Over the past 30 years South Africa has lost valuable human capital due to high volumes of emigration. South Africa has also seen numerous changes in its political, economic and social structure specifically in these decades, but little investigation has been done into the possibility of an association between political, economic and social, as well as personal factors, and the decision to leave South Africa. This study refers to Lee’s Migration Model (1966) that was used as a broad theory for migration. The model involves four sets of factors: factors associated with the area of origin, factors associated with the area of destination, intervening obstacles and personal factors. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory also explains the personal motivational theory for migration. Lee’s Model of Migration is used to investigate which political, economic, social and personal factors in the area of origin (South Africa) pushed South African emigrants to leave the country. It also investigates which political, economic, social and personal factors in the area of destination (Australia and New Zealand) pulled South African emigrants toward these countries. This study involved mixed-methods research (Creswell, 2009), thus the data collection methods were both qualitative and quantitative. The study followed a sequential exploratory strategy in two stages with the qualitative data collection occurring first, followed by a quantitative study – ‘QUALquan’ study. The data are mixed between analysis of the qualitative data and the quantitative data collection (Creswell, 2009:211). The qualitative data collection instruments used in the first stage of the study in 2009, were face-to-face interviews consisting of one focus group and six personal interviews in New Zealand, as well as twelve personal interviews in Australia. In the second stage of the study in 2015, namely the quantitative research, respondents were selected by contacting 17 closed (secured) Facebook groups that were formed for South Africans living either in Australia or New Zealand. There is no alternative sampling frame available since emigrants do not need to declare themselves as migrants on a work visa, furthermore, official documentation is not accessible to the public. A quantitative data collection instrument was administered with an online questionnaire. In the Australian Facebook groups, 137 respondents completed the questionnaire, and in New Zealand Facebook groups, 118 respondents, which adds up to a total of 255 respondents who completed the questionnaire. The results concluded that South Africa’s governance framework, its infrastructure and legislation acted as political push factors motivating South Africans to emigrate, while an uncertain economy contributed as an economic push factor. Socially, a perception of a limited future and a narcissistic society is what pushed South Africans to emigrate. Personal push factors that drove the emigration decision included, unmet physical, safety, belonging and esteem needs. The political factors that pulled South African emigrants to Australia and New Zealand involved effective government services and governmental aid. Economic pull factors included economic certainty and a lower cost of living. Social pull factors proved to be familiar circumstances and a better future. Personal pull factors were safety, belonging and self-actualisation needs. This mixed-method approach focussed on the gap to a followup study that was identified in previous individual qualitative and quantitative studies. These results may assist the South African government to take measures that ensures the retention of highly skilled citizens. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

Traditionnellement, les migrants internes chinois migrent seuls et laissent derrière eux leurs époux et enfants. Depuis vingt ans, ils sont toutefois plus nombreux à migrer avec les membres de leur famille. Peu d’études ont été consacrées à ce type de migrants. Selon la théorie de la migration de Mincer, les migrants familiaux ne choisissent pas un lieu de destination de la même façon que les migrants individuels. Ils ne sont pas attirés par les mêmes facteurs que les migrants individuels. En nous basant sur la littérature sur le sujet, qui met en relief le rôle des facteurs économiques dans la décision de migrer, nous nous posons alors la question de recherche suivante : les facteurs économiques ont-ils plus d’incidence sur le choix de destination pour les individus que les familles. En contrepartie, ces derniers seraient, plus que ceux qui migrent seuls, motivés par des facteurs environnementaux ou socio-sanitaires? Nos analyses sont effectuées avec les données de l’Enquête chinoise dynamique sur les migrants de 2014, qui contient des informations sur 200 937 migrants résidant dans 346 villes, et de l’Annuaire statistique des villes chinoises. Les analyses statistiques sont réalisées avec un modèle logit conditionnel, qui permet de déduire, sachant qu’une migration a eu lieu, l’attractivité des villes liée à leurs caractéristiques géographiques, économiques, sociales ou encore environnementales. Nos résultats suggèrent que les migrants familiaux sont en effet moins motivés que les migrants individuels par des facteurs économiques favorables dans les villes de destination, tels que des revenus moyens élevés, une quantité élevée de dépenses dans l’immobilier, une proportion élevée d’entreprises privées et de travailleurs autonomes, un taux de chômage bas et une proportion élevée d’emplois dans le secteur secondaire. Nos résultats indiquent aussi que les migrants familiaux sont motivés par certaines caractéristiques socio-sanitaires telles que la quantité de dépenses dans l’éducation, les sciences et la technologie et de lits d’hôpitaux. Nous remarquons que ces effets sont plus forts chez les migrants ayant eu des enfants avant de migrer et vivant avec ceux-ci au moment de l’enquête. Nous notons par ailleurs que certains de ces résultats sont affectés par un effet d’âge, qui peut être confondu avec le cycle de vie familiale, les migrants familiaux étant en général plus âgés que ceux ou celles qui migrent seuls. / Traditionally, Chinese internal migrants migrate alone and leave behind their spouse and children. Over the past twenty years, more migrants have migrated with members of their nuclear family (Fan et al., 2011, Fan et Li, 2019, Duan et al., 2008). Few studies have been devoted to this type of migrants. According to Mincer’s migration theory (1977), family migrants do not choose a place of destination in the same way as individual migrants. They also are not attracted by the same pull factors as individual migrants. The purpose of our research is to address the following question: Do the economic factors have a greater impact on the destination choice of families when compared to individuals, the former being more motivated by environmental, social and health factors? Our analyzes are performed with data from the 2014 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, which contains information on 200,937 migrants residing in 346 cities, and the Statistical Yearbook of Chinese Cities. The statistical analyses are performed with a conditional logit model. The results indicate that family migrants are less motivated than individual migrants by favourable economic factors such as high average incomes, high proportion of private businesses and self-employed workers, high amount of spending on real estate, high proportion of high employment in the secondary sector and low unemployment rate. Our results also allow us to conclude that family migrants are motivated by certain social and health characteristics such as the quantity of hospital beds and the amount of expenditure on education, science, and technology. We note that these effects are more important among migrants who had children before migrating and living with them at the time of the survey. However, we observe that some of these results are due to an age effect.