government of Osasco, at the metropolitan area of São Paulo. The evolution of federal, state and municipal law happened at the last decade, as well as the interaction with the Ministry of Cities, provided the needed conditions for the implementation of the studied program, which focuses on the regularization of public land illegally occupied by housing. Approximately 90% of the settlements within the program are located on public land originally designated as green areas of private allotments. The regularization process has counted with juridical procedures, but not with physical intervention plans, although the precarious urbanization parameters existent at the regularized settlements. Due to the priority given to the juridical procedures instead of physical improvements, the studied program leads to the consolidation of the precarious standard of urbanization constituted during the process of expansion of the metropolitan area of São Paulo.

A presente tese de doutorado objetiva compreender a relação entre a constituição da propriedade privada capitalista da terra, que se fundamenta na grilagem de terras, e a desapropriação capitalista como forma de reprodução da aliança entre terra e capital no Brasil, buscando analisar as especificidades da formação territorial brasileira a partir da formação da propriedade privada da terra. A formação territorial brasileira foi produzida como uma via de desenvolvimento capitalista que reproduz determinados fundamentos do processo de produção e acumulação capitalista geral, constituindo assim um desenvolvimento desigual e contraditório. Tal formação é produzida por uma especificidade sui generis: a formação da propriedade privada da terra se fundamenta na reprodução da grilagem de terra em todos os momentos da história brasileira, produzindo e reproduzindo também a classe dos grandes proprietários de terra e seu poder político, social e econômico. A estrutura fundiária brasileira e sua expressão territorial peremptória, o latifúndio, conforma-se em mecanismos jurídicos, sociais, econômicos e políticos advindos de uma reprodução contínua da acumulação originária do capital. Ou seja, constata-se a permanência da produção (não capitalista) de capital no capitalismo brasileiro. A apropriação privada de terras públicas e as formas de instituir e burlar leis, a realização de pactos e alianças territoriais e econômicas entre classes sociais burguesas, a consolidação de interesses políticos a partir do domínio (ou do consentimento do domínio a classes aliançadas) do Estado revelam que o capitalismo no Brasil apresenta uma via específica, a qual denomina-se nesta tese de rentismo à brasileira. Para tanto, empreende-se a análise da reprodução de classes capitalistas a partir da teoria do território, uma revisão bibliográfica das teorias marxistas sobre a questão agrária e as vias de desenvolvimento do capitalismo no campo na Europa, um retorno à história da formação da propriedade privada da terra no Brasil e aos fundamentos da concentração fundiária, além do estudo de casos de desapropriação de terras como um negócio capitalista em seu duplo caráter: garantia absolutizada da propriedade privada e instrumento de especulação. / This thesis aims to understand the relationship between the constitution of capitalist private ownership of land, which is based on public land fraud, and capitalist expropriation as a mean of reproduction of the alliance between land and capital in Brazil, analyzing the Brazilian territorys specific formation stating the importance of the private ownership of land. The Brazilian territorial formation was produced as a capitalist development path that reproduces certain grounds of the production and general capitalist accumulation process, thus constituting an uneven and contradictory development. This formation is produced by a sui generis specificity: the formation of the private ownership of land is based on the reproduction of public land fraud trough all Brazilian history, producing and also reproducing the class of large landowners and their political, social and economic power. Brazil\'s agrarian structure and its peremptory territorial expression, latifundia, conforms itself in legal, social, economic and political mechanisms arising from a continuous reproduction of the original accumulation of capital. In other words, there has been the production of the remaining (non-capitalist) capital in Brazilian capitalism. The private appropriation of public lands and the different ways of creating and circumvent laws, the territorial and economic alliances between bourgeois social classes, the consolidation of political interests from the domain (or the consent of the articulated domain by these classes) of the State, all reveal that capitalism in Brazil has a specific path, which is called in this thesis Brazilian rentism. Therefore, we undertake the analysis of the reproduction of capitalist classes based on the theory of the territory, a literature review of Marxist theories on the agrarian question and capitalism developing in the field in Europe, a return to the history of private property of land\'s formation in Brazil and the foundations of land concentration and the study of cases of land expropriation as a capitalist business in its dual character: made absolute guarantee of private property and speculation instrument.

Ecological research, both basic and applied, can inform management decisions on public land in a number of ways. Most importantly, it can illuminate any negative effects of a given land use practice as well as the causes behind that effect. This type of information can be important to a management agency, such as the BLM, with a multi-use mission as these studies indicate under what management regimes a land use is in contradiction with other goals, such as conservation or restoration. The current body of research, however, is flawed. In order to make fully informed decisions, land managers are in need of site or ecosystem-specific studies, which may not be available for the ecosystem in question. In addition, as is the case with investigations of the effects of extraction of natural gas, lack of baseline data and systematically controlled experiments lead to incomplete answering of questions pertinent to land managers. To produce research that is more pertinent to land managers, researchers and managers can work together more closely. This could be facilitated if funding were available to BLM field offices to solicit investigation into questions they need answered locally. This may necessitate a certain level of decentralization or at least more discretionary power given to local managers within the agency. Close collaboration between researchers and land managers from the beginning would ensure the produced results could better inform management decisions. Public land managers of the BLM cannot only consider scientific research when making land use decisions, however. Its multi-use mission statement requires an integration of conservation, restoration, recreation and resource use and extraction. This can lead to a number of conflicts or contradictions between goals. In addition, national, state, and local values and priorities play into which land use practices are deemed acceptable, often regardless of scientific research. In order to remedy the situation, boundary spanning, a transdisciplinary approach, and decentralization have been suggested.