Pulling behavior in canines remains a common problem despite the potential for serious injury. Unfortunately, data regarding the potential force a canine could exhibit while being walked in either a collar or harness is limited. Therefore, we designed a single-day study to investigate the impact of equipment type on canine potential pulling force. This study was approved by the Southern Illinois University Institutional Animal Use and Care Committee (21-005) prior to initiation of the work. For this crossover study, community and student-owned dogs (n=28) were recruited through email and social media advertisement. Upon arrival, dogs were weighed and grouped by size; small, medium, or large. Canines followed a standardized circuit that included different environmental stimuli (unfamiliar dog, food, thrown toy) commonly encountered during a walk in the park. Dogs were walked once in a fitted 1.5" flat nylon Tactipup© collar and a fitted padded Good2Go harness. An apparatus, EasyForce® digital dynamometer, was attached between the leash and a trained technician walking the canines. Variables of interest included: mean pulling force, peak pulling force, and time spent pulling. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM Two-way ANOVA (SAS Version 9.4) with significance set at P < 0.05. Although time spent pulling was similar (P = 0.3458) for both harness and collar, dogs pulled with greater mean force (P < 0.0001) while wearing a harness as compared to a collar (13.6 ± 0.88lbf and 8.5 ± 0.79lbf, respectively). Furthermore, peak pulling force was also greater in the harness (44.7 ± 1.22lbf) as compared to the collar (36.6 ± 1.21lbf) (P = 0.03). It is also important to note that when peak pulling force was expressed as a % of body weight (%BW), the smallest group exerted the most prominent force (122 ± 9.45%BW) when compared to the larger groups (P < 0.0001). This data compares the pulling force potential in canines while wearing either a collar or a harness and helps provide much-needed data to develop guidelines and better educational materials for dog owners related to leash-pulling behaviors. Future work should implement different types of collars and harnesses and look to see if the use of training has any effect on pulling behavior in canines.

Neste trabalho foi estudado o crescimento de fibras monocristalinas de LiYF4 (YLF) dopadas com Er3+ ou Nd3+ pelo método de micro-pulling-down (-PD) no modo resistivo. Para otimização do processo de crescimento foi, desenvolvida nova metodologia de confecção de cadinhos, de forma a torná-los mais rígidos permitindo sua utilização em mais de uma experiência, aumentando a reprodutibilidade do processo. A câmara de crescimento também foi modificada para obtenção de vácuo da ordem de 10-7 torr. Devido ao tratamento térmico do sistema sob alto vácuo, antes da fusão do material, não foram observados transientes iniciais no processo de puxamento das fibras de YLF dopadas. Foram crescidas fibras de YLF:Nd com concentrações de 0,5, 1 e 1,5 mol% e fibras de YLF:Er com 1, 10, 20 mol %, com diâmetros da ordem de 0,7 mm e comprimentos de até 120mm. Devido a problemas mecânicos do sistema, o ancoramento das fibras, ou seja, o equilíbrio na interface sólidoliquido, mostrou-se muito difícil, sendo necessárias várias correções nos parâmetros de crescimento para estabilização da interface sólido-líquido resultando na formação de defeitos, principalmente na superfície, em regiões ao longo das fibras. Nas condições do presente estudo, o uso de uma atmosfera estática mostrou-se desfavorável. Testes de ganho efetuados com a fibra de YLF:Nd dopada com 1,5mol%, mostraram um ganho superior às perdas comprovando seu potencial para ação laser. / In the present work, we studied the growth of single crystal fibers of LiYF4 (YLF) doped with Er3+ or Nd3+ by the resistive micro-pulling-down (-PD) tecnhique. A new method for crucible preparation was developed to improve the growth process. The use of better-built crucibles allows their use in more than one experiment, increasing the process reproducibility. The growth chamber was also modified to achieve vacuum of approximately 10-7 torr. The previous thermal treatment under high vacuum before charge melting eliminate the initial transient reported in previous works of YLF doped fibers growth. Single crystal fibers of YLF:Nd (0.5, 1 e 1.5 mol%) and YLF:Er (1, 10 and 20 mol %), with 0.7 mm diameters and up to 120mm of length were grown. Mechanical problems in the micro-PD system equipment made difficult the control of the solid-liquid interface, and several corrections on the experimental parameters were necessary during the growth process, resulting in defects formation, mainly on the fibers surface. In the experimental conditions of this work, the use of a static atmosphere showed not appropriate for elimination of spurious contamination from ambient atmosphere. The Nd:YLF (1.5mol%) fiber demonstrated a gain higher that the losses, demonstrating the viability for laser action.

Neste trabalho foi estudado o crescimento de fibras monocristalinas de LiYF4 (YLF) dopadas com Er3+ ou Nd3+ pelo método de micro-pulling-down (-PD) no modo resistivo. Para otimização do processo de crescimento foi, desenvolvida nova metodologia de confecção de cadinhos, de forma a torná-los mais rígidos permitindo sua utilização em mais de uma experiência, aumentando a reprodutibilidade do processo. A câmara de crescimento também foi modificada para obtenção de vácuo da ordem de 10-7 torr. Devido ao tratamento térmico do sistema sob alto vácuo, antes da fusão do material, não foram observados transientes iniciais no processo de puxamento das fibras de YLF dopadas. Foram crescidas fibras de YLF:Nd com concentrações de 0,5, 1 e 1,5 mol% e fibras de YLF:Er com 1, 10, 20 mol %, com diâmetros da ordem de 0,7 mm e comprimentos de até 120mm. Devido a problemas mecânicos do sistema, o ancoramento das fibras, ou seja, o equilíbrio na interface sólidoliquido, mostrou-se muito difícil, sendo necessárias várias correções nos parâmetros de crescimento para estabilização da interface sólido-líquido resultando na formação de defeitos, principalmente na superfície, em regiões ao longo das fibras. Nas condições do presente estudo, o uso de uma atmosfera estática mostrou-se desfavorável. Testes de ganho efetuados com a fibra de YLF:Nd dopada com 1,5mol%, mostraram um ganho superior às perdas comprovando seu potencial para ação laser. / In the present work, we studied the growth of single crystal fibers of LiYF4 (YLF) doped with Er3+ or Nd3+ by the resistive micro-pulling-down (-PD) tecnhique. A new method for crucible preparation was developed to improve the growth process. The use of better-built crucibles allows their use in more than one experiment, increasing the process reproducibility. The growth chamber was also modified to achieve vacuum of approximately 10-7 torr. The previous thermal treatment under high vacuum before charge melting eliminate the initial transient reported in previous works of YLF doped fibers growth. Single crystal fibers of YLF:Nd (0.5, 1 e 1.5 mol%) and YLF:Er (1, 10 and 20 mol %), with 0.7 mm diameters and up to 120mm of length were grown. Mechanical problems in the micro-PD system equipment made difficult the control of the solid-liquid interface, and several corrections on the experimental parameters were necessary during the growth process, resulting in defects formation, mainly on the fibers surface. In the experimental conditions of this work, the use of a static atmosphere showed not appropriate for elimination of spurious contamination from ambient atmosphere. The Nd:YLF (1.5mol%) fiber demonstrated a gain higher that the losses, demonstrating the viability for laser action.

In this thesis, various kinds of theory to account for injection locking and pulling in the literature are studied and compared. On this basis, this thesis derives a generalized locking equation when injection signal is modulated signal. In applications, a novel RF sensing circuit for cognitive radio system is proposed using injection locking and frequency demodulation. Detailed circuit architecture and sensing principle are also described in the thesis. In implementation, a hybrid VCO and a CMOS VCO have been separately used with the other components to establish the RF sensing circuit. The simulation relies on a discrete-time numerical method. Comparison between measurement and simulation shows very good agreement. This RF sensing circuit can simultaneously sense frequency and power with a sensing speed up to 400 MHz/ms and a sensing sensitivity as low as -80 dBm, showing that the presented prototype can fast and reliably sense frequency and power for analog and digital modulation signals.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of Toledo, 2007. / Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Psychology." Bibliography: 76-83.

This thesis is composed of three parts. In the first part, various kinds of theory to account for injection locking and pulling in the available literature are studied and compared. In the second part, this thesis proposes an experimental setup with self-made hybrid VCO and commercially available equipments and components to measure the characteristics of injection locking and pulling. This thesis also performs simulation to verify the measured results. The simulation mainly relies on the circuit envelope technique that has been developed in our laboratory. Comparison between measurement and simulation shows good agreement in the injection-locking characteristic curves and the injection-pulling spectrum characteristics. In the third part, this thesis carries out an RFIC design for a fractional-N frequency synthesizer with special features on quantization-noise cancellation and PLL nonlinearity reduction using TSMC 0.13£gm CMOS process.

Thesis (MA(Clinical Psychology)--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Work-related low back disorders (WRLBDs) are common and costly in the U.S. and numerous interventions aiming to reduce WRLBD risk have been developed.  In one approach, training programs incorporating the work strategies (or work methods) of experienced workers have often been proposed as a training model or a behavior target of training.  However, both the specific role of work experience in contributing to WRLBDs and the effectiveness of such an intervention approach are not well understood.  In the current research, differential work strategies of experienced workers and associated WRLBD risk were identified, in the context of several common occupational activities.  Three experiments were completed, in which both experienced workers and matched novices participated.  These experiments involved relatively short duration repetitive lifts/lowers, more prolonged lifts/lowers that induced fatigue, and dynamic pushes/pulls.  Diverse aspects of work strategies were quantified, emphasizing torso kinematics/kinetics, balance maintenance, and/or torso movement stability.  During short-term repetitive lifts/lowers, experienced workers exhibited higher torso kinematics and kinetics, suggestive of a higher risk for WRLBDs, though better balance maintenance and torso stability were evident in this group.  Thus, experienced workers may trade off an increased risk for WRLBDs to achieve better balance and torso stability.  Fatigue modified work methods during repetitive lifts/lowers in both the novice and experienced groups, though the associated contribution to WRLBDs was unclear due to opposite changes in torso kinematics vs. kinetics.  More consistently, fatigue decreased balance maintenance during lifts/lowers.  Fatigue also modified work methods adopted by experienced workers, leading to higher torso kinetics, that were suggestive of a higher risk for WRLBDs during lifts/lowers.  For dynamic pushes/pulls, experienced workers used lower torso kinematics and kinetics, suggestive of a lower risk for WRLBDs.  As a whole, these results suggest that work methods are distinct between novices and experienced workers.  Further, work experience may not consistently reduce WRLBD risk, and the influences of experience may be task specific.  Such findings can help guide the development of future interventions, particularly training, targeting the control of WRLBDs. / Ph. D.

Two experiments were carried out. The first study was designed to investigate the effects of percentage of reinforcement and the number of correct acquisition trials, when combined, on the number of responses to extinction and rate of lever-pulling of human subjects. The second study was designed to investigate the effects off percentage of reinforcement combined with number of reinforcements on the same dependent variables. Analysis of the data revealed: (1) resistance to extinction in both experiments, was inversely related to the percentage of reinforcement; (2) resistance to extinction was inversely related to the number of reinforcements but was not affected by the number of correct acquisition trials; (3) the mean rate of responding was inversely related to the number of reinforcements but was not affected by either percentage of reinforcement or number of correct acquisition trials; and (4) the number of responses per unit of time increased during acquisition and decreased during extinction in both studies. The results were discussed in relation to theories stemming from previous partial reinforcement studies. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Neste trabalho, foi investigado o processo de crescimento de fibras monocristalinas (FMc) para aplicação em sistemas laser. Para o aperfeiçoamento na fabricação de FMc de fluoretos, foi projetada e construída uma nova câmara de crescimento para um forno comercial de micro-pulling down (&mu;-PD), permitindo um rígido controle da atmosfera de processamento, (sob vácuo, fluxo e atmosferas estáticas). Paralelamente, foi investigado o processo de crescimento de FMc de molibdatos duplos de terras raras, sendo crescidas e caracterizadas fibras puras e dopadas com Nd3+ do composto LiLa(MoO4)2 (LLM) com concentrações na faixa de 0,5 a 10mol%. A câmara de crescimento projetada para o controle de atmosfera foi avaliada em diversas condições de operação. Em particular, a mesma foi testada com o puxamento de fibras de LiF, sob atmosfera de CF4, para observação da sua eficiência no controle da atmosfera de crescimento. Foram obtidas FMc de LLM, homogêneas e transparentes; nas fibras puras foi observada a presença de facetas, entretanto, a adequação dos parâmetros de crescimento e a adição de dopantes permitiu a redução significativa destes defeitos. A difração de raios-x mostrou a cristalização no grupo espacial I41/a; medidas de tomografia por coerência ótica permitiram a detecção de centros de espalhamento em regiões onde ocorreram instabilidades no processo de crescimento. Foi possível observar que o coeficiente de segregação do íon Nd3+ é próximo à unidade nesta matriz. O ganho potencial para ação laser foi determinado utilizando-se uma solução numérica das equações de taxa do sistema em 805nm e regime CW. O ganho máximo da emissão laser em 1,064 &mu;m foi previsto para a dopagem de 5% mol Nd3+. / In this work we investigated crystal growth procedures aiming the development of single crystal fiber (SCF) for laser applications. For quality optimization in the fabrication of fluorides SCF a new growth chamber for a micro-pulling down furnace (&mu;-PD) was constructed targeting the fibers fabrication with strict atmosphere control (high vacuum, gas flux and static atmospheres). Simultaneously, the SCF growth process of rare earth double molybdates was studied. The growth of pure and Nd3+-doped SCF of LiLa(MoO4)2 (LLM) was studied in the range of 0,5 - 10mol% doping. The designed furnace growth chamber with controlled atmosphere was successfully constructed and tested under different conditions. Specially, it was tested with the growth of LiF SFC under CF4 atmosphere showing the expected results. Transparent and homogeneous SCF of Nd:LLM were grown. In the pure fibers was observed facets formation, however, these defects were minimized after tuning of the growth parameters and additionally with the fibers doping. X-ray analysis showed the crystallization of a single phase (space group I41/a); the optical coherence tomography showed the presence of scattering centers only in regions were some growth stability occurred due to the manual process control. The measured Nd3+ distribution showed uniform incorporation, indicative of a segregation coefficient close to unity in LLM. The potential laser gain of the system was determined using a numerical solution of the rate equations system for the 805nm, CW pumping regime, showing the maximum laser emission gain at 1.064 &mu;m for a Nd3+-doping of 5mol%.