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AbstractTitleEntry mode decision for Swedish business-to-business firms internationalizing to India. AuthorsJesper Mårtensson, Joep van den BrinkSubjectMaster Thesis in International Marketing KeywordsInternationalization, Entry Mode, BRIC-markets, Internal & External Factors, Effectuation & Causation. Question(s)How do internal and external factors influence the entry mode decision for Swedish business-to-businessfirms internationalizing to India?How can the entry mode decision process be characterized for Swedish business-to-businessfirms when internationalizing to India?How does the entry mode, used by Swedish business-to-business firms in India, follows the Transaction Cost Approach to entry modes and the Resource Based Approach to entry modes?PurposeThe purpose of this study is to get a deeper understanding of how internal and external factors influence the entry mode decision forSwedish business-to-business firms that internationalize to India. Furthermore, the study aims at bringing in a process-based view of the entry mode decision literature.The study also aims to investigate entry modes used in India to see how it followsthe recommendations of the transaction cost and the Resource Based explanation to entry mode choice. MethodQualitative multiple case study consisting of three cases. The data was collected through personal interviews. The cases have been analyzed using a within-case analysis and a cross-case analysis.ConclusionThe findings of our study show that firms evaluate just a few internal and external factors when internationalizing to India. As can be derived from our study, the product has an importantinfluence on the entry mode decision for the investigated firms. The more standardized a product is, the easier it is to penetrate the Indian market using low-control entry modes. The higher the complexity of the product, the more knowledge is required from the firm and thus, the higher the likelihood for a firm to internationalize to the Indian market using high-control entry modes. It is also shown that firms tend to rely on earlier experiences when internationalizing to India, whereas this could limit the firms for choosing the right entry mode. Furthermore, the specific market barriers for the Indian market have an influence on the entry mode decision as well. It is also found that firms that have a causational approach to foreign entry mode will not allow for a rapid switch in the level of foreign involvement before they have reliable information as a base for the decision. The firms with an effectual approach made their entry mode decision based on selecting an entry mode with low resource commitment, seeing their achieved turnovers in India as a bonus. / Master in International Marketing

In recent years, e-commerce has grown and spread to different markets. One of these markets is the toy market. This growth has created a need of expanding the loyalty research to the context of e-commerce. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the concept loyalty by identifying what loyalty building factors in Swedish online toyshops matters to the customer and how the customers utilize the factors. The collection method was semi-structured group interviews in order to explore the respondents’ experiences with online toyshops in Sweden. The findings suggest that eight factors influences loyalty in online toyshops. The factors were divided into internal- and external factors. The internal factors consist of convenience and children’s involvement. The external factors are product brand image, website attributes, delivery, service quality and security concerns. These external factors were found to affect company brand image. Depending on the customers’ preferences the factors are playing different roles in the customers’ life. The limitations of the study are few participants, risk of being biased because of the theory and many interpretations of the empirical material. The practical implication is that the companies can use the findings to understand their customers and that a theoretical development has been made. The original value of the study is that this kind of research has not been made in the context of online toyshops before, in the best of our knowledge.

Abstract Purpose - The purpose of this research aims to explore the consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context, for low product involvement. Design/Methodology/Approach - Researchers of this study had chosen a qualitative research which is in accordance with the purpose. Eight interviews were led with respondents from seven different nationalities having lived in multicultural environment. The goal was to analyze which behaviors come up when consumers are guided by six particular external and internal factors in their consumption (namely culture, reference groups, situational factors, personal needs and motives, attitudes and consumer orientation towards multiculturalism). Findings - Firstly, findings showed that consumers are guided in their behavior by the six mentioned factors in multicultural context for low product involvement. Secondly, six consumers’ behaviors, guided by external and internal factors, have been found during this research. Research limitations/Implications - As this research is qualitative, not all the aspects of the topic were explored. Another exploratory research could be led to detect other behaviors or other factors guiding consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context. There is also a need for a quantitative research in order to confirmed findings. Thus thanks to this study, marketers have now a broader view on consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context, especially for low product involvement. Originality/Value - This study is one of the first research conducted about consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context. Researchers deepened the existing literature by exploring and bringing possible consumers’ behavior’ in multicultural context for low product involvement. Existing literature was not as specific as this one concerning factors guiding consumers’ behaviors in multicultural context, as well as concerning low product involvement.

Att veta hur man som individ bör handla och hur man egentligen gör, har alltid förbryllat forskare. Då generationer kommer och går, är det alltid en fråga i hur dessa generationer ser på saker och ting, som i vårt fall, investeringsbeteendet. Tidigare studier har påvisat hur generation X (1965-1979) och generation Y (1980-1995) bör bete sig då generationerna har olika kännetecken i beteende. Det har även forskats mycket om vilka kognitiva egenskaper hos en individ som påverkar investeringsbeteendet. Syftet med uppsatsen är att förklara om det finns någon skillnad mellan de olika generationerna, och i så fall, vad detta kan bero på. För att genomföra denna uppsats har en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi valts, i kombination med en deduktiv ansats och en kvantitativ metod. Uppsatsen kunde indikera att det i helhet inte fanns någon signifikant skillnad mellan de olika generationerna vid utfrågning av de olika beteende mönstren. Dock var det diverse faktorer som det skiljde sig åt mellan generationerna som inkomstnivå, utbildningsnivå och strategi vid val av investering. Vidare kunde man antyda vilka faktorer som påverkade investeringsbeteendet, där tidspreferensen kunde förklaras, inkomst och strategiskt planerande kunde delvis förklara investeringsbeteendet. Begränsningar med uppsatsen var att respondenterna valdes slumpmässigt under en kort period, där kunskap och intresse för finansiella investeringar varierade. Enkätstudien kunde på så sätt bli oförståelig för respondenterna och resultaten missvisande som en följd av detta. Dock är forskningen kring generationsskillnader väldigt begränsad, därför kan denna uppsats vara en grund för vidare forskning inom samma område, då man kan försäkra sig med denna uppsats, just vilka områden som berörts. / Knowing how we as individuals should act and how individuals actually behave, have always puzzled scientists. While generation comes and goes, it is always a question of how these generations look and react to things, and in our case, investment behavior. Previous studies have demonstrated how Generation X (1965-1979) and Generation Y (1980-1995) should act, when these generations have different characteristics in their behavior. It has also been researched a lot about the cognitive characteristics of an individual that affect investment behavior. The purpose of this paper is to explain if there is any difference between the different generations, and if so, what it might be due. To implement this essay has a positivist research philosophy chosen, together with a deductive approach and a quantitative method. The essay could indicate that in the whole there was no significant difference between the different generations at the hearing of the different behavioral patterns. However, it was various factors that differed between the generations as income level, education level and strategy in the selection of investment. Furthermore, one could suggest what factors influenced investment behavior, where time preference could explain, capital and strategic planning could partly explain investment behavior. The limitation of this thesis was that the respondents were randomly selected and sampled for a short period of time, in places where knowledge and interest in financial investments varied. The survey study could thus be incomprehensible to the respondents and the answers misleading as a result. However, research on generational differences is very limited to date; therefore this paper can act as a basis for further research in the same area, when because of this essay, you know which areas have been analyzed.

Bakalauro darbe tiriami mokinių, turinčių intelekto sutrikimą ir įprastinės raidos mokinių mokymosi motyvai. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti mokinių mokymosi motyvus. Taip pat buvo siekiama nustatyti, kokie veiksniai (vidiniai ar išoriniai) yra reikšmingesni mokymosi motyvacijai šiom dviem tiriamųjų grupėm. Suformuluota hipotezė, kad mokinių, turinčių intelekto sutrikimą, mokymosi motyvacijos lygis yra žemesnis, negu įprastinės raidos mokinių. Tyrime dalyvavo 107 respondentai: 44 (6-10 kl.) mokiniai, turintys intelekto sutrikimą ir 63 (6-8 kl.) įprastinės raidos mokiniai. Apklausai naudotas klausimynas, parengtas, remiantis autorių Deci, Connell ir Ryan tyrimuose (1989), adaptuotas Titenytės – Mackonienės (2005). Tyrimu nustatyta, kad mokinių, turinčių intelekto sutrikimą, mokymosi motyvacijos lygis yra žemesnis, lyginant su įprastinės raidos mokinių mokymosi motyvacija. Nustatyta, kad mokinių, turinčių intelekto sutrikimą, mokymosi motyvams daugiau įtakos turi išoriniai veiksniai (bausmės baimė, noras įtikti mokytojui, priverstas laikytis mokinio taisyklių, gėdos jausmas, pozityvaus mokytojo įvertinimo laukimas, materialinis paskatinimas). Įprastinės raidos mokinių mokymosi motyvus daugiau įtakoja vidiniai veiksniai (žinių siekimas, žingeidumas, interesas, noras dirbti klasėje, mokymosi reikšmingumas, pomėgis spręsti sunkias užduotis, tiesos ieškojimas, savo jėgų išbandymas, mokymasis kaip maloni veikla). Hipotezė, kad mokinių, turinčių intelekto sutrikimą, mokymosi motyvacijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Bachelor thesis studies the learning motives of the students with intellectual disabilities and students with normal development. The aim of the thesis is to identify the learning motives of the students. It was also used to determine what factors (internal or external) are more meaningful for learning motivation for these two analyzed groups. The hypothesis is formulated that the learning motivation rate of the students with intellectual disabilities is lower than the students with normal development. The study involved 107 respondents: 44 (6-10 forms) students with intellectual disabilities and 63 (6-8 forms) students with normal development. The survey used a questionnaire prepared according to the researches of the authors Deci, Connell and Ryan (1989) adapted by Titenytė – Mackonienė (2005). The research found that the learning motivation level of the students with intellectual disabilities is lower as compared to the learning motivation of the students with normal development. It was found that the external factors (fear of punishment, the desire to please the teacher, student forced to follow the rules, shame, waiting of positive teacher evaluation, material advantages) have more influence on the learning motivation of the students with intellectual disabilities. The internal factors (the pursuit of knowledge, curiosity, interest, the desire to work in the classroom, learning significance, hobby to solve difficult tasks, search for truth, their strength... [to full text]

Entrepreneurship has been gotten fruitful attentions all around the world, it also has become one of the most significant engines for both national economic and social growth. The internal factors, which are able to affect entrepreneur’s behaviors during the whole entrepreneurship life cycle, are gradually becoming a hot topic in both practical and academic research fields. Especially for some of the famous researchers, such as Melissa Cardon and Mitchell, J.R. are leading the academic research of the relation between entrepreneurial emotions (e.g., passion and fear) and behaviors. In this study, our objective is to understand how passion and fear effect student entrepreneur’s behaviors when they are running their businesses at the early stage of entrepreneurship. Moreover, semi structured interview has been chosen to collect qualitative materials for this Master thesis paper. In this case, eight student entrepreneurs from Linnaeus University in Vaxjo, Sweden who are studying and running their business at the same time, or have finished their study already but started their business while they were students are selected by us for doing the interview. Furthermore, we broadly discussed about different stages of entrepreneurship, also entrepreneurial passion and fear along with entrepreneurial internal emotions such as cognition, self-regulation, self-efficacy, persistence, which could influence student entrepreneurs’ behaviors to start up their business and afterwards. Finally, after empirical analyzing we found that the bright side of passion and fear have positive effects on student entrepreneurs’ behaviors, whilst the negative effects of passion and fear can hinder their behaviors during the early entrepreneurial process.

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The purpose of this study was to explore and document the factors that motivated African American public school administrators in a selected school system in East Tennessee to become school leaders. The study highlighted barriers and challenges, support mechanisms, and perceptions of training. If minority educators are to be actively recruited and retained, there must be an understanding of the factors that motivate them to progressively seek administrative leadership positions. The African American public school administrators' experiences were collected through 17 one-on-one personal interviews. The interviews were audio-taped, transcribed, coded, and used to answer the 4 research questions. The primary factors that motivate African American public school administrators to become school leaders are a desire to help the students and to make a broader impact on education. These public school administrators had to overcome the barriers and challenges of racial and/or gender discrimination while working in a system that was not supportive of these endeavors. As a result of this study, recommendations were made for the school system, the African American public school administrators, and for further research.

La presente tesis de investigación busca hallar los factores que explican las exportaciones de la quinua de Perú hacia Estados Unidos durante los años 2007 al 2017; ésta se ha desarrollado en 5 capítulos: El primer capítulo incluye información sobre el producto elegido, un acercamiento al mercado mundial de la quinua, así como el destino específico de Estados Unidos; investigaciones anteriores, bases teóricas y definición de las variables del modelo econométrico a seguir. El segundo capítulo plantea la situación problemática, problemas específicos, hipótesis y objetivos, los cuales serán satisfechos a través de una investigación cuantitativa. El tercer capítulo desarrolla el tipo, alcance y diseño de la investigación, la operacionalización de las variables y los instrumentos metodológicos para el recojo de la investigación. El cuarto capítulo comprende el desarrollo y la aplicación del modelo de regresión lineal planteada en la tesis de Mamani (2015). El quinto capítulo muestra el análisis de los resultados obtenidos, conclusiones y recomendaciones. Según el análisis estadístico realizado, se puede concluir que las exportaciones de la quinua de Perú hacia Estados Unidos durante los años 2007 al 2017, son significativamente afectadas por los factores externos de Producto Bruto Interno de Estados Unidos, el precio internacional y la tarifa arancelaria. / This research thesis seeks to find the factors that explain the exports of quinoa from Peru to the United States during the years from 2007 to 2017; This has been developed in 5 chapters: The first chapter includes information about the chosen product, an approach to the world market of quinoa, as well as the specific destination of the United States; previous investigations, theoretical bases and definition of the variables of the followed econometric model. The second chapter presents the problematic situation, specific problems, hypotheses and objectives, which will be satisfied through a quantitative research. The third chapter develops the type, scope and design of the research, the operationalization of the variables and the methodological instruments for the collection of information. The fourth chapter includes the development and application of the linear regression model proposed in the thesis of Mamani (2015). The fifth chapter shows the analysis of the results obtained, conclusions and recommendations. According to the statistical analysis carried out, it can be concluded that the exports of quinoa from Peru to the United States during the years from 2007 to 2017 are significantly affected by the external factors of the United States Gross Domestic Product, the international price and the tariff rate. / Tesis