People’s perceptions of mining are heavily based on the media they consume and the messages therein. News outlets ordinarily report on mining only when there is an accident or environmental concern. When messages that the public is exposed to are negative, it is no wonder that there are negative perceptions about mining. Current public relations campaigns on the behalf of specific companies or select sectors do exist; however, this is often a reactionary move in response to recent shifts in the socio-political environment. The details of these campaigns are often tied up in proprietary information or withheld by public relations firms. Hiring public relations firms is often cost prohibitive for many single mining companies. Mining serves a vital purpose in providing society with the base resources to sustain the standard of living it has come to expect. This important purpose needs to be fully communicated to the public in order to educate them. Attitudes about mining need to be identified so misinformation can be accurately targeted. Before this can begin, these attitudes must be measured and knowledge gaps identified. This work focused on two main objectives on the mining industry’s behalf. The first focus was to determine attitudes towards mining and knowledge about mining. This was done through a survey administered to three counties in Kentucky. From this survey, guidance for communication efforts were produced, through the suggestion of specific topics for messages, which directly addresses identified attitudes of the public and misconceptions about mining. Relationships between knowledge and attitudes were explored, as well as relationships between demographic information and knowledge, and attitudes. Subsequently, an empirical model for predicting individuals' knowledge of mining was produced. The second focus was to apply theoretical foundations to educational and community engagement efforts. Different theories are required for different groups of people depending on the level that mining plays a role in those peoples' lives. In all, how the mining industry communicates with the public needs to be improved, and the work proposed here will steer these improvements.

This dissertation combines seemingly different studies, which work together to describe the physical characteristics of rip current development and associated social implications at several locations. These fast-moving, concentrated flows of water travel offshore and can be found on any beach with sufficient wave action. Any event of increased wave steepness will erode a large quantity of sediment from the beach. The material deposited offshore eventually makes its way back; during this process, ocean water becomes trapped behind a shore-attached bar resulting in a ridge-and-runnel. These formations are seen at East Hampton, where rip-like currents form as concentrated water drains from the runnel through a breach in the ridge. Camera images from 2010-2016 captured ridge-and-runnel formations and the ensuing currents. These newly described rips behave similarly to bar-gaps; however, they are not directly related to wave action. Coastal scientists consider rip currents to be the number one hazard at most beaches. In Palm Beach County, two traditional rip types were studied: bar-gap and structurally-controlled. Lifeguard incident reports from 2011-2016 were used to correlate wind speeds and wave heights to rip related rescues at three beaches. This research was undertaken in an effort to determine under what conditions most beachgoers become caught in this hazard. Rip currents were seen to be the most dangerous to bathers on days with moderate wind and wave activity. The same beach states that lead to the strongest rips also tend to keep beachgoers from entering the ocean. A social survey at Miami Beach, from 2011 to 2012, quantified beachgoer’s rip knowledge and their recognition of hazards. A significant portion of the respondents showed insufficient knowledge, which indicated they are at-risk of being caught or drowning in a rip current. Frequent exposure to the beach, maturation, and residency were identified as the main contributors to one’s literacy whereas education was the only variable that influenced a beachgoer’s visual recognition of hazard. The information gathered by these surveys can aid in creating better rip current awareness campaigns targeted to demographics that were determined as the most at-risk. An understanding of the physical and social science of rip currents can mitigate the impact of these beach hazards.

