A developmental state like South Africa requires a capable and effective public service to implement its national development plan. In essence, to achieve its developmental goals, South Africa will have to depend upon the commitment, strength and competence of public servants who must convert the stated developmental goals into coherent programmes. Currently, the South African government is structured into three spheres; the national, provincial and local. Each of the three spheres derives its public service delivery mandate and competence from the Constitution, 1996. Furthermore, in terms of the Constitution the public service is comprised of the national and provincial spheres of government, while the local sphere of government remains distinct and independent from the other two. Therefore, this structure has led to a public service delivery by national and provincial spheres on the one hand and the local sphere on the other. Consequently, the Constitution, 1996 recognises the interdependence of the three spheres and fosters co-operation among them in the quest to deliver public services. The single public service envisaged in the commonly known Single Public Service Bill currently before Parliament contains a potential for bridging the organisational gaps associated with the current structure of government and is intended for citizens to benefit from a seamless interface with government machinery. Apart from the service delivery opportunities offered by the unification of the administration in the three spheres of government in a Single Public Service, some challenges remain. The notion of a Single Public Service in ensuring seamless public service delivery in South Africa is critically examined in the article. The objectives of the notion are critically explored as well the opportunities and challenges presented by the unification of the administration in the three spheres of government on public service delivery. The article concludes with recommendations for seamless service delivery.

Denna uppsats är en studie av hur teckenspråkiga tar del av det dagliga nyhetsflödet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka vad teckenspråkiga tycker om det faktiska utbudet av nyhetsprogram för teckenspråkiga. Studiens frågeställningar är: Hur uppfylls teckenspråkigas behov av nyheter idag? Tar de teckenspråkiga del av nyheterna från Nyhetstecken? Vilken betydelse har public service för teckenspråkiga? Hur önskar teckenspråkiga att nyhetsutbudet utformades? Tillgodoser nyhetsmedierna teckenspråkigas behov ur ett demokratiperspektiv? Att kunna ta del av den samhällsinformation som finns är en viktig del i ett demokratiskt samhälle. Därför består studiens teoretiska ram av teorin om den offentliga sfären med utvalda områden som påverkar den offentliga sfären. Därefter presenteras ett utdrag från diskussionerna kring den omdebatterade public service-modellen. Eftersom studien baseras på teckenspråkigas egna åsikter och tankar, tillämpas metoden fokusgrupper. För att studien ska vara så mångfacetterad som möjligt görs även en intervju med SVT Teckenspråk. Analysen visar att de teckenspråkiga inte tar del av Nyhetstecken för att de redan tagit del av nyheterna. Dessutom är Nyhetstecken inte tillräckligt, de behöver ofta komplettera med andra nyheter. Public service är viktig för respondenterna men det finns flera brister i tillgänglighet, speciellt teckenspråkskvalitén. De teckenspråkiga skulle börja titta på Nyhetstecken om de började sända nyheter om döva. Studien visar att respondenterna ofta stöter på otillgänglighet i tillvaron, speciellt nyheter på tv och på webben, då de inte textas fullt ut.

The author's doctoral dissertation, Yale University, 1920, but not published as a thesis. / Bibliography: p. [351]-355.

Public service announcements (PSA) have been utilized successfully to promote the health behaviors to the public. In spite that Hong Kong government keep increasing the budget of PSA (admanGo, 2015;2016), the effectiveness of PSA is seldom measured. Previous studies focus on testing the discourses, contents, and public's interpretations of PSA (Chan and Huang, 2015; Chan & Chang, 2013; Wong, 2006). Little research tries to explore the design and effectiveness of PSA. Besides, Hong Kong is facing a serious road safety issue due to the rapid development of the economy. And the convenient use of mobile phones causes the public pays less attention to road safety issue. According to the annual report of road safety council (2015), "inattentively" is the primary contributory factor in road accidents both from driver perspective and passenger perspective. A study was designed to investigate the public attitudes and behavior related to road safety and their responses to public service announcements using narrative or fear appeals. Two main theories were utilized to create the theoretical framework for this study: Regulatory fit theory and the Theory of planned behavior. The hedonic principle plays a role in the basic function of RFT and TPB. Both of them aim to change people's behavioral intentions and concerns that people approach pleasure and avoid pain. The core principle in RFT is to examine people's approach and avoidance mechanisms based on the two regulatory focus systems. On the other hand, TPB emphasizes that people's intentions are performed based on the chronic perceptions of the positive or negative outcomes of the recommended behaviors. Once people think the recommended behaviors are favorable, they are more likely to engage, which matches the principle of pleasant and pain from RFT. This study investigates the impact of either focusing on promotion or prevention in the Regulatory fit theory along with fear appeal, which could modify the variables in Theory of planned behavior, by taking road safety as a context. The purpose of this study is to explore whether Regulatory fit theory with fear framing will have merit under several conditions that may influence individuals' emotional responses, behavioral intentions, and information processing. Survey methodology was adopted. A model incorporating variables in RFT and TPB was proposed. A structured questionnaire was designed to include the key constructs in the RFT and TPB. Altogether 523 responses were collected from 30 November 2017 to 24 December 2017, including 106 respondents from the questionnaire in paper form and 481 from the online platform, in Hong Kong and Mainland China. Four types of stimuli were designed to examine the model. Empirical data of this study confirms the high influence of predictors including attitude towards behavior, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms to predict behavior intention. In particular, subjective norms are the highest-level predictor. About the self-regulatory fit, promotion focus predicts more than prevention focus on health communication. What's more, the results showed that perceived relevance is a key factor when people make decisions about a health-related behavior. This study theoretically attempts to extend Regulatory fit theory by adding fear as the emotional variable that tests whether fear is fit/unfit for an individual's regulatory focus, especially in the behavioral health context, which can help practitioners better understand the use of fear appeal along with Regulatory fit theory and how it impacts individuals' health behaviors. Practically, this study explores the theory-driven communication strategy for practitioners. Fear appeal is one of the most common tactics in health communication campaigns, but there is a lack of research to compare the practical impact of fear appeal. For instance, most practitioners prefer to adopt fear appeal rather than emotional appeals or narrative appeals in health promotions, but few empirical studies have verified the benefits of fear appeal from a theory-based perspective. Furthermore, this study seeks to answer some questions in daily health communication in daily life by applying the Regulatory fit theory, such as how different focus-oriented people understand the fear appeals in health messages. The findings of this study will explore some effective message strategies for health communications and marketing practitioners.

Over the past few decades, we have observed a transformation of the economy and a shift to more knowledge-based and fast paced work. Against the backdrop of complex organizational issues and multifaceted job demands, research has evolved to better integrate the social context into models of organizational stress and well-being. Stewardship has been proposed as an organizational approach that emphasizes a sense of purpose towards the common good through the sharing of power, resources and information across networks to work through complex issues. The main objective of this thesis is to develop and empirically test an analytical framework examining the role of stewardship in the relationship between organizational stress and well-being. A central premise of this research is that contextual factors of the work environment can play a key role in the mitigation of work stress. More specifically, stewardship is viewed as an organizational approach that helps executives to navigate their complex demands and be more resilient to organizational stress. The predictive power of this conceptual model was evaluated through the examination of senior executives from the public service of Canada. Using a mixed-methods approach this thesis is organized around three scientific articles. Using a large sample of public service executives (N = 2314), the first study developed and tested a questionnaire measure of organizational stewardship and used this measure to investigate the relationship between this construct and established measures of organizational stressors, work resources, perceived stress and well-being. Findings supported the validity of the instrument. In addition, results indicated that stewardship was negatively associated with work stressors and perceived stress and positively associated with traditional organizational resources and indicators of individual and organizational well-being. The second study furthered the conceptualization of organizational stewardship through a qualitative approach using interviews among senior executives (N = 15). Findings revealed that organizational stewardship was conceptualized with four key elements: i) service over self-interest, ii) sustainability of the public service beyond one’s career, iii) working with a collective orientation and iv) mission-focused management of resources. In addition, the barriers and facilitators of stewardship were centred on organizational processes and practices within the public service context. In the third study (N = 1996), a multi-level analysis of survey data demonstrated that organizational stewardship played a moderating role in the relationship between role ambiguity and distress among senior executives: departmental stewardship acted as a buffer against job stressors. Overall, the findings from this thesis support stewardship as an organizational resource in the relationship between organizational stress and well-being and emphasize the need to increase our current understanding of this concept as it relates to organizational health.

Career plateau research is heavily focused on the private sector at the management level. There are few studies which examine career plateau in the public sector and no studies of career plateau in the Canadian core public sector. This qualitative research study is the first career plateau study focused on the core public sector in Canada. The systematic review study includes a map of the career plateau research and completed a synthesis analysis to provide new insights into career plateau. The second study involved an initial 67 participants with further data being gathered from focused interviews of 48 participants who were classified as career plateaued. Echo sorting and content analysis of the resulting data was completed to explore the perceived causes of career plateau; identify the affective impacts of career plateau on public servants; examine the behavioural responses of public servants to being career plateaued; and identify organizational implications. The study results indicate that public servants perceive the causes and affective impacts of career plateau generally consistent with existing research findings while some of the perceived causes categories may possibly be unique to the public service setting. However, public servants may respond to career plateau in two unique ways involving public service value responses and responses based on public sector organizational characteristics. Given that this is the first study to be completed on career plateau in the Canadian public service, all the findings must be considered tentative. The categories developed throughout the study describing how public servants feel and respond to career plateau as well as the organizational implications all require further refinement and more empirical testing. / Graduate / 2021-05-01

Bibliography: pages 256-273. / The thesis has two objectives: First to establish what has happened to employment by the State and the causes behind changes. And second to establish the role the State has adopted as a labour market operator for white labour and the effects of this role. The work is divided into three parts: PART I: This establishes some of the economic foundations of the factors affecting State employment. The factors which affect total demand for State employment are those factors which determine the total demand and supply of public output. There are four interested parties who are affected by the supply of public output: Consumers who demand public output through voting and non-voting pressure; the government which designs public output to suit the median voter and to some extent overcomes the political uncertainty problem through the implementation of ideology; producers who affect public output through non-voting pressures; and the bureaucracy which produces public output under the criteria of: (i) when a pure public good is produced this is to the full extent of the bureau budget without regard for average and marginal cost conditions and (ii) in the production of a pure private good the bureau produces efficiency only if the trading surplus accrues to the bureau. PART II: This presents the collected data and discusses problems encountered in the establishment of the data. Employment is presented by race for the various sectors of the State (for example the Central Authorities or the Railways) and for the various types of activity undertaken by the State (for example the provision of Economic Services or Educational Services). PART III: This tackles the two objectives of the work and emerges with four findings. The most surprising result of the study was while State employment has grown, the growth in black employment was proportionately far greater than the growth in white employment. This growth is largely centred on the growth of black bureaucrats and teaching services in the employ of the Central Authorities in the 1950s and Homeland governments since the 1960s. Second, State employment by activity shows the interesting result that half of all State employment is involved in providing economic services. In 1980, education employment ranked as the second most important type of employment having constituted twenty per cent of State employment. Third, the State views its role as a white labour market operator as that of an 'employer of last resort' for white labour which it achieves by means of always having posts vacant for whites, especially at lower skilled white positions. The results of this are first, to set a minimum wage for whites and second, is likely to cause the State to operate inefficiently. Fourth, it appears that certain sectors of the State were constrained by fixed factor proportions. In the public service, the Railways and the Provincial Administrations, the ratio of black to white employed rarely exceeded 1:1 until very recently. The effect of this has been to limit the growth in employment of some of the sectors as a result of the State's difficulties in attracting white labour.

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Title: Television in the Service of the Public - a Study of the Public Service Concept (Television i allmänhetens tjänst - en studie av public service-begreppet). Author: Daniel Färnstrand Aim: To describe the ideals, or principles, that the Public Service Ideology or concept of Pub­lic Service is based upon. The two main questions the paper aims to answer are thus: · Which principles should, according to the theoretical norm, guide Public Service activity? · Which principles guide Public Service television in Sweden today, according to the actual guidelines for the Public Service organization SVT? Method / Material: A study of relevant literature is carried out. Further, the actual guidelines for SVT are summarized. The normative guidelines are then also summarized, and a compari­son is made between this summary and the actual guidelines for SVT. Main results: Although a comprehensive definition is hard to find within the theoretical frame­work, a summary of the theoretical ideal is carried out. Hereby, a broad definition of the theoretical, normative ideal for Public Service activity is created. A comparison between the actual guidelines for SVT and the theoretical ideal of Public Service activity, revealed that these show almost exact coherence. The ideal seems to have been fulfilled, at least when one analyses the guidelines for SVT. Whether these guidelines are then followed by the actual ac­tivity of SVT is a question outside the range of this paper. Number of pages: 41 Course: Media and Communication Studies C. University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of Information Science, Uppsala University. Period: Spring 2000 Tutor: Lowe Hedman Keywords: Broadcasting, Public Service, Public Service Concept, Public Service Ideology.

Human resources management is a key aspect in Public Administration. In fact, it is argued that people are indeed the most valuable resource to any organisation. However, it is imperative to note that having people within an organisation does not automatically translate into results. Success within an organisation stems from implementing best practice human resources management. Performance management is one of the aspects involved in streamlining human resources management in an organisation. The foundation of this research is therefore based on the realization that performance management is a key factor to achieving results in Uganda’s public sector. Similar to several other countries, Uganda’s public sector has gone through various transitions and reforms. The performance management system that stands in the current public sector is a result of the reforms in the public sector. In order to understand the environment in which public servants operate, this research starts by giving a background to the history of the public sector and the evolution of the public service through the public service reform programme. Attention is then drawn to the theoretical framework by way of identifying the standards required in any given performance management system. Based on these identified standards and the research objectives, an evaluation of the implementation of performance management in Uganda’s public sector is discussed with specific reference to the Ministry of public service. The final chapter of the research gives critical recommendations to improve public sector performance management in the Ministry of public service and the Ugandan Public service as a whole. The research findings indicate that performance management policies in Uganda’s public sector are founded on the right and basic principles of performance management. However, critical measures should be put in place to address the actual implementation of performance management in the public sector in order to improve results. / Public Administration / M.A. (Public Administration)