Le 23 octobre 2000 le Parlement européen a adopté la Directive Cadre européenne sur l’Eau (2000/60/CE), directive qui règlemente pour l’ensemble des États membres de l'Union européenne la protection globale de la ressource en eau. La DCE repose sur l’articulation étroite de trois principes généraux chargés d’organiser la gestion de l’eau des États-membres. Le premier principe est une exigence de résultats exprimée par l’obligation d’atteindre « le bon état écologique » des eaux à l’échéance de 2015, 2022 et 2027. Le second principe affiché par la DCE est la prise en compte explicite des enjeux économiques par une internalisation des coûts visant, – selon le principe pollueur-payeur – à faire assumer la charge financière des dégradations de l’eau par les usagers qui en sont jugés responsables. Le troisième principe de la DCE est celui d’une participation des parties prenantes à la définition des politiques de l’eau, exprimé par l’obligation de consultation du public. Prévue dans l’article 14 de la DCE, cette consultation vise à ce que les Programmes De Mesures (PDM) de chaque bassin hydrographique soient systématiquement soumis aux observations du public à diverses étapes de l’élaboration et de l’évaluation des résultats. La prise à témoin du public dans la politique de l’eau est interprétée à la fois comme réponse politique à la défiance des citoyens vis-à-vis autorités politiques (en particulier européennes) permettant de renforcer la réactivité des gouvernants, et également comme une composante de la nouvelle gestion publique visant à substituer à la régulation étatique classique des règles gestionnaires d’arbitrage entre les différentes parties-prenantes des enjeux environnementaux. Le dispositif de recherche sociologique s’appuie sur plusieurs niveaux d’analyse : un examen comparé des déclinaisons nationales de la transposition de la DCE en France et aux Pays-Bas, analysées en termes de configurations institutionnelles, et une recherche portant sur la conception, le déroulement et les effets produits par la consultation – appréhendée comme un instrument d’action publique – telle qu’elle s’est déroulée, entre 2004 et 2009. / The European Parliament adopted in 2000 the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/WFD), directive which regulates for all Member States of the European Union the overall protection of water resources. The WFD is based on the close linkage of three general principles responsible for organizing the water management of the Member States. The first principle is a demand for results expressed by the requirement to achieve "good ecological status" of waters in the 2015, 2022 and 2027. The second principle displayed by the WFD is the explicit consideration of economic issues in cost internalization - according to the polluter pays principle - to assume the financial burden of degradation of water users who are deemed responsible. The third principle of the WFD refers to a stakeholder participation in the definition of water policy, as expressed by the requirement for public consultation. Provided for in the Article 14 of the WFD, we assume public consultation is to ensure that the programs of measures for each watershed are routinely shown to public comment at various stages of development and evaluation of results. To witness the taking of public, in water policy, is interpreted both as a political response to the distrust of citizens vis-à-vis the political authorities (particularly European) to enhance the responsiveness of governments, and also as a component of "mind management" to substitute for state regulation of arbitration rules managers between different stakeholders on environmental issues. The device of sociological research is based on several levels of analysis: a comparison of the national and local concerning the WFD transposition in France and the Netherlands, and a research on the design, the conduct and the effects produced by public consultation, seased as policy tools, between 2004 and 2009.

No description available.

Bumblebees have shown both long and short-term declines throughout their range. These declines may be attributed to a range of factors including changes in land use, alterations in climatic conditions and species introductions. However, management strategies for bumblebee conservation often focus on provision of summer forage resources and other factors are frequently overlooked. Provision of spring forage and nesting sites for bumblebee queens are rarely considered, though colony foundation and early colony growth are two of the most sensitive stages in bumblebee life history. Here, the efficacy of certain agri-environment prescriptions for providing spring forage and nest sites for bumblebees is assessed, highlighting a need for specific schemes targeted towards the provision of these vital resources in the rural environment. The nesting ecology of bumblebees is poorly understood because wild colonies are difficult to locate. However, a greater knowledge of the colony-level effects of environmental change is crucial to understanding bumblebee declines. Attracting bumblebee queens to nest in artificial domiciles could provide a valuable tool for studying colony-level responses. However, domicile trials and the findings of a literature review presented here demonstrate that this approach may be largely impractical for use in the UK. Conversely, a nationwide public bumblebee nest survey produced numerous data regarding nest site preferences among bumblebee species and also demonstrated that citizen science may also provide a sensitive method for detecting declines in currently common bumblebee species. An understanding of the ecology of species interactions and coexistence can provide valuable insights into factors that may influence declines. Data presented here suggest that coexistence between some bumblebee species may be maintained by resource partitioning based on diel activity patterns that are linked to species-specific environmental tolerances. If this is the case, the potential role of climate change in bumblebee declines may be severely underestimated. There is also increasing evidence that genetic factors may play a role in bumblebee losses, accelerating declines of small, fragmented populations as a result of reduction in genetic diversity and inbreeding depression. Here, the feasibility of reintroducing British B. subterraneus (now extinct in the UK) from New Zealand into England is assessed using population genetic techniques. The findings suggest that the population history of B. subterraneus in New Zealand has resulted in a dramatic loss of genetic diversity and high genetic divergence from the original UK population, suggesting that it may not be a suitable for use in the reintroduction attempt. This work draws together some understudied aspects of bumblebee ecology with a particular focus on nest site requirements, availability of spring forage, mechanisms of avoidance of inter-specific competition and population genetic processes. The potential role of these in bumblebee declines is considered and new data relevant to the conservation of these important species is presented. It is hoped that this work will inform future management strategies for bumblebee conservation, highlight areas in need of further study and provide a sound starting point for future research in these areas